Helms Labs 25-27 : Animal DiversityAs you work your way through this lab, refer to and complete reading Chapters 32 -34. Any drawings or diagrams must be done by you, not downloaded from the internet or borrowed from any source.

Part I: Read through the labs and observe the specimens for all phylum represented. For each Phylum record the characteristics of the phylum in bullet form and list the special functions some of these characteristics give the phylum. Then explain at least two evolutionary advances that this phylum has due to these structures. Type this in a table format or write neatly on flashcards.

Ex. Phylum Name and diagram (sketch)

Unique functions and traits (bullet form)

Evolutionary advantages

Porifera Cell types: functions

Feeding mechanisms (what do these look like? )

Objectives:1. Describe why sponges are considered to represent a level of organization between that of a colony and that of a true multicellular organism. Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Polyp vs medusa

Objectives: 1. How are ctenophores similar and different from cnidarians? PlatyhelminthesObjectives: 1. Describe how a tapeworm is adapted for parasitism Nematoda (Roundworms)

2 evol advantages

Objectives:1. Describe the generalized structure of a free living nematode.2. Describe the modification for parasitism observed among nematodes.

AnnelidaObjectives:

1. Explain why annelids are found on a separate branch of a typical phylogenetic tree.

2. Define Coelom and relate this terms to the other phyla prior to anneilda.3. Describe the hydrostatic skeleton of an earthworm.

Helms 25 Post lab questions:

Helms 26

Phylum Name and diagram (sketch)

Unique functions and traits (bullet form)

Evolutionary advantages

MolluscaObjectives:

1. Explain how water is moved through a clam for respiratory and feeding purposes.

2. Distinguish between an open and closed circulatory system. 3. Describe how a cephalopod makes use of the visceral mass of the foot and

the mantle cavity. Chitons, BivalvesGastropods, cephalopodsArthropodaObjectives:

1. Distinguish among external body plans of crustaceans, arachnids and insects.

2. Discuss the importance of molting in arthropod life cycles.3. Describe the respiratory system of insects4. give reasons for the success of insects.

EchinodermataObjectives:

1. Define deuterosome 2. 2. Explain why echinoderms form a new branch of the phylogenetic tree3. Give 3 major characteristics of organisms grouped as echinoderms4. Describe radial symmetry vs bilateral.

Helms 27 Chordata: List the characteristics all chordates have in common: 1. 2.

3. 4.

What are protochordates? What might they represent?

What structures link the hemichordates to the chordates?

Describe the structures of the larva and the adult form of solitary sea squirts and relate how structures to chordate characteristics.

Describe the structure of a lancelet and relate features of this organism to those of other chordates.

We will look at the seven classes of the subphyla VertebrataClass Name and diagram (sketch)

Unique functions and traits (bullet form)

Evolutionary advantages

Agnatha

Placodermi (extinct) SKIPChondrichthyes (bony fishes)Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Objectives:

1. State several distinguishing characteristics of each of the three classes of aquatic vertebrates by examining some features of their external morphology.

AmphibiaReptiliaObjectives:

1. Compare amphibian and reptilian adaptations to living on land. 2. What structures of amphibians betray their aquatic heritage? 3. How are the amphibian and reptilian limbs oriented with respect to the

sides of their body? 4. For what locomotor activities would such an arrangement be best suited? 5. How is the difference in the angle of the hindlimbs between amphibians

and reptiles related to the difference in the locomotor behavior of frogs and turtles.

AvesMammalia

Objectives: 1. By comparing the avian and mammalian skeletons, relate the skeletal morphology in birds and mammals to a single ancestor. Is this evidence for convergent or divergent evolution?