Helicopter Handbook Detail Design
572
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Servi;e AD-A033 216 ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK HELICOPTER ENGINEERING. PART TWO DETAIL DESIGN ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA JANUARY, 1976 Reproduced From Best Available Copy
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Transcript of Helicopter Handbook Detail Design
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Servi;e
AD-A033 216
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOKHELICOPTER ENGINEERING. DETAIL DESIGN PART TWO
ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND,
ALEXANDRIA,
VIRGINIA
JANUARY, 1976
Reproduced From Best Available Copy
351058 AMCPAMPIT AMCP 706-202'-
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOKHELICOPTER ENGINEERIN\
PART TWO DETAI L DESIGN
IIEADEQMRE-USP 1 AINYV MATERIEL COMMANDNATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICEU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMIE," iMNWacw, VA. 2231W
JANUAR IC76
AMCP 706-202
AN1( Parrnpbkei
No. 714S-01
ENGINEERING I)ESIGN HANI)BOOK 20Jnay17 HELCOPERENGINEERING, PART TWO DETAIL. DESIGN
TABLE (N-' CONTENTSParagraph LISTOF ILL.USTRATIONS................ ......................... I 1ST OF TABLES ... .... .... ................................... FOREW ORD .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . ....... . . .. . . . . . .Xxxviii PREFACE ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EEXxviii
Xxxi,XXX%
CHAPTEKR IINTROI)1UCTION (HAPTERI 2/
2-I
I..........S. INTRODULCTION ....... M.Al.'E. A.
. . .-
)
2-2 ~METALS .................. ............. ..... .... ....... ...... 2-1 2-2.1 FERROUS METALS.............................................. 2-1 2-2. 1.1 General .................................. ......... ............. 2-1 2-2.1.2 Ca!'bOn Steels .............. -............. ...... ................ 2-1 2-2.1.3 Allov Steels.........................-2 2-2.1.4 StainessSteels....................... ............................ 2-2 2-2.1.5 Precipitation Hardening Sicels ...................................... 2-2 2-2.1.6 Maraging Steels .................................................. 2-3 NONFERROUS METALS .. ........................... .......... 2-4 2-2.2 2-2.2. 1 General.............................. ........................... 2-4 2-4 2-2.2.2 Aluminum Alloys........... I................ I.................. 2-5 Magnesium Alloys....I............................................ 2-2.2.3 2-2.2.4 Titanium Alloys......................................... ......... 2-6 2-2.2.5 Copp.,r anid Copper Alloys ......................................... 2-6 2-7 2-2.3 ELECTROLYTIC ACTION OF DISSIMILAR MFTAI.S................ 2-3 NOMETALLIC MATERIALS........................................2-4-7 2-7 ............................ GENERAL .......................... 2-3.1 22-3.2 THERMOPI ASTIC MATERIALS ................................ 2-3.3 THERMOSETTING MATERIALS......... ................ ........ 2-9 ...... 2-10 2-3.4 ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS ............................. .. ........... 2-10 2-3.5 WINDOW MATERIALS ............................ COMPOSITE STRUCTURES.........................................21-Il 2-4 .. ........... 2-Il FIBERGLAS LAMINATES .......................... 2-4.1 2-4.1.1 Design Considerations ................ ............................ 2-1l 2-4.1.2 Resin Systems ................................................... 2-12 2-12 2-.;Polyesters ...................................................... 2-4.1.2.2 Epoxies ........................................................ 2-12 2-4.1.2.3 Phrnolics .......................... ............................ 2-12
AMCP 706-202 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Paragraph 2-4.1 3 2-4.1.3.1 2-4.1.3.2 2-4.1.3.3 2-4.1.4 2-4.1.4.1 2-4.1.4.2 2-4.1.4.3 '2-4.1.5 2-4.2 2-4.2.1 2-4.2.2 2-4.2.3 2-4.2.4 2-4.3 2-4.3.I 2-4.3.1.1 2-4 .3.1.2 2-4.3.1.3 2-4 .3.1.4 ,,, C
Pagc Types of Reinforccment .............. ........... .................... Nonwoven Continuous Filaments .................................... Woven Fabric .................................................... Chopped Fiber ..................................................... Fabrication M ethods ................... .............................. O pen Mold H and Layup .............................................. Sprayup ................ ........................... ...... Matched D ie M olding ................................................ Surface F inishes ....................................................... FABRIC LAM IN ATES .................................................. Reinforcem ent Selection ............................................... R esin Selection ........................................................ Special T ypes ......................................................... Specifications ......................................................... FILAMENT COM POSITION .......................................... Types of Reinforcem ent ............... ............................... E-glass ................................................... S -g lass ...................................................... ........ Boron Filam ents ................ ....................... ........... .............. 11G .. l rap hite ..............................................
