hemmaa bindo
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HEMATOLOGY I
By :
Name : Fatahalani RizkikaStudent ID : B1K014017Entourage : VIIGroup : 2Assistant : Lucky Pratama Suharto
PRACTICUM REPORT OF ANIMAL PHISIOLOGY I
MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2015
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Blood was the body fluid that flows in the veins and circulates to whole
body. Blood in generally consist of these elements and cellular matrixes fluid
called plasma. Blood consist of plasma and components of cellular, plasma is
liquid that contain ions and organic molecules such as proteins and electrolytes,
nutrient, waste materials, substance dissolved and materials dissolved (Prosser
and Brown, 1961).
Blood was formed from the cells are free and matrix (plasma). Various
vertebrate animals both living in water and on land would be considered to have
composition that almost the same as that consists of 52% balance plasma-colored,
also the red blood cells (erythrocytes), cells would have had to white blood cells
(leukocyte) and the cells of the small namely platelets or thrombocytes a crucial
part of the coagulation of blood. Based on components immense can functions of
blood, which as oxygen carrier from the lung to tissue, the result digestivus
absorbed, place minerals dissolved, waste product, secretion, especially enzymes
and the antibodies (Yuwono, 2001).
Blood was considered as special tissue circulation. The flow of blood in
the body to ensure environment that is still, so that all of the cells and tissues to be
able to perform its function. Chemical Composition blood is very complex
because of the blood brought great nutrient, waste product and organic ion, so it
possible to sustain coordination and integration metabolism in several animals on
high-level (Dukes, 1995).
Hematology is branches of science health who studied blood, blood
forming organs and disease, hematology used as guide severity disease. Changes
hematology and blood chemical with both qualitative and quantitative will be able
to define animal health. Cells and blood plasma has role that physiological
couples important in diagnosis, prognosis and disease therapy (Soetrisno, 1987) .
In practicum hematology this time using blood samples blood of chicken
(Gallus domestica), mouse (Mus muscullus) and fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
because it is one of the representative samples from aves, pisces (constellation)
and mammals that have blood that is quite a lot easier to get, observed, and make
them affordable .
1.2. Objective
The objective practical class this time is to provide skills to students about
taking blood animals, know the difference between blood cells form in many
animals, and how to make calculations red blood cells, white blood cell, and
levels of hemoglobin blood animals.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Material
The tools that used in practicum is haemometer, haemositometer, tube
Sahli, pipette capillaries, light microscope, and cover glass, a syringe, the cup of
petri, batang stirring spoon or rod, pipette thoma erythrocytes, pipette thoma
leukocyte and hand counter.
The materials used in practicum is blood of mouse (Mus muscullus),
chicken (Gallus gallus ), Nila fish ( Oreochromis niloticus ), solution hayem, turk
solution, 0.1 N HCl and EDTA solution.
2.2. Method
A. Count The Total of Leukocyte
1. Blood animals taken with micropipet that was named EDTA to
dilution shows the number 1, and then the tip of mikropipet cleaned
with tissue.
2. Turk solution taken on tube reaction by using micropipet to number
11.
3. Micropipet held on both tip with his mother fingers and index finger
and reshuffled.
4. A few drops solution in micropipet used for the calculations that
dropped in inner chambers count haemositometer.
5. The room count viewed under microscope and counted leukocyte
found in the square booth (big square).
6. Number of leukocyte per mm 3 counted.
B. Count The Number of Erythrocytes
1. Blood animals taken with micropipet that was named EDTA to
dilution shows the number 1, and then the micropipet cleaned with
tissue.
2. Solution hayem taken on tube reaction by using micropipet to number
11.
3. Micropipet held on both ends with his mother fingers and index finger
and reshuffled.
4. A few drops solution in micropipet used for the calculations that
dropped in the inner chambers count haemositometer.
5. The room count viewed under microscope and counted leukocyte
found in the square.
