Hepatitis web study H EPATITIS W EB S TUDY H EPATITIS C O NLINE Last Updated: July 6, 2015 Treatment...
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Transcript of Hepatitis web study H EPATITIS W EB S TUDY H EPATITIS C O NLINE Last Updated: July 6, 2015 Treatment...
Hepatitisweb study
HEPATITIS WEB STUDY HEPATITIS C ONLINE
Last Updated: July 6, 2015
Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
Robert G. Gish MDProfessor Consultant, Stanford University Medical CenterSenior Medical Director, St Josephs Hospital and Medical Center, Liver Program, Phoenix, Arizona(Adjunct) Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las VegasVice-Chair Executive Committee, and Steering Committee Member, National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable
Hepatitisweb study
Robert Gish, MD: Relevant Disclosures To HCV
• Consulting Board: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Merck & Co., Janssen, Abbvie
• Honoraria for Promotional Talks: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Merck & Co., AbbVie, Janssen
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
• Background and Staging of Renal Disease
• Treatment with Interferon-Based Regimens
• Treatment with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents
• Hepatitis C and Renal Transplantation
• Summary
Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
Background and Staging Renal DiseaseTREATMENT OF HCV IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitis C Treatment Issues Related to Renal Disease
• Hepatitis C may be associated with or cause renal disease
• Treatment of hepatitis C and renal disease
(1) Treatment in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
(2) Treatment to prevent HCV causing renal disease
(3) Treatment post renal transplant for renal function and graft survival
Hepatitisweb study
Epidemiology of HCV in Patients on Hemodialysis (HD)
• In US, estimated HCV prevalence of 8% - (approximately 400,000 persons on HD)
• HCV prevalence 5X greater in HD patients than in general US population
• Risk factors for HCV infection among hemodialysis patients:- Number of years on dialysis- Number of blood product transfusions- Injection drug use- History of organ transplantation
Source: Finelli L, et al. Semi Dial. 2005;18:52-61.
Hepatitisweb study
Natural History of HCV Infection in Hemodialysis Patients
Impact of Hepatitis C Infection on Hemodialysis Patients:
• Increased overall risk of mortality
• Increased risk of cirrhosis
• Increased incidence of hepatocellular cancer
Source: Fabrizi F, et al. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:697-703.
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitis C and Renal DiseaseHepatitis C as a Cause of Renal Disease
• HCV infection in patients with advanced liver failure increases risk for renal disease
• Chronic HCV infection associated with increased risk for renal cell carcinoma
• Chronic HCV infection accelerated renal disease in HIV-infected patients
Source: (1) Ozkok A, et al. Gastroenterol. 2014;20:7544-54. (2) Gordon SC, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1066-73.(3) Peters L, et al. AIDS. 2012;26:1917-26.
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitis C and Renal DiseaseHCV as a Cause of Renal Disease: Immune Complex Disorders
• HCV-associated immune complex disorders that cause renal disease Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: +RF as a screening test; reflex to qualitative or
quantitative cryoglobulin (type II cryoglobulins)
Glomerulonephritis (Membranoproliferative [MPGN] is the most common)
Polyarteritis nodosa
• Uncommon HCV-associated immune complex disorders that cause renal disease
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathies
Source: (1) Ozkok A, et al. Gastroenterol. 2014;20:7544-54. (2) Gordon SC, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1066-73.(3) Peters L, et al. AIDS. 2012;26:1917-26.
Hepatitisweb studySource: NKF KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease
Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD Stage Description GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
1 Kidney Damage with Normal or ↑ GFR >90
2 Kidney Damage with Mild ↓ GFR 60-89
3 Moderate ↓ GFR 30-59
4 Severe ↓ GFR 15-29
5 Kidney Failure <15 (or dialysis)
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
Experience with Interferon-Based TherapiesTREATMENT OF HCV IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hepatitisweb studySource: Russo MW, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1610-5.
