Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics in Accelerator...

Helium and Large Scale gCryogenics in Accelerator

SciencesSciences

C H R I S T I N E D A R V E

A P R I L 1 4 T H, 2 0 1 1

F E R M I N A T I O N A L A C C E L E R A T O R L A B O R A T O R YA C C E L E R A T O R D I V I S I O N / C R Y O G E N I C S D E P A R T M E N T/

( F O R M E R P R O J E C T A S S O C I A T E @ C E R N )

Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics in Accelerator Sciencesin Accelerator Sciences

The IngredientsThe IngredientsH li Th t f iH li Th t f i Helium: The star of cryogenicsHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 yearsLiquid helium: 100 years SuperfluidSuperfluid helium helium

Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examples Accelerator examples

CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems

FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant

HeadlinesHeadlines


Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examplesAccelerator examples

CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems

FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant

Few milestones of interestFew milestones of interest

1868 - Astronomers Janssen and Lockyer observed Helium

1908 - Kamerling Onnes Liquefied Helium (4.2 K)

1911 K li O Di d S d i i (H )1911 - Kamerling Onnes Discovered Superconductivity (Hg)

1938 - Superfluid Helium properties by Kapitza, Allen and Misener

1949 – Landau & Tizsa introduced the two-fluid model for superfluid helium1949 Landau & Tizsa introduced the two fluid model for superfluid helium

1957 - BCS Theory

1980 - Tevatron, First Accelerator using SC Magnets, NbTi

1986 - High Temp. Superconductors (> 77 K), YBCO, BSCCO

2001 – High Temp. SC (MgB2) with High Tc (39 K)

2007 - LHC operation (Largest Cryogenics)Next ??

The different facets of heliumThe different facets of helium

3He phase diagram

Helium (25 %) is the most common element in the Universe after Hydrogen (73 %)

• Two isotopes: 3He (fermion) & 4He (boson)

4He phase diagram

He I – Newtonian fluidT < T < Tc = 5.2 K

Helium II - Quantum fluid

Exceptional heat transfer1000000

10000000

100000000

(Pa)

SolidLiquidHe I Critical point

5 195 KLambda line

Triple point1.760 K29.7 bar

p- Specific heat transition at 2.17 K - T

- Enormous heat conductivity at moderate flux (3,000 x OFHC copper at 1.9K)1000

10000

100000

Pres

sure

LiquidHe II

Vapor

5.195 K2.274 bar

Lambda point2.177 K0.050 bar

LHC operation

Tevatronoperation

1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Temperature (K)

operation

A A twotwo--fluid fluid model for model for helium helium IIIINormal-fluid fraction: - excited states atom (phonons & rotons) like a conventional viscous fluidfi it d it

Superfluid fraction: - atoms that have undergone BEC

like an ideal inviscid liquid - finite density , n- finite viscosity, - entropy, s

like an ideal inviscid liquid resulting in the absence of classical turbulence. - finite density, sNO i it

Androniskashviliexperiment

0.6

0.8

1

ized

den

sity s /

n s

- NO viscosity - carry NO entropy

irrotational behavior for an

0

0.2

0.4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Nor

mal

T

n /

finviscid fluid

but vortices can be generated in the superfluid component

0v s

Temperature (K)

Macroscopic quantum physic system simplificationTh t fluid m d l is nl

the superfluid component

h

Quantized vorticesThe two-fluid model is only a phenomenological model !

mhnndrvss

Counter-flow turbulence

Thermal conductivity of Thermal conductivity of helium helium IIIIHeat transport regimes at 1.9 K

334322

) (

qTs

AqTsd

Ts

nGMn

e.g. d > 1mm, q > 10mW/cm2

Thermal resistivity function

Low flux regimedT/dx ~ qL i

31

1

dTTfq

In mutual friction regime:

High flux regime

dT/dx ~ q3

Laminar

Turbulent

dxTfq

343 Ts

Af(T)s

nGM

A Gorter-Mellink mutual friction parameterTurbulent

No bulk flowHeat flux

Counter-flow mechanicsco ld e n d w arm en d

H e a te r

AGM Gorter-Mellink mutual friction parameter

s u p er -f lu id c o m p o n e n t

n o r m a l- flu id c o m p o n e n tInternal convection of the super-fluid and normal-fluid components

32

ns

nGMn

n vvs

Avsd

T

Thermo-mechanical

- fountain effect

On 8 April 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and his staff at the Leiden Cryogenic Laboratory

Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 yearswere the first to observe superconductivity.