6. Number of erythrocytes per mm 3 counted.
C. Measurements levels of Hemoglobin Using methods Sahli
1. Tube sahli inside given blood animals to show the number 10.
2. Tube sahli that contains a blood test animals dropped with aquades
until the solution stained in tubes in accordance with the indicators tube
sahli.
3. After solution stained in tubes and comparator sahli as seen on a
smaller scale, then reduced by blood in tubes before given akuades.
4. Write the results that need.
D. Hematocrite value measurement
1. Blood samples are taken by capillary pippete.
2. Centrifuge in 1200 rpm until 3 minutes.
3. Check the hematocryte value with hematocryte reader.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Result
Table 1. Observations The count Hematology
Group Animal Test Eritrocyte
(cell/ mm3)
Leukocyte
(cell/mm3)
Hematocryte
(%)
Hb
(gr/dl)
1 Fish 805.000 164.576 20 6,8
2 Chicken 1.340.000 218.950 20 5
3 Fish 2.545.000 87.275 22 5
4 Mice 14.340.000 10.325 66 40
5 Fish 1.008.889 185.252 17 6,4
Table 2. Blood Glucose Level
Group Blood Glucose Level (mg/dl)
1
2
3
4
5
122
67
49
62
73
Count Eritrocyte Count Leukocyte
Box 1 = 56 Box 1 = 2848
Box 2 = 55 Box 2 = 1792
Box 3 = 59 Box 3 = 1798
Box 4 = 52 Box 4 = 2320
Box 5 = 46 Box 5 = -
268 x 5000 = 1.340.000 cell/mm3 218.950 cell/mm3
Hematocryte Value = 20 %
Hemoglobin = 5 gr/dl
3.2. Discussion
Taking blood in the fish , mice, probandus and chicken can be do with
injected in the under wings part. In the Fish taking blood will do with injected in
the veins caudal, heart, and their gills. In mice taking blood will be do with
injected in the eyes and cut in the tail, cutting lambs in mouse is the way that
efficient to get blood whereas the Chicken., taking blood be do with injected in
the part wing at Jugular venous. Probandus taking blood injected in one of the
finger (Soetrisno, 1987).
Hematology often used to detect physiological changes that follow
conditions under pressure from different. Hematology can be treated as important
index to health status. The most common hematological variable measure the
pressure includes title nobility white blood cells and hemoglobin content, red,
hematocrit values and index red blood cells. Parameter fish hematology often
defined as index of their health status. When the values parameter hemotology
obtained under abnormalities must be possible to monitor changes in their
physical and chemical property water (Al-Attar, 2005).
The measurement method hematology animals on the measurement of
leukocyte, erythrocytes, the value hematocryt and measuring levels of hemoglobin
blood animals. Leukocyte is white blood cells that played an important role in
defense and improvements to the body organisms which functions as its main
phagocytosis, producing antibodies and eating seeds diseases that have entered in
the body, According to Hoffbrand (1987) , said that only 1 percent (in mammals)
to 10 percent (in the fish) leukocyte in blood stream function smashed the objects
foreign matter through the phagocytosis process, when initiate many leukocyte
that led dead, this number is not always remained. The live leukocyte has
variation, begin from few hours to granulocytes, until monthly to manosit and
even yearly to lymposit. In the bloodstream most white blood cells are non-
functional and without being transported to the network when necessary only
(Frandson, 1992). The total of leukocyte influenced by gender, age activities and
environmental conditions (Lagler et al .,1977).
The tools that used are haemometer that serves to measure the levels of
haemoglobin; the haemositometer function in the calculation of the number of
leukocytes and erythrocytes; sahli tube serves as diluent tube in measuring the
levels of hemoglobin; thoma serves as pipette pumps blood and hayem solution or
turk with a certain volume; light microscope observations using the function
haemositometer; spuit injection serves to take the blood test animals; handcounter
functions to count the number of erythrocytes or leukocytes are observed under a
microscope; and the cups functions to the container with a solution of EDTA
blood dilution. Solution-a solution that is used i.e. a solution of turk as a diluent
solution hayem, leukocytes as a diluent solution of HCl, erythrocytes function
change of blood acid hernitin, and EDTA (Ethylen Diamin Tetra Acetic Acid)
serves as anticoagulants or substance causes the blood not frozen (Hoffbrand,
1987).
