Hemp Insect Pest Management ChallengesHemp and the 2013 Farm Bill* Section 7606. Legitimacy of...
Transcript of Hemp Insect Pest Management ChallengesHemp and the 2013 Farm Bill* Section 7606. Legitimacy of...
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Status Report: Insects Associated with Hemp
Whitney Cranshaw
Colorado State University
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What type of crop is hemp?
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Cultivated Cannabis
involves the use of
two species
(subspecies?) that
freely interbreed
Cannabis indica
Cannabis sativa
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Types of Cannabis Crops
• Medical/Recreational Use
–Marijuana
• CBD (cannabidiol) production
–Non-psychoactive extracts
• Hemp grown for seed, fiber
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Colorado Amendment 64
• Passed November 2012
• Allows personal use of Cannabis above age 21 (regulated
as alcohol)
• Establishes regulations on production and sale of
Cannabis
– July 1, 2013 deadline for regulations
• Sets taxes
– Additional taxes (state, county) subsequently enacted
• Industrial hemp also included in ballot initiative
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Marijuana Production
• Involves C. sativa, C. indica and hybrids
• Primary compound THC
– Secondary cannabinoids often important
• End uses
– Whole buds (inhaled)
– Extracts
• Edibles
• Inhalation (vaping)
• Salves, ointments
10 mg THC is standardized serving size
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Primary crop outcome – Produce grossly enlarged tissues of
flowering structures by preventing fertilization
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Hemp and the 2013 Farm Bill*Section 7606. Legitimacy of Industrial Hemp Research
• Allows production of industrial hemp under some
conditions
– Where state laws allow hemp production
– Sites where hemp is grown must be under the direction and
regulation of state Departments of Agriculture
• Defines hemp as:
– “means the plant Cannabis sativa and any part of that plant,
whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannibol** of
not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis”
* Signed into law February 7, 2014 ** Known as THC
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Since the 2013 Farm Bill, a majority of
states have passed laws that allow hemp
production
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What types of Cannabis
crops are hemp?
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Hemp (broad sense)
Cultivars of Cannabis
with low levels* of
psychoactive
compounds (THC).
* The magic number is 0.3% by dry weight.
Don’t ask why.
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Types of Hemp
• Hemp grown for extraction of cannabinoids (“broad
sense” hemp)
• Hemp grown primarily for seed production (“narrow
sense” hemp)
• Hemp grown primarily for fiber production (“narrow
sense” hemp)
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Hemp Grown for CBD
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Most hemp being grown for CBD
presently uses transplanted clones.
Rooted cuttings
Mother plants
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Hemp Grown for
CBD (and other non-
psychoactive
cannabinoids)
Typically grown by transplants, with early season indoor
production
In-field plant populations are often low
Male plants, and seed production is often not desirable
Plant is often harvested at immature stage
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Some CBD crops
are being grown
from seed
These crops have lower
concentrations of
cannabinoids but produce
much more biomass
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CBD (cannabidiol) Production
• Primarily involves C. sativa
– C. indica and hybrids are sometimes grown
• Grown for production of non-psychoactive cannabinoids
– Extracted from leaves, buds
• End uses (often mixed with oils)
– Ingested
– Salves, ointments
– Inhaled (vaping)
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Hemp Grown for Fiber and Seed
Produced by seeding
Plant populations are high
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Hemp Grown for Fiber and Seed
Crop may be a mixture of separate female
and male (dioecious) plants or may include
monoecious plants
Pollination (wind) is needed for seed
production
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What kinds of arthropods will we find
associated with hemp in this new era?
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Key Arthropod Pests of
Indoor Grown Cannabis
Photograph courtesy of Karl Hillig
Hemp russet mite
Onion thrips
Twospotted spider mite
Fungus gnats
Cannabis aphid
Rice root aphid
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Twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae
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Hemp russet miteAculops cannabicola
Photograph courtesy of Karl Hillig
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Rice root aphidRhopalosiphum
rufiabdominalis
Massed aphids in roots of rice
Colonizing roots of hydroponically cultured cannabis
Winged forms caught on leavesWingless forms at base of plant
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Cannabis AphidPhorodon cannabis
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Onion ThripsThrips tabaci
Adult
Nymph
Leaf injury and nymphs
Extensive leaf injury
by onion thrips
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Darkwinged fungus
gnatsBradysia spp.
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Pests problems associated with outdoor grown
hemp will likely have little overlap with those
affecting it when the plant is grown in confined
conditions.
This will happen from increased activities of natural
controls combined with dispersal of pest species.
