Hematology The Study of blood. Average adult = 8- 10 pints of blood Composition: –PLASMA –...
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![Page 1: Hematology The Study of blood. Average adult = 8- 10 pints of blood Composition: –PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components –Serum.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649c9e5503460f9495e8f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HematologyThe Study of blood
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• Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood
• Composition:– PLASMA – liquid
portion of blood without cellular components
– Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed
– Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets
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PLASMA
• Straw colored, contains – – Water– Blood proteins– Plasma proteins
• FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver
• ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume
• PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.
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Plasma
– Nutrients– Electrolytes– Hormones, vitamins, enzymes– Metabolic waster products
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Erythrocytes-Red Blood Cell
• Shape = biconcave discs• RBC• HEMOGLOBIN – gives red
color, heme is iron and globin is protein.
• Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
• Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gm
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Function of Hemoglobin
• Red cells travel through the lungs where
• O2 is carried to tissues and released
• CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
• Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright red
• Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
• Manufacture of red blood cells• Occurs in bone marrow• Red cells live 120 days• Old cells broken down by the spleen
and liver• HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of
erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.
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White Blood Cells – LEUKOCYTES
• Larger than erythrocytes• 5 types• Normal leukocyte count
= 3,200 – 9,800 • Types of White Cells• Neutrophils• Eosinophils• Basophils• Lymphocytes• Monocytes
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Leukocytes
• Basophils produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant
• DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.
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• PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.
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Inflammation
• Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma
• PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation
• Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
• Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)
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• HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area
• PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma
• ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis
• PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion
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Abscess
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Inflammation
• LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection
• LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation
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Thrombocytes (Platelets)
• Smallest of solid components of blood
• Synthesized in red marrow
• Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes
• Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
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Coagulation (Clotting)
• Cut or injury platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.
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• ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting
• HEPARIN = antiprothrombin• PROTHROMBIN – dependent on
Vitamin K
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Blood Facts
• There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.
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Blood Types
• Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
• Inherited from parents
• Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell
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• ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body. – Someone with type A blood has b
antibodies– Someone with type B blood has a
antibodies– Someone with type AB blood has no
antibodies– Someone with type O blood has a and b
antibodies•
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Blood Types
• UNIVERSAL DONOR – O
• UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB
• Red cells also may contain Rh factor
• If you have it, you’re Rh +
• If you don’t, you’re Rh –
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RH Incompatibilties
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Disorders of the Blood
• ANEMIA• Deficiency in
number or % of red cells
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IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Usually in women, children and adolescents
• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis
• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables
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APLASTIC ANEMIA
• Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells
• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy
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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
• Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
• Occurs primarily in blacks
• Treatment – blood transfusions
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POLYCYTHEMIA
• Too many red blood cells are formed
• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
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EMBOLISM
• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
• Also known as a “moving blood clot”
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THROMBOSIS
• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
• The blood clot is a THROMBUS
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HEMATOMA
• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
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HEMOPHILIA
• Hereditary• Missing clotting
factor• Blood clots slow or
abnormally• Sex-linked –
transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
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THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• Not enough platelets
• Blood will not clot properly
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LEUKEMIA
• Malignant condition• Overproduction of
immature white blood cells
• Hinders synthesis of red cells