Blood is the body fluid that flows in the veins and it circulates to the
whole body. Blood in generally consist of these elements and cellular matrixs
fluid called plasma. As consisting blood plasma and components of the cellular,
plasma is balance that contain ions, organic molecules such as on proteins and
electrolytes, nutrient, waste materials, substance dissolved and materials dissolved
(Prosser and Brown, 1961). Blood cells can be divided into erythrocytes (red-
blood cell), leukocyte (white blood cells) and platelets (blood chip) (Bevelander
et al ., 1988).
The basic component of the blood that major blood plasma and blood cells
composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and trombosyte. Blood plasma is the liquid
component that contains ions and organic molecules which include proteins,
electrolytes, waste materials, substances and control of dissolved substances. Part
of the blood plasma which has important functions is the serum. Serum is blood
plasma issued or separated fibrinogen by way of turning the blood in sentrifuge.
Serums look very clear and contains antibodies. This antibody serves to destroy
foreign proteins into the body. Incoming foreign proteins into the body are called
antigens. While the cell is made up of discrete cells that have specific forms and
different functions, while the components of plasma fibrinogen in addition there
are also inorganic ions (Alamanda, 2006).
Functions of blood is as transport (food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste
and water), termoregulasi (thermostat in the body), immunology (contains
antibodies body), and homeostasis (adjusting the substance, pH regulator). Red
blood cells like discs generally small bikonkaf, sunken on both sides. Red blood
cell structure consists of wrapper or stroma, contains the hemoglobin.
Erythrocytes function as oxygen carrier. Hemoglobin in the erythrocytes possible
appearance ability to carry the oxygen, and to cause the color red in the blood.
Hemoglobin join with oxygen that there are in their lungs formed
oxysihemoglobin, and then would release oxygen to tissues and cells in the body
(Pearce, 1989).
Hematrocryte value is the ratio between eritrocyte cell volume with blood
plasma. Decreasing the level hematrocyte can as indication low protein (Coles,
1974). While Kadar glukosa dalam tubuh makhluk hidup dapat digunakan
untuk memprediksi metabolisme yang mungkin terjadi dalam sel dengan
kandungan gula yang tersedia. Jika kandungan 1 glukosa dalam tubuh sangat
berlebih maka glukosa tersebut akan mengalami reaksi katabolisme secara
enzimatik untuk menghasilkan energi. Namun jika kandungan glukosa
tersebut dibawah batas minimum, maka asam piruvat yang dihasilkan dari proses
katabolisme bisa mengalami proses enzimatik secara anabolisme melalui
gluconeogenesis untuk mensintesis glukosa dan memenuhi kadar normal glukosa
dalam darah (Oslon, 1973).
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, jumlah eritrosit dari sampel darah
ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) kelompok 1 adalah 805.000 sel/mm3, jumlah
eritrosit darah ayam (Gallus gallus) kelompok 2 adalah 1.340.000 sel/mm3 dan
kelompok 3 ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) adalah adalah 2.545.000 sel/mm3,
dan jumlah eritrosit pada sampel darah mencit (Mus muscullus) kelompok 4
adalah 14.340.000 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 5 pada ikan nila (Oreochromis
niloticus adalah 1.008.889 sel/mm3. jumlah leukocyte dari sampel darah ikan nila
(Oreochromis niloticus) kelompok 1 adalah 164.576 sel/mm3, jumlah eritrosit
darah ayam (Gallus gallus) kelompok 2 adalah 218.950 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 3
ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) adalah adalah 87.275 sel/mm3, dan jumlah
eritrosit pada sampel darah mencit (Mus muscullus) kelompok 4 adalah 10.325
sel/mm3 dan kelompok 5 pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus adalah 18.525
sel/mm3 . Jumlah leukosit normal pada mencit (Mus muscullus) adalah 4.000-
11.000 sel/mm3 dan jumlah eritrosit pada mencit (Mus muscullus) adalah 4 juta
sel/mm3. Jumlah leukosit normal pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) adalah
20.000-150.000 sel/mm3 dan jumlah eritrosit pada mencit (Mus muscullus) adalah
50.000-3 juta sel/mm3.