Interferon Monotherapy for HD Patients with Chronic HCVAnalysis of the Literature on Efficacy (SVR)
Pooled SVR
CasanovasChan
FernandezPol
DegosIzopet
Campistol
Raptopoulou-Gigi
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
33
20
27
21 20 19
56 58
68
SV
R (
%)
Analysis of 8 Studies Using INF-alfa 2b Monotherapy 3 million units 3x/week
Hepatitisweb studySource: Fabrizi F, et al. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21:314-24.
Peginterferon + Ribavirin for HCV in Hemodialysis PatientsMeta-Analysis of the Literature on Efficacy
All Studies Cohort Studies Controlled Studies Peg-IFN alfa-2a Peg-IFN alfa-2b0
20
40
60
80
100
6054
86
5763
Su
mm
ary
Es
tim
ate
s f
or
SV
R R
ate
s Analysis of 11 Studies (287 patients) Using PEG alfa-2a/PEG alfa-2b + RBV
Hepatitisweb studySource: Liu CH, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:729-38.
PEG-IFN +/- Low-dose RBV (200 mg/day) in HCV GT1 on Hemodialysis
HELPER-1 Trial: Study Regimens
• Virologic Responses
Peginterferon alfa-2a + Ribavirin
Peginterferon alfa-2a
48 720
Drug Dosing
Peginterferon alfa-2a 135 µg 1x/weekLow-dose Ribavirin: 200 mg once daily
SVR24
SVR24N = 102
N = 103
N = 94
N = 91
Week
Hepatitisweb study
PEG-IFN +/- Low-dose RBV (200 mg/day) in HCV GT1 on Hemodialysis
HELPER-1 Trial: Results
Virologic Responses
Source: Liu CH, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:729-38.
RVR ETVR SVR240
20
40
60
80
100
51
87
64
36
84
33
Peginterferon + RibavirinPeginterferon
Vir
olo
gic
Re
sp
on
se
(%
)
Drug DosingPeginterferon alfa-2a: 135 µg once weeklyRibavirin: 200 mg daily
66/103 34/10290/103 86/10253/103 37/102
Hepatitisweb study
Controversies with Ribavirin Use in Advanced Renal Disease
• Not recommended with eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 in:- Package inserts for Rebetol, Ribasphere- KDIGO 2008 guidelines- 2009 AASLD guidelines
• Permitted with eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 (with dose reduction) in:- Package insert for CoPegus - 2014 AASLD/IDSA/IAS-USA guidelines
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
Experience with Direct-Acting Antiviral AgentsTREATMENT OF HCV IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hepatitisweb study
Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients with Renal DiseasePossible Options using Direct Acting Antiviral Agents
• Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin
• Simeprevir plus Sofosbuvir
• Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir plus Dasabuvir (genotype 1)
• Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir (pangenotypic)
• Sofosbuvir plus Daclatasvir*
*Daclatasvir was not FDA approved in United States as of July 1, 2015
Hepatitisweb studySource: Sofosbuvir Prescribing Information, Gilead Sciences.
Sofosbuvir PharmacokineticsHCV-Negative Patients with Renal Impairment
Sofosbuvir Pharmacokinetics in HCV-Negative Patients with Renal Impairment
Patient Renal Impairment Sofosbuvir AUC* GS-3310007 AUC*
Following Single 400 mg dose of sofosbuvir
eGFR ≥50 and < 80 mL/min/1.73 m2 61% 55%
eGFR ≥30 and < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 107% 88%
eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 171% 451%
ESRD requiring hemodialysis
Dosed 1 hour before hemodialysis
Dosed 1 hour after hemodialysis
28%
60%
1280%
2070%
*AUC given relative to subjects with normal renal function
Hepatitisweb study
Simeprevir PharmacokineticsSevere Renal Impairment versus Healthy Subjects
Linear Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profiles
Source: Janssen Products
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
00 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time, Hours
Subjects with severe renal impairment (n=8)Matched healthy subjects (n=8)
Sim
epre
vir
Pla
sma
Con
cent
ratio
n, n
g/m
L
Bars represent standard deviation
Hepatitisweb studySource: Saxena V, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract LP08.
Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens including Patients with Renal Disease
HCV-TARGET Trial: Study Features
HCV-Target and Patients with Renal Disease: Features
Design: Longitudinal, cohort study with sofosbuvir-containing regimens, including patients with renal disease
Setting: 56 centers in US, Germany, and Canada
Entry Criteria - Chronic HCV treated with sofosbuvir-containing regimen- HCV genotype 1-6- Age 18 or older- Treatment naïve and treatment experienced- Includes patients with baseline renal insufficiency- Includes patients with cirrhosis
Primary End-Points- Efficacy (SVR12), safety
Hepatitisweb study
Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens in Patients with Renal Disease HCV -TARGET
HCV TARGET: SVR12, by Baseline eGFR
Source: Saxena V, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract LP08.
≤ 30 31-45 46-60 > 600
20
40
60
80
100
8881
8981
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
Pat
ien
ts w
ith
SV
R 1
2 (%
)
15/17 39/48 125/140 1128/1393
Hepatitisweb study
Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens including Patients with Renal Disease HCV-TARGET Trial: Result
HCV-TARGET Trial: SVR12 Results by Baseline eGFR and Regimen
Source: Saxena V, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract LP08.
≤30 30-45 46-60 >600
20
40
60
80
100100
33
93
81
100
8084
73
80 80
9187
100 100
92
79
SOF/PEG/RBV SOF/RBV SOF/SMV SOF/SMV/RBV
Estimated GFR mL/min/1.73 m2
Pa
tie
nts
wit
h S
VR
12
(%
)
1/1 2/24/4 8/10 1/3 9/98/10 20/25 13/14 12/1338/45 62/68188/232
135/171
292/400
480/552
Abbreviations: SOF = sofosbuvir; PEG = peginterferon; RBV = ribavirin; SMV = simeprevir
Hepatitisweb studySource: Pockros PJ, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract L01.
Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir in GT1 & Renal Disease
RUBY-I: Study Design
RUBY-I: Features
Design: Phase 3b, randomized, open-label trial evaluating safety and efficacy of 3D (ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir and dasabuvir) with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks in treatment-naïve patients with chronic HCV GT1 and advanced kidney disease
Setting: 9 sites in United States
Entry Criteria - Adults with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection- Chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5 (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) +/- HD- Plasma HCV RNA greater than 1,000 IU/mL- Absence of cirrhosis- Absence of coinfection with HBV or HIV- Baseline Hb ≥10 g/dL
Primary End-Point: SVR12
Hepatitisweb studySource: Pockros PJ, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract L01.
Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir in GT1 & Renal Disease
RUBY-I: Regimens
GT 1an = 13
Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir + Ribavirin
SVR12
Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir
SVR12
Week 0 2412
Drug DosingOmbitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir (25/150/100 mg once daily) + Dasabuvir: 250 mg twice dailyRibavirin for patients not on hemodialysis: 200 mg once dailyRibavirin for patients on hemodialysis: 200 mg given 4 hours before each hemodialysis session
GT 1bn = 7
Hepatitisweb study
Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir in GT1 & Renal DiseaseRUBY-I: Baseline Results
RUBY-I: SVR 12 Rates*
Source: Pockros PJ, et al. 50th EASL. 2015; Abstract L01.