Their initial goal: Measure metal resistance (practical & theoretical uses) accidentally: electrical resistance suddenly seemed to vanish at 4.16 K.

100 years later ….

Persistent electric current flows on the surface of the d t ti t l d th ti fi ld f th tsuperconductor, acting to exclude the magnetic field of the magnet.

Meissner effect

Cryogenic applications Cryogenic applications -- SuperconductorsSuperconductors

Superconductor (SC)e.g. :

Power

SC RF Cavity SC Magnet

SC wirejunction

Transmission

Current Lead

Particle Accelerator

Magnetic levitation

MRI

junction Current Lead

SQUIDAccelerator levitation train

Anomalous transport properties used to cool high field superconducting Anomalous transport properties used to cool high-field superconducting magnets and RF cavities

Why do we need accelerators ?Why do we need accelerators ?

Discovery science: e.g. High Energy Physics

Today: > 30,000 accelerators are in operation around the world

FNAL:

• 1900 employees• 2300 users (~1/2 from

(courtesy of Young-Kee Kee)

SLS

2300 users ( 1/2 from abroad)• 6800 acres, park-like site

X-ray scanning

SLS• Materials research / manufacturing: e.g. light source, spallation source

X ray scanning

iThemba LABS• National security

• Medical Applications: e.g. Neutron and Proton TherapiesMRI and NMR

Many generations of acceleratorsMany generations of accelerators

Each generation built on the accomplishments of the previous ones

>1930

>1980 -Tevatron @ Fermilab980 GeV

p praising the level of technology ever higher

Ernest Lawrence

(1901 - 1958) Livingston’sdiagram

>2008 - LHC @ CERN7-14 TeV

80 keV

HeadlinesHeadlines


Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examplesAccelerator examples

CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnet systemsmagnet systems

FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era

CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider

Searching for the Higgs boson !

data : 20 km of CDs stacked per year

General architecture of the cryogenic systemGeneral architecture of the cryogenic system

3300 m3300 m

Key technologies of the LHC acceleratorKey technologies of the LHC accelerator

Superconducting magnets 1,250 ton of NbTi superconducting materials 7,600 km of superconducting “Rutherford” cablesp g 9,600 magnets (incl.1,232 dipoles, 392 quadruples)

Superfluid helium cryogenics (< 2 K) and vacuum techniques Pressurized and saturated superfluid helium in two-phase flow Pressurized and saturated superfluid helium, in two-phase flow Cryostats and thermal insulation Efficient and large capacity helium refrigerators Cryogen storage and management (150 ton of helium)

Two Phase He IIheat exchanger

Pressurized He II bath containing magnet

The Large The Large HadronHadron Collider acceleratorCollider acceleratorInnerCable

OuterCable

Number of strands 28 36

7,600 km of cable made of 270,000 km of strand (6 earth circumferences) filaments : 6 times back and forth to

Strand diameter 1.065 mm 0.825 mm

Filament diameter 7 µm 6 µm

Number of filaments ~ 8900 ~ 6520

C bl idth

the Sun + 150 trips to the moon

Cable width 15.1 mm 15.1 mm

Mid-thickness 1.900 mm 1.480 mm

Keystone angle 1.25 ° 0.90 °

Transposition length 115 mm 100 mmTransposition length 115 mm 100 mm

Ratio Cu/Sc ≥ 1.6 ≥ 1.9

The Large The Large HadronHadron Collider acceleratorCollider accelerator

24 km of magnets colder than the outer space

LHC tunnel crossLHC tunnel cross--sectionsection

CryoCryo--magnets interconnection @ LHC tunnelmagnets interconnection @ LHC tunnel

Splice inspection by TomographyTomography

Max splice resistance=2.8 n (Bad=220 nAdded 6500 new detectors (250 km cable)

The lowThe low-- magnet systems at the LHCmagnet systems at the LHC

Inner Triplet for final beam

Critical system for LHC performanceAmerican contribution to the LHC machine

IP5Q=Q_Arc x 10

Inner Triplet for final beam focusing/defocusing

American contribution to the LHC machine

+ D1

21 21

IP1

Underground views : 80-120 m below ground levelFor lowFor low--luminosity points:luminosity points:

Experimental HallLooking toward IP

The lowThe low-- magnet system safety magnet system safety specificationspecificationDesign and operation requirements: Critical system for LHC performance, but the system operation and maintenance should

remain safe for personnel and for equipment,e.g. escape path, absorbed radiation dose, embrittlement, polymer prop. decay.