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Green lacewings
Collops
beetles
A robust complex of natural
enemies can be expected to be
found in hemp
Syrphid flies
Damsel bugs
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Some generalist
insect predators
(piercing-sucking
mouthparts)
Damsel bugs
Spined soldier bugs
Minute pirate bugs
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Some generalist insect predators (chewing mouthparts)
Convergent lady beetle
Green lacewings
Collops beetles
Spider mite destroyer lady beetles
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Convergent lady beetle
Multicolored Asian lady
beetle
Sevenspotted lady beetle
Several species
of lady beetles
are common in
hemp fields
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Pupae
Larva
Adults
Eggs
Lady Beetle Life Stages
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Lady beetles laying a
mass of eggs
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Lady beetles lay masses of eggs near sources of food for their young
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Lady beetle larvae at egg hatch
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Lady beetle larvae
Predators of small soft-
bodied arthropods (aphids
etc…)
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Convergent
lady beetle
Multicolored
Asian lady beetle
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Lady beetle prepupae
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Lady beetle pupae
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Convergent lady
beetles
Multicolored Asian
lady beetle
Pre-pupae and pupae of
lady beetles in hemp
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Adult lady beetles
emerging from the
pupa
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Twospotted
Collops beetle
Generalist predators
of small insects,
caterpillars
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Green Lacewings
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Green lacewing eggs are
uniquely stalked
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Photographs courtesy of Brian Valentine
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Left: Green
lacewing larva
eating aphid
Right: Green
lacewing larva
eating leaf
beetle larva
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Green lacewing preying on cabbage looper
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Some generalist insect
predators (piercing-sucking
mouthparts)
Damsel bugs
Spined soldier bugs
Minute pirate bugs
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Damsel bug nymph (right) and lady
beetle
Damsel Bug
A very common
insect in hemp fields
and a generalist
predator of many
insects, including
caterpillars
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Spiders likely will be very important natural
enemies of insects associated with hemp
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Common spiders in hemp
Crab spiders
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Common spiders in hemp
Jumping spiders
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Common spiders in hemp
Long-jawed
spiders
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There are some fluid feeding insects
that occur on the leaves
AphidsLeafhoppers
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Most surprising
insect associated
with the crop?
Cannabis AphidPhorodon cannabis
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Hop aphidPhorodon hamuli
Cannabis aphidPhorodon cannabis
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Aphids normally reproduce
asexually (without males)
and give live birth
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Aphid
populations
can increase
rapidly
Only a single female can
establish an infestation on a plant
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Green lacewings
Collops beetles
A robust complex of natural
enemies can be expected to be
found in hemp
Syrphid flies
Damsel bugs
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Cannabis Aphid
• Cannabis spp. are the only plants on which
cannabis aphid can feed and develop
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Cannabis Aphid
• Winged and wingless forms are produced
Winged forms allow aphids to disperse to new plants, fields
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Cannabis Aphid
• In autumn, with shortening day length, darker
forms are produced that lay eggs
Eggs are the stage that can survive outdoors between seasons
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Diagnostic: “Cast skins” discarded after molting
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Diagnostic: Honeydew
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Uptake of phloem fluids here
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Emergence of “honeydew” here
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Leaf with sparkles of honeydew – and cast skins
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How will cannabis aphid
survive between seasons
in Colorado?
… mostly on
indoor crops?
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Leafhoppers
Insects with sucking mouthparts that feed on leaves
Damage potential to crop: Negligible, at most
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More obvious will likely be the
insects that chew leaves of the
plant (defoliators)
Caterpillars
Beetles
Grasshoppers
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Various caterpillars chew leaves of the plant
(defoliators)
Zebra caterpillar
Yellow woollybear
Thistle caterpillar
Yellowstriped caterpillar
Beet armyworm
Beet webworm
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Two late season “woollybear” caterpillars
Saltmarsh caterpillarYellow woollybear
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Zebra caterpillarAdult
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Palestriped flea beetle
Western black flea
beetle
Southern corn rootworm adult and
damage
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Grasshoppers (at least three species)
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Stem feeding seems to
cause the most injury
by grasshoppers
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Hemp response to hail
injury can give some
insight on how the
crop may respond to
grasshopper injuries
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Research question: What is the relationship
between leaf loss (defoliation) and yield?