Hasil pengamatan jika dilihat dari banyaknya eritrosit dan leukosit yang
diperoleh, terdapat ketidaksesuaian dengan pendapat Frandson (1992). Hal ini
disebabkan karena keterbatasan ketelitian penglihatan dalam menghitung jumlah
leukosit dan eritrosit didalam mikroskop cahaya serta faktor – faktor internal
maupun eksternal. Faktor – faktor tersebut seperti stres, kualitas air, polusi,
malnutrisi, jenis kelamin, kondisi tubuh, umur, variasi harian dan penyakit-
penyakit. Ikan dapat beradaptasi pada kondisi lingkungan yang buruk dengan
merubah fisiologi aktivitas mereka, namun hasil pengamatan sesuai pula dengan
pendapat Bevelander (1979) yang menyatakan bahwa besarnya jumlah leukosit
selalu dipengaruhi oleh jumlah eritrosit dan jumlah leukosit selalu lebih rendah
daripada jumlah eritosit. Jumlah eritrosit lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan
jumlah leukosit karena fungsi eritrosit sebagai transport oksigen sedangkan
leukosit berfungsi memelihara dan menjaga tubuh dari serangan penyakit.
Berdasarkan pengamatan kadar hemoglobin dari sampel darah ikan
kelompok 1 yaitu 6,8 gr/dl, kelompok 2 dari sampel darah ayam yaitu 5 gr/dl,
sedangkan pada kelompok 3 pada ikan yaitu 5 gr/dl kadar haemoglobin pada
kelompok 4 pada mencit didapatkan yaitu 40 gr/dl dan kelompok 5 pada fish
adalah 6,4 gr/dl. Menurut Hoffbrand (1987) yang menyatakan bahwa kadar
hemoglobin ayam yang sehat yaitu 5,92 g/dl – 6,33 g/dl dan hemoglobin ikan lele
yang sehat sekitar antara 6,46 – 7,93 g/dl. Kadar Hb pada ikan dipengaruhi oleh
afinitas darah pada hewan.Ikan budidaya dengan kondisi tidak sakit dapat ditandai
dengan rendahnya nilai eritrosit, hematokrit dan hemoglobin (Hb), jika kondisi
kurang sehat maka banyak diproduksi sel darah putih dan lender (Oslon, 1973).
Berdasarkan pengamatan nilai hematocryte dari sampel ikan pada
kelompok 1 adalah 20 %. kelompok 2 sampel darah pada ayam didiapatkan 20%,
dan pada kelompok 3 pada ikan menghasilkan nilai hematocryte sebanyak 22%.
Kemudian pada mencit kelompok 4 yaitu 66%, dan kelompok 5 pada ikan yaitu
17 %. Nilai hematocrit normal antara 30 – 45 % (Oslon, 1973). Berdasarkan
pengamatan tingkat kadar glukosa pada probandus masing-masing kelompok.
Pada kelompok 1 adalah 122 mg/dl, kelompok 2 67 mg/dl. Kadar glukosa
probandus pada kelompok 3 dan 4 adalah 49 mg/dl dan 62 mgl/dl, kelompok 5
mendapatkan kadar glukosa sebanyak 73 mg/dl. Menurut Hoffbrand (1987) kadar
glukosa normal seseorang pada pagi hari setelah semalaman berpuasa seharusnya
70-100 mg/dl. Kadar gula darah biasanya kurang dari 120-140 mg/dl pada 2 jam
setelah makan atau minum cairan yang mengandun gula maupun karbohidrat.