Equipment, instrumentation and design shall comply with the CERN requirements,

Risks identified: Mechanical, electrical, cryogenics, radiologicale.g. ES&H, LHC functional systems, Integration

Cryogenic risk FMEA, Use the Maximum Credible Incident (MCI)

Radiological Use materials resistant to the radiation rate permitting an estimated machine lifetime, even in the hottest spots, exceeding 7 years of operation at the mach n f t m , n n th hott st spots, c ng 7 y ars of op rat on at th baseline luminosity of 1034cm-2s-1.

Personnel safety: Keep residual dose rates on the component outer surfaces of the cryostats below 0.1 mSv/hr.

Apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

Radiological risk Radiological risk ((By courtesy of N. By courtesy of N. MokhovMokhov))IR5 i th ll d IR5 azimuthally averaged power

distribution

Radial distribution of azimuthally averaged dose (Gy/yr)g y y

Magnet quench limit quench limit =1.6 mW/g

For comparison : Arc magnet ~ 1 Gy/yr

Radiological risk mitigationRadiological risk mitigation

LHC operation annual radiation dose for the arcmagnet and for the CMS/ATLAS low- regions are 1

d 1000 G ti land 1000 Gy, respectively

No easy repair when inherent radiation ! Instrum & equipment: radHard

Beam-induced energy deposition: Instrum. & equipment: radHard Use of redundancy

Specific hazard analysis is requested before

Quadruple quench limit ~1.6 mW/g

ppersonnel intervention Radiological survey is systematical performed prior intervention (< 1mSv/hr)4

h l Limit the personnel exposition time(individual and collective radiation doses) Radio-Protection Procedures to be written b d l l d d th i tit t

Averaged over surface residual dose rate (mSv/hr) on the Q1 side (z=2125 cm, bottom) of the TAS vs irradiation and cooling times. By courtesy of N. Mokhov

based on lessons learned and other institutes experiences

Type of instrumentation : Type of instrumentation : cryocryo--magnetsmagnetsRL

e w

ith

QR

Inte

rfac

exx

9xx

I xst

em

EH8xx: cryo-electrical heaters

w-be

ta s

ys8x

x

EH8xx: cryo electrical heaters

Low

xx8

CV8xx: control valveElectrical feedElectrical feed--boxesboxes

LT8xx: liquid helium level gauge(based on superconducting wire)

*HTS leads*Vapor cooled leads

LHC Hardware CommissioningLHC Hardware Commissioning

Data flow & LHC Logging Cryogenics DataData flow & LHC Logging Cryogenics Data

LHC LHC LoggingLogging

PLC TimeStamp

Cryo Instrumentation Engineers Cryo

Operation

Courtesy of E. Blanco

PLC, FEC: NTP synchronization

ArchiveArchive

p[~1500 ms worst case]

FEC TimeStamp[200 ms]

(3) DB ARCH(3) DB ARCH

~ 10 s

CRYO SCADA

Worst case:~ 1500 ms

CIETDriverDriver

(2) DB DRIVER SCADA(2) DB DRIVER SCADA(Impact Data Server Load)

(3) DB ARCH(3) DB ARCH

CMWCMW

TSPPTSPP

Controller

PLCPLC

FECFEC500 ms

1500 ms

1 sTT, PT, LT, DI, EHAI

LTen, EHsp

(1) DB FEC(1) DB FEC(1) DB PLC(1) DB PLC

CMWCMW

IEPLCIEPLC

500

FilterAVG AVG --> noise> noise

Filter

PROFIBUS PA

WFIP

RadTol electronics

DI DO

PROFIBUS DP ~ 500 msMED MED --> spikes > spikes

SpecsDB

TT, PT, LT, DI, EH

CVDI,DO

TT,PT: ~1sLT: 10sEH: ~500 ms

MTFCard correction

DB layoutNoise correction

MTF MTF -- Equipment management folderEquipment management folder

Automated recording and manual data entry:manual data entry:

Provides data for analysis tools

Breakdown structure for data

Cryogenic system architecture Cryogenic system architecture

18 kW @ 4.5 K 18 kW @ 4.5 K helium helium refrigeratorsrefrigeratorshelium helium refrigeratorsrefrigerators

33 kW @ 50 K to 75 K

23 kW @ 4.6 K to 20 K

IHI - Linde

41 g/s liquefaction

Linde

3’000 mC t id 1st t 3 000 m

Air Liquide2.4 2.4 kW @ kW @ 1.9 1.9 K refrigeration K refrigeration unitsunits(AL IHI(AL IHI LindeLinde))

Cartridge 1st stage

(AL, IHI(AL, IHI--LindeLinde))Cold compressor key technology Cold compressor key technology

HeadlinesHeadlines


Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examples Accelerator examples

CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems Cryogenic facilitiesCryogenic facilities

FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era

FermilabFermilab -- New areas and eraNew areas and era“Three frontiers of research in particle physics form an interlocking framework that addresses fundamental questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.

•The Energy Frontier, using high-energy colliders to discover new particles anddirectly probe the architecture of the fundamental forces.

• The Intensity Frontier, using intense particle beams to uncover properties ofneutrinos and observe rare processes that will tell us about new physics beyondthe Standard Model.

• The Cosmic Frontier, using underground experiments and telescopes, bothground and space based, to reveal the natures of dark matter and dark energyand using high-energy particles from space to probe new phenomena.”

http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/pdf/UsersPictureBook_022510_FINAL.pdf

The The TevatronTevatron ! ! 6.5 km of superconducting magnets

operating @ 3.6 Kelvin: +777 dipoles+216 quads

+ coils made of NbTi alloy wire+ wire size is 8 mm+11 million wire turns in a coil

+204 correction elementsResults as per April 13, 2011

+11 million wire-turns in a coil + 42,500 miles of wire per magnet

Booster

CockcrofWalton

LinacLinacCockroftCockroft--WaltonWalton Main InjectorMain Injector

Walton

TevatronTevatron RecyclerRecycler AntiprotonAntiprotonTevatronTevatron RecyclerRecycler AntiprotonAntiproton

Unified control system for the entire complex•400 MeV Linac•8 GeV Booster Synchrotron•120 GeV Main Injector Synchrotronj y•1 TeV Tevatron Synchrotron•antiproton source – target/debuncher/accumulator•antiproton “Recycler” storage ring•fixed target linesg

Simultaneous operation of•Tevatron proton-antiproton collider (storage ring)•Antiproton production and storage120 G V fi d M l b•120 GeV fixed target to Meson lab

•120 GeV fixed target to NUMI/MINOS•8 GeV fixed target to MiniBooNE

Central Helium Liquefier Central Helium Liquefier -- CHL CHL The Central Helium Liquefier consists of:

•Four parallel reciprocating 4,000 HP helium compressors (6.8 MW total power)

•Two Claude cycle cold boxes (6,400 liters/hr, peak at 9000 liters/hr)

•15 helium gas storage tanks (1,500 m3, 1.7 MPa, at RT)

•One Nitrogen Reliquefier (4,680 liters/hr)

•600,000 liters of LN2 storage

•Purification system

Cryogenics Cryogenics system for system for the the TevatronTevatron

Six sectors each composed of:p

+four 1-kW refrigerators

+four Mycom 2 stage 300 kW screw +four Mycom 2-stage 300 kW screw compressors

d7

d7 aging system20 000 LHe in refrigeration and 10 000 in transfer linedarve, 6/10/2007

Cryogenic Cryogenic system system for the for the TevatronTevatron

One typical cooling loop for the One typical cooling loop for the TevatronTevatron

New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and eraProject X on the intensity and energy frontiers:

– Intensity Frontier:NuMI NO A LBNE/mu2 P j t X NuF tNuMI NOvA LBNE/mu2e Project X NuFact

– Energy Frontier:Tevatron ILC or Muon Collider

Websites:Websites:http://projectx.fnal.govhttp://projectx-docdb.fnal.gov

New Cryogenic Areas and EraNew Cryogenic Areas and Era

Fermilab is developing a broad capability to assemble and test SRF cavities : Capture Cavity 2 (1 9 GHz) Capture Cavity 2 (1.9 GHz) 3rd harmonic (3.9 GHz) High Intensity Neutrino Source (325 MHz)

Hi h di nt it (1 3 GH ) High gradient cavity (1.3 GHz)

HINS: Field vs. time as measured by a field probe and

Vertical Test Stand Horizontal Test Stand

measured by a field probe and the LLRF system in LabView.