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Artificial defoliation
experiments can provide
answers to this question
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There are some stem boring species that will
be important in some areas
Photograph from the website of the Canadian
Hemp Trade Alliance
European corn borerOstrinia nubilalis
Photographs courtesy
of Frank Peairs
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An insect that surprised me
when found in Colorado
Eurasian hemp borerGrapholita dilineana
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Eurasian Hemp Borer
• Caterpillars develop in small stems
• Caterpillars develop within seed head
• Host range includes hops
• Presently only known from
east of the Rockies
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Lygus bugs (2-3 species)
Stink bugs (4 species)
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Hemipteran seed feeders
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Seed Feeding Bugs and Hemp
• Feeding concentrated on
flowers and developing seed
• Potential damage
– Aborted seed, damaged seed
• Real damage??
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Most significant
potential pest of the
crop in Colorado?
Corn earwormHelicoverpa zea
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Corn earworm is known by
several common names
Corn earworm Tomato fruitworm
Bollworm
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The caterpillars are quite
variable in coloration
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One night’s light trap capture,
September 8, 2016
Adults of the corn earworm
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Corn earworm moths lay eggs at night
Photographs of
eggs courtesy of
Kansas State
University
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Present fact sheet on Corn Earworm at the Hemp Insect Website
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Present
proposed IPM
program for corn
earworm in hemp
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Outline of Corn Earworm Management
Program in Hemp
• Establish a program to monitor flights of
adult corn earworms using pheromone
traps
–This should begin by midsummer to
establish baseline of adult captures
–Traps should be checked twice a week and
the number of new moths recorded
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Outline of Corn Earworm Management
Program in Hemp
• If very high numbers of moths are
discovered during flowering, treatment
should be considered
–Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawi
• Agree WG
• XenTari Biological Insecticide
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Risk factor of corn earworm damage to hemp?
Maturing corn next to flowering hemp
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What is the potential value of hemp as a pollen resource in agricultural regions?
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Hemp may be a very heavily used by many kinds of bees as a pollen source late in the season
Honey bee
Many species of native solitary bees
Bumble bees
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Hemp grown for seed production with pollen
producing male plants/flowers – potentially excellent resource
for many pollinators
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Pollen traps can be used to track the relative use of hemp
pollen in production areas – or to collect hemp pollen
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Honey from hemp??
No. Hemp does not provide nectar, which is used to produce honey.
Hemp does provide pollen, used by the developing bee larvae
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Pollinator use may complicate controls if there are insects that are pests of the crop during flowering
Fortunately, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products used for corn earworm are compatible with pollinators
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Criteria for Pesticides Allowed to be Used
on Cannabis in Colorado
• Pesticides that require federal registration under
Section 3 of FIFRA
– Active ingredient is exempt from the requirements of food
crop tolerance, and
– Label has directions for use on unspecified food crops,
including unspecified food crops grown as bedding plants
– EPA and CDA registration is required
– Pesticide is registered on tobacco
• Section 25b minimum risk pesticides (exempt from
most federal registration)
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Criteria for Pesticides Allowed to
be Used on Cannabis in Colorado
• Pesticides that require federal registration under
Section 3 of FIFRA– Active ingredient is exempt from the requirements of food crop tolerance, and
– Label has directions for use on unspecified food crops, including unspecified food
crops grown as bedding plants
– EPA and CDA registration is required
–Pesticide is registered on tobacco
• Section 25b minimum risk pesticides (exempt from
most federal registration)
– Must be registered in Colorado!
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In Colorado, the Colorado Department of Agriculture maintains a
website of pesticides that may be applied to hemp grown within
the state
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Web site page to access what Colorado Department of Agriculture considers
to be not not allowable (= allowable) for use on Cannabis in Colorado
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A page listing the
current products
that are allowed
for use on all
Cannabis
(including hemp)
grown in
Colorado
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When hemp “grows up” as a crop, addressed by federal laws and
regulations as are all other crops - how will the pesticides issues
work out?
It will very likely vary by the type of hemp
crop, and end use
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Hemp Grown for Fiber
and Seed
For seeds, perhaps this would be considered under Crop
Group 20 (Oilseeds, such as sunflower, cotton seed and
canola/rape seed)
For a strictly fiber grown crop?
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Hemp Grown for CBD
This poses some
more serious
registration problems
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Hemp Grown for CBD
This poses some obvious registration problems.
This produces an extracted product that is
consumed by humans, and in different
manners (e.g., ingested, inhaled)
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Hemp Grown for CBD
This poses some obvious registration problems.
This produces a product that is applied to humans,
and in different manners.
Extraction methods used will affect
potential for residues, and these must
be studied.
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This presentation will be posted at the Colorado State
University Hemp Insect Website
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Please submit photos, identification questions to the
Hemp Insect Website!