Berdasarkan data praktikum tersebut terdapat perbedaan antara jumlah
eritrosit dan leukosit serta kadar hemoglobin dalam darah. Hal tersebut
dipengaruhi oleh dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin, umur, aktivitas dan kondisi
lingkungan sedangkan jumlah eritrosit dalam darah dipengaruhi oleh jenis
kelamin, umur, variasi harian, ketinggian tempat dan tekanan emosional. Jumlah
leukosit jauh lebih kecil dibawah eritrosit dan bervariasi tergantung dari spesies
atau jenis hewannya. Leukosit berperan penting dalam pertahanan seluler dan
humoral organisme terhadap organ-organ asing. Bila tersuspensi dalam sirkulasi
darah mereka berbentuk steris, tetapi mampu bersifat amoboid. Melalui proses
diapedesis leukosit dapat meninggalkan kapiler dengan menerobos antara sel-sel
endotel dan menembus ke dalam jaringan ikat ( Hadikastowo, 1982).
Sedangkan factor yang mempengaruhi nilai hematocryte adalah radius
sentrifuge, kecepatan sentrifuge dan lama pemusingan. Kadar gula darah di
pengaruhi oleh makanan dan minuman yaitu semakin banyak kandungan
karbohidrat dalam makanan, glukosa darah juga semakin tinggi, yang di
konsumsi, aktifitas fisik menyebabkan shift volume Antara compartment di dalam
pembuluh darah dan interstitial, kehilangan cairan karena berkeringat, dan
perubahan kadar hormonr. Akibatnya akan terjadi perbedaan besar Antara kadar
glukosa di arteri dan vena (Evans, 1988).
IV. KESIMPULAN
Berdasarkan praktikum tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa :
1. Cara pengambilan darah hewan uji yaitu jika pada ayam pengambilan
darahnya melalui vena jugularis yang terletak pada sayapnya. Darah
mencit cara pengambilannya dengan memotong ekor mencit tersebut.
Darah ikan cara pengambilannya bisa dari pangkal ekor, vena caudalis,
atau dari jantungnya. Cara pengambilan darah probandus dengan cara di
suntik pada salah satu jari.
2. Erythrocytes form in vertebrates except Mammals are oval office is not
and leukocyte is and is motil.
3. jumlah eritrosit dari sampel darah ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus)
kelompok 1 adalah 805.000 sel/mm3, jumlah eritrosit darah ayam (Gallus
gallus) kelompok 2 adalah 1.340.000 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 3 ikan nila
(Oreochromis niloticus) adalah adalah 2.545.000 sel/mm3, dan jumlah
eritrosit pada sampel darah mencit (Mus muscullus) kelompok 4 adalah
14.340.000 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 5 pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloti-
cus adalah 1.008.889 sel/mm3.
4. Jumlah leukocyte dari sampel darah ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus)
kelompok 1 adalah 164.576 sel/mm3, jumlah eritrosit darah ayam (Gallus
gallus) kelompok 2 adalah 218.950 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 3 ikan nila
(Oreochromis niloticus) adalah adalah 87.275 sel/mm3, dan jumlah
eritrosit pada sampel darah mencit (Mus muscullus) kelompok 4 adalah
10.325 sel/mm3 dan kelompok 5 pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus
adalah 18.525 sel/mm3
5. Berdasarkan pengamatan nilai hematocryte dari sampel ikan pada kelom-
pok 1 adalah 20 %. kelompok 2 sampel darah pada ayam didiapatkan 20%,
dan pada kelompok 3 pada ikan menghasilkan nilai hematocryte sebanyak
22%. Kemudian pada mencit kelompok 4 yaitu 66%, dan kelompok 5 pada
ikan yaitu 17 %
6. Berdasarkan pengamatan tingkat kadar glukosa pada probandus masing-
masing kelompok. Pada kelompok 1 adalah 122 mg/dl, kelompok 2 67
mg/dl. Kadar glukosa probandus pada kelompok 3 dan 4 adalah 49 mg/dl
dan 62 mgl/dl, kelompok 5 mendapatkan kadar glukosa sebanyak 73 mg/
dl.
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