"" ,..2-4.3.32-4.3.4
.
...................... ........................
......
2-19
2-12 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-14 2-15 2,15 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-19o,
1t
Manufacturing Processes ..................... ....A pplications ...................
....................
2-20
2.44 2-4.5 2-4.5.1
""42-5 2-5.1 2-5.1.1 2-5.1.2 2-5.1.3 2-5.2 2-6 2-6.1 2-6.2 2-6 .3 2-6 .4 2-7 2-7.1 2-7.2 2-7.3 2-7.4 2-7 5
HONEYCOMB AND SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION . A R MO R MATERIALS ................................................ Available Materials .......................................... Design ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ........... ........................ BO N D ING AG EN TS ................... .............................. Structural Adhesives ............... ............................... Nonstructural Adhesives ....................................... Processing O perations ................................................. ......................................... -Dcsgi, of onded Structurc SEAL.ING CO MPO UN DS ............................................. PA IN IS A N D FIN ISH ES ................ .... .......................... PAINTS AND COATINGS (ORGANIC) ............................... SPECIAL. FINISHES ............................................... P LAT IN G ......................................................... ... T A P ES ........................... ................ ................... LUBRICANTS, GRI-ASES. AND HYDRAUI.IC FLUIDS ............... G E N ER AL ......... ............................ ..................... DESIGN OF LUBRICATION SYSTEMS ............................ G RE-A SE S ...................................... ...................... DRY FILM AND PERMANENT LUBRICANTS ..................... H YD R AU LIC FI.U IDS ....... ............... ....................... R EF ER E NC ES ...................................................... ...(0i1A'ITR 3 PROPII. ION SIBSYSTEM I)IESIN'N
2-20 2-272-29 2-30 2-30 2-30 2-30 2-32 2-332-33
2-33 2-34 2-34 2-35 2-36 2-3 7 2-38 2-3K 2-38 2-38 2-38 2-40 2-40
3-0ii
L IST Of: SY M BO LS .....................................................
3-1
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"AMCP 706-202TABLE OF (ON1I EN'IS(( ontinud) Paragraph 3-1 3-2 3-2.1 3-2.1.1 3-2.1.2 3-2.1.3 3-2. 1.4 3-2.2 3-2.3 3-2.4 3-2.4.1 3-2.4.2 3-2.5 3-2.5.1 3-2.5.2 3-2.5.3 3-2.5.3.1 3-2.5.3.2 3-2.5.3.3 3-2.6 3-2.6. 1 3-2.6.2 3-2.6.2.1 3-2.6.2.2 3-3 3-4 3-4.1 3-4.2 3-4.2.1 3-4.2.2 3-4 .2.3 3-4.2.4 .3-4 2.5 3-4 .2 .7 3-4 2.6INTRO D UCTIO N .....................................................
Page3-1
ENGINE INSTALLATION .............................................. G EN E R A L ............................................................ Subm erged Installation ................................................ Sem icxposed !nstallation .............................................. Exposed Installation ................................................... D esign C hecklist .......................................... .......... ENGINE M OUNTING ................................... ............ ENGINE VIBRATION ISOLATION ................................... FIF EW A LLS .......................................................... Fire Detectors ......................................................... Fire Extinguishing ..................................................... ENGINE AIR INDUCTION SUBSYSTEM ............................ Air Induction Subsystem Design ....................................... Inlet Protection ....................................................6.. A nti-icing ............................................................. Electrical A nti-icing .................................................. Bleed Air Anti-icing ............................................... Anti-icing D em onstration ............................................ EXHAUST SUBSYSTEM .............................................. ....... ............... Exhaust Ejectors . .......................... Inftaid (IR) Radidtiui Suppr, .sior ................................... 1R Suppression Requirements . ...................................... Exhaust Suppressor ................................................. PROPULSION CONTROLS ............................................. .................. ... ....... FU EL SU BSYSTEM ................... ................................... ... GENERAl . ............. FLUEL SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS ................................ Fuel Tanks ................................................. ........ . Fuel Tank Venis ....................... .............................. . F uel G aging ........................................................... Refueling and D efueling ............................................... F uel D um ping ........................................................ Engine Feed System .............................. ................... Fue l l)r iti ....................... ..... .... ......................... ....................... Controls and Instrumenlation ................ T EST IN G ............................................................. LUBRICATION SUBSYSTEM ......................................... COMPARTMENT COOLING .............. ACCESSORIES AND ACCESSORY DