Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull,...
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Transcript of Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull,...
HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
Blood cell formation Blood cell formation that occurs in that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of the humerus proximal epiphyses of the humerus and the femur.and the femur.
Erythropoietin (EPO)Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that controls rate of Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte (RBC) productionerythrocyte (RBC) production
Is produced by the kidneysIs produced by the kidneys Targets the bone marrowTargets the bone marrow
Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Accounts for 45% of whole bloodAccounts for 45% of whole blood ErythrocytesErythrocytes LeukocytesLeukocytes
PlateletsPlatelets
PlasmaPlasma
Liquid portion of the blood – accounts Liquid portion of the blood – accounts for 55% of whole bloodfor 55% of whole blood
Is 90% waterIs 90% water Helps to distribute body heat evenlyHelps to distribute body heat evenly
AlbuminAlbumin
Is a plasma proteinIs a plasma protein Regulates osmotic pressure of bloodRegulates osmotic pressure of blood
Helps to keep water in the Helps to keep water in the bloodstreambloodstream
MegakaryocytesMegakaryocytes
Fragments of bizarre multinucleate Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cellscells
They rupture and release thousands They rupture and release thousands of pieces that seal off from of pieces that seal off from
surrounding fluidssurrounding fluids
PlateletsPlatelets
Are needed for the clotting processAre needed for the clotting process Formerly called thrombocytes Formerly called thrombocytes
(platelets)(platelets)
ThrombusThrombus
A clot that develops in an unbroken A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vesselblood vessel
EmbolusEmbolus
When a clot (thrombus) breaks away When a clot (thrombus) breaks away from a blood vessel and from a blood vessel and floatsfloats freelyfreely
in the bloodstreamin the bloodstream Potentially life threateningPotentially life threatening
HematocritHematocrit
The volume of a blood sampleThe volume of a blood sample
LeukocytesLeukocytes White CellsWhite Cells
Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s)Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Protect, defense, immunityProtect, defense, immunity
Account for less than 1% of total Account for less than 1% of total blood volumeblood volume
Are complete blood cells: contain Are complete blood cells: contain nuclei and organellesnuclei and organelles
DiapedesisDiapedesis
Means “leaping across”Means “leaping across” WBC’s are able to slip in and out of WBC’s are able to slip in and out of
blood vessels as neededblood vessels as needed
LeukocytosisLeukocytosis
An increased white blood cell countAn increased white blood cell count Could be indicative of a bacterial or Could be indicative of a bacterial or
viral infectionviral infection
LeukopeniaLeukopenia
Abnormally low WBC countAbnormally low WBC count Commonly caused by certain drugs, Commonly caused by certain drugs,
and anticancer medicationsand anticancer medications
GranulocytesGranulocytes
Contains granules (appears as grains Contains granules (appears as grains of sand)of sand)
Are “philled” with sandAre “philled” with sand
Types: NeutrophilsTypes: Neutrophils
EosinophilsEosinophils
BasophilsBasophils
NeutrophilsNeutrophils
Act as avid phagocytes at site of Act as avid phagocytes at site of acute infectionsacute infections
EosinophilsEosinophils
Kills parasitic wormsKills parasitic worms Tend to increase during allergiesTend to increase during allergies
BasophilsBasophils
Rarest form of WBC’sRarest form of WBC’s Contains Contains histamineshistamines at sites of at sites of
inflammationinflammation
AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
Lack visible organellesLack visible organelles Include: lymphocytes and Include: lymphocytes and
monocytesmonocytes ““are a “cyte” for sore eyes”are a “cyte” for sore eyes”
LymphocytesLymphocytes
Part of the immune systemPart of the immune system Reside in lymphatic tissuesReside in lymphatic tissues
MonocytesMonocytes
Are the largest WBCAre the largest WBC Change into macrophagesChange into macrophages
Help fight chronic infectionsHelp fight chronic infections
ErythrocytesErythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Are anucleateAre anucleate
Have few organellesHave few organelles No mitochondriaNo mitochondria
Have biconcave disks for increased Have biconcave disks for increased surface area for Oxygen/Carbon surface area for Oxygen/Carbon
DioxideDioxide
PolycythemiaPolycythemia
Excessive or abnormal increase in Excessive or abnormal increase in RBC’sRBC’s
May result from: 1) bone marrow May result from: 1) bone marrow cancercancer
