Lesson 2-1

Introduction to

Hematology

Overview

• Blood vessels and blood circulation

• Composition of blood

• Origin of blood cells

• Hematological diseases

• Hematology laboratory– Test methods

– Complete blood count (CBC)

Circulatory System

• Cardiopulmonary circulation

• Systemic circulation

Cardiopulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

Blood Vessels

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

Composition of Blood

• Plasma

• Cellular elements– Red blood cells

– White blood cells

– Platelets

Blood Cells

Origin of Blood Cells

• Hemopoiesis

• Hemopoietic stem cell

Origin of Blood Cells

Stem Cell Research

• Adult

• Embryonic

Hematology Laboratory

• Methods of analysis

• Safety

• Quality assessment

• Specimens

• CBC

• Coagulation tests and special

hematology tests

CBC

• CBC or complete blood count includes:

• Red blood cell count

• White blood cell count

• Hemoglobin

• Reb blood cell indices

• White blood cell differential count

• Platelet count

• Blood cell morphology

CBC

Hematological Diseases

• Inherited

• -Hemophilia

• -Sickle Cell anemia

• -Thalassemia

• Secondary

• -Iron deficiency anemia

• -Megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 & folic acid deficiency)

• -Abnormal appearance of red cells in renal failure

• Abnormal lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis

Anemia

• Anemia is a reduction in the number of RBCs, the quantity

• of hemoglobin, or the volume of RBCs

• Prevalent conditions

– Blood loss

– Decreased production of erythrocytes

– Increased destruction of erythrocytes (Hemolysis)

Thalassemia

• Autosomal recessive genetic disorder of

inadequate production of normal hemoglobin

• Thalassemia minor/trait– Body adapts to ↓ Hgb

• Thalassemia major– Blood transfusions

Leukemia

• Leukemia is characterized by an abnormal

proliferation of immature white blood cells,

called blasts cells.

Leukemia is Divided into Four Categroies based on Maturity and Cell Lineage

Chronic Myelocytic

Leukemia

CML

CGL

Chronic Lymphocytic

Leukemia

CLL

CHRONIC

Acute Myeloid

Leukemia

AML

ANLL

Acute Lymphoblastic

Leukemia

ALL

ACUTE

LEUKEMIA

Sickle Cell Disease

• Sickle cell disease causes the red cell to assume

a sickle shape

• The resultant cellular defect leads to the main

manifestations of the disease, which include:

– premature death of the cells (hemolytic anemia)

– increased susceptibility to infection

Thrombocytopenia

• Disorder of decreased platelets

• platelet count below 150,000

• Causes

– Low production of platelets

– Increased breakdown of platelets

• Symptoms

– Bruising

– Nosebleeds

– Petechiae (pinpoint microhemorrhages)

Hemophilia(Bleeding Disorder)

• The person can present with mild, moderate, or severe

hemorrhagic disease, depending on the amount of active protein

produced. Hemophilia is a sex-linked hereditary blood disease

characterized by greatly prolonged coagulation time.

– Hemophilia A is due to a deficiency of blood coagulation Factor VIII

– Hemophilia B is due to a deficiency of blood coagulation Factor IX