Peak surface magnetic field ~155 mT

Cavity state Bare “dressed”

Power coupler Axial coupler Side coupler

RF power Low power, CW High power, pulsed

d d kTurnaround ~2 day ~2 week

Raison d’êtreTesting cavity surface

treatmentTesting cavity handling,

accessories

SRF Cavities SRF Cavities –– Work Flow Work Flow

Test Facilities for Test Facilities for SRF R&DSRF R&DCTF

Cryogenic Test Facility – CTF• Three (3) Tevatron satellite refrigerator

systems(STAR)

• Four (4) Mycom compressors

• Purifier system, compressor

T f li f CTF t MDB

MDB

Meson Detector Building MDB

• Transfer line from CTF to MDB

• Storage tanks and buffer DewarsTD MP9 Assembly area & Clean Room

Meson Detector Building - MDB• Test areas: HTS, HINS, etc..

• 2 K operation using a vacuum pump capable of 10 g/sec @1 8 K capable of 10 g/sec @1.8 K

New Muon Lab – NMLCryoplant for 1.8 K operation

NML

AD Cryo Dept.

y p f p• Test area for RF units

Meson Detector Building Meson Detector Building -- LayoutLayout

HINS R&DHTS

HTS2HTS2

Vacuum Pump

CTF

HINSCC2

HTS

Synoptic /ACNET controlSynoptic /ACNET control

Cryogenic distribution line and Vacuum SystemCryogenic distribution line and Vacuum SystemExpansion box and bayonet cans Vacuum pump modification

Pi i b VP d A V P b Ri Piping between VP and test Areas Vacuum Pump: booster +Ring pump

Cryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityThree Refrigerator Systems (STAR) Three Heat Exchangers (STAR)

Four Mycom CompressorsDewar+heaterControl Room

RF for RF for HINS and HINS and HTSHTSRF controls:. Klystrons: 1.3 and 3.9 GHz; 1.5ms@5Hz Fast phase shifter control (100 kHz)Fast phase shifter control (100 kHz)

Development system in the LLRF test lab

CW (650 MH ) C i i i CW system (650 MHz) – Commissioning in progress

New New MuonMuon Lab (NMLLab (NML))

C tl 2 T t t l f i tCurrently, 2 Tevatron style refrigerators2 CryoModules

Future, add new cryo-plant6 C M d l6 CryoModules

November 19th, 2010@ 1.9 K

Other FNAL test area using He capacity Other FNAL test area using He capacity -- MTAMTAM

Mission Mission for 18 institutions from US, Europe and Japanfor 18 institutions from US, Europe and Japan Design, prototype and bench test all cooling-channel components (RF, LH2

absorber etc )

MuonCollaboration

absorber,etc.) Dev.of intense ionization beam (400 MeV beam up to 2.4x1014 p/s: 570 W in

35-cm LH2 absorber)

Absorbers (LH2)•Convection scheme - MICEF d fl h

Provide 14K and LHe

li

FNAL FNAL cryocryo::

•Forced-flow scheme -MuCool•High Pressure Hydrogen gas

cooling

LH2bs rb r RF cavities

201 MHz 805 MHz for design concept

absorber SC magnet RF cavity

Solenoid magnet4 Tesla

ConclusionConclusion

After his success in liquefying helium, and in discovering the phenomena of superconductivity 100 years ago Onnes opened the phenomena of superconductivity, 100 years ago, Onnes opened the doors to amazing scientific fields.

Here we are now … defeating new scientific frontiers using large scale f g f f g gtools (accelerators) and making use of tones of superconductor and superfluid helium.

The Tevatron has celebrated its 25th birthday in 2010.

The LHC has started its race towards unprecedented energy p gyfrontiers.

New projects will permit to drive our unlimited scientific appétit towards new discoveries towards new discoveries..

Extra slides

Cryogen management (helium, nitrogen)Cryogen management (helium, nitrogen)

Courtesy of Laurent Tavian

Cryogen storage

Courtesy of Laurent Tavian

Cooling capacity at CERNCooling capacity at CERN

Courtesy of Philippe Lebrun

LHC accelerator @ helium temperatureLHC accelerator @ helium temperature

Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics in Accelerator...

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