Heller - 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1711
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HELLER - 62 STAN. L. R EV. 1711.DOC (DO NOT DELETE) 6/26/2010 3:54 PM 1711 NOTE DEATH BY A THOUSAND CUTS: THE GUARANTEE CLAUSE R EGULATION OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS Jacob M. Heller* I NTRODUCTION............................................................................................... ...... 1712 I. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION AND STATE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE .......... 1718 A. Defining “Republican Form of Government” .......................................... 1718 1. Popular sovereignty and anti-monarchy ........................................... 1719 2. Representative government ...................................................... ......... 1719 3. Separation of powers.........................................................................1720 B. Why Republican Government? .................................................................1721 1. Republican government as Bill of Rights .......................................... 1721 2. Parchment barriers ........................................................................... 1723 C. The Federal Interest in State Government Structure .......................... ...... 1724 II. R EPUBLICANISM TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP........................................ ...... 1724 III. CURRENT APPROACHES TO PROTECTING R EPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT ........... 1726 A. Death in One Blow ................................................................................. .. 1727 1. Merits ................................................................................................1727 2. Justiciability .................................................................................. .... 1728 B. Death by a Thousand Cuts ....................................................................... 1729 C. Legislative and Executive Guarantee Clause Powers .......................... .... 1732 IV. PROTECTING R EPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT AGAINST DEATH BY A THOUSAND CUTS ................................................................................. ........... 1733 A. The Text ................................................................................................ .... 1734 B. Original Meaning ................................................................................. .... 1735 1. Context and origination ....................................................................1735 2. “Guarantee”: empowering the federal government to regulate state constitutions ................................................................... ........... 1737 a. Definition ................................................................................. .... 1737 b. Drafting history ........................................................................... 1739 c. Ratification ................................................................................. . 1741
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