85/88 91/91
3D = Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir and Dasabuvir; RBV = ribavirin; EOT = end of treatment
EOT SVR4 SVR120
20
40
60
80
100100 100 100100 100
0/0
GT1a: 3D + RBV GT1b: 3D
Vir
olo
gic
Re
sp
on
se
12/12 2/2 9/9 1/1 2/2
Hepatitisweb studySource: AASLD/IDSA/IAS-USA (www.hcvguidelines.org). Viewed June 26, 2015
AASLD/IDSA/IAS-USA 2015 HCV Treatment Recommendations
Recommendations for Patients with Renal Impairment
AASLD/IDSA Recommendations for Patients with Renal Impairment*
Dosage adjustments for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 mL/min-80 mL/min)
Sofosbuvir: no dosage adjustment required
Simeprevir: no dosage adjustment required
Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir: no dosage adjustment required
Ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir + dasabuvir: no dosage adjustment required
Dosage adjustments for patients with severe renal impairment(CrCl <30 mL/min or ESRD)
Treatment can be contemplated after consultation with an expert, because safety and efficacy data are not available for these patients.
*Recommendations for patients with renal impairment, including severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) or end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
HCV and Renal TransplantationTREATMENT OF HCV IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hepatitisweb study
Impact of HCV on Outcome of Renal Transplantation
• HCV increases glomerulonephritis in transplanted kidney
• HCV reduces renal allograft survival
• HCV decreases long-term patient survival
HCV infection is not a contraindication to renal transplantation unless portal hypertension is present or there is decompensated liver disease since patient survival with RT is better than with dialysis
Source: Baid-Agrawal S, et al. Am J Transplant. 2014. August [Epub ahead of print]
Hepatitisweb study
Relative Risk of Death among Patients Undergoing Renal Transplantation versus those who Remained on Dialysis
Relative Risk of Death (all causes): Transplanted versus Dialysis
Source: Pereira BJG, et al. Kidney Int. 1998;53:1374-81.
0 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 7 months to 4 years Longer than 4 years0
1
2
3
4
5
6
4.75
1.76
0.31
0.84
Re
lati
ve
Ris
k o
f D
ea
th
Above red line = higher death risk with Renal TransplantBelow red line = higher death risk with Dialysis
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitis C and Renal DiseaseRationale for HCV Treatment in Renal Transplant Candidate
• Eradicate HCV as immunologic stimulus to B-cells to decrease immune complex formation and impact vasculitis or glomerulonephritis
• Decrease extrahepatic HCV-related complications
• Prevent HCV-related post-transplant complications- Interaction with HCV immune complexes and calcineurin inhibitor related renal toxicity
• HCV-related liver disease may accelerate with post-transplant immunosuppression
• Post-transplant treatment extremely difficult due to risk of graft rejection from interferon (historical)
Hepatitisweb study
Treatment of HCV after Renal Transplantation
• Interferon-based therapy relatively contraindicated because
of risk of allograft rejection and loss
• Post-transplant interferon/ribavirin recommended only for
- Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis
IF daclatasvir compassionate use not available
- Life-threatening vasculitis
• Interferon-free regimens will provide new options
Hepatitisweb study
Treatment of HCV Post-Renal Transplant
• Renal function less problematic depending on:
- Use, dose, & blood levels of calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
- Improvement in GFR with graft recovery
- History of rejection and residual renal damage
• Address drug-drug interactions per medication & drug class
• Higher HCV RNA levels due to immunosuppression may impact SVR
rates
• No effective therapy yet published in controlled trials
Hepatitisweb study
Hepatitisweb study
Summary and RecommendationsTREATMENT OF HCV IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hepatitisweb study
Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients with Renal InsufficiencySummary Points
• Renal disease severity should guide treatment decisions
• Interferon- and Peginterferon-based Rx of historical importance only
• Maximize EPO use when using ribavirin in this patient population
• First-generation HCV protease inhibitors not recommended
• No dose adjustments with DAAs if GFR ≥ 30 mL/min
• Limited data with DAAs in patients with GFR <30 mL/min
• Obtain expert consultation if GFR <30 mL/min, especially HD patients
• Renal transplant candidates should receive HCV treatment with DAAs- Either before or after transplantation, depending on clinical scenario