2) High altitudes2) High altitudes Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish
flowflow
Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)
Is an iron containing proteinIs an iron containing protein Transports oxygenTransports oxygen
Also binds with CO2Also binds with CO2 250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC
Normal levels 12-18g/100ml of bloodNormal levels 12-18g/100ml of blood Males: 13-18g; Females: 12-16gMales: 13-18g; Females: 12-16g
ABO Blood GroupsABO Blood Groups
2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the 2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the other, both or noneother, both or none
Absence of both antigens = Type OAbsence of both antigens = Type O Presence of both = Type ABPresence of both = Type AB
Either A or B if just one antigen presentEither A or B if just one antigen present AB type is universal recipientAB type is universal recipient
O type is universal donorO type is universal donor
Agglutination Agglutination
Binding of the antibodies causing Binding of the antibodies causing RBC’s to clumpRBC’s to clump
Leads to clogging of small blood Leads to clogging of small blood vesselsvessels
AntigensAntigens
Is recognized as “foreign”Is recognized as “foreign” Stimulates release of antibodies from Stimulates release of antibodies from
the immune systemthe immune system Over 30 common RBC antigensOver 30 common RBC antigens
Disorders of the clotting Disorders of the clotting processprocess
Undesirable ClottingUndesirable Clotting
ThrombusThrombus embolusembolus
Bleeding disordersBleeding disorders
Thrombocytopenia – is Thrombocytopenia – is a platelet deficiencya platelet deficiency
Hemophilia – lack Pf Hemophilia – lack Pf factors for clottingfactors for clotting
HemophiliaHemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorderHereditary bleeding disorder ““bleeder’s disease”bleeder’s disease”
Patients are given fresh plasma or Patients are given fresh plasma or injections of missing platelet factor injections of missing platelet factor
(Pf)(Pf)
HemostasisHemostasis
Hem = bloodHem = blood Stasis = standing stillStasis = standing still
Means stoppage of blood flowMeans stoppage of blood flow
HeparinHeparin
Body’s natural anticoagulant Body’s natural anticoagulant
CoagulationCoagulation
To clotTo clot
FibrinFibrin
Is converted from fibrinogen to fibrinIs converted from fibrinogen to fibrin
Is an insoluble protein formed during Is an insoluble protein formed during blood clotting processblood clotting process
Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting
Is a multistep process:Is a multistep process:
1.1. VascularVascular spasmsspasms – of the smooth – of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall producing a muscle in the vessel wall producing a vasoconstriction resulting from vasoconstriction resulting from serotoninserotonin. .
Lasts up to 30 minutesLasts up to 30 minutes Makes the platelets “sticky” as they Makes the platelets “sticky” as they
are producedare produced
Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting
2. 2. PlateletPlatelet plugplug forms – damaged forms – damaged blood vessel releases Von blood vessel releases Von Willebrand’s Factor. Willebrand’s Factor.
Platelets release ADP causing Platelets release ADP causing aggregation and a plug to formaggregation and a plug to form
An increase in the “stickiness” An increase in the “stickiness” resultsresults
Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting3. Coagulation (clotting phase)3. Coagulation (clotting phase)
Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases thromboplastin. thromboplastin.
PF3 and Calcium forms an activator PF3 and Calcium forms an activator producing a cascade effect. producing a cascade effect.
Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted to Thrombin (an enzyme)to Thrombin (an enzyme)
Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”
Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting
Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 minutesminutes
A sudden and severe loss of blood leads A sudden and severe loss of blood leads first to shock and eventually deathfirst to shock and eventually death
Use direct pressure to helpUse direct pressure to help
Elevate body part above the heart to allow Elevate body part above the heart to allow gravity to take effectgravity to take effect
3 phases of hemostasis (process of blood clotting):•Vascular spasms – decreases the flow of blood to the area•Platelet plug formation – platelets become “sticky” and cause chemical release to form clot•Coagulation – prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin
http://www.mhhe.com/bioscihttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folde/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7r_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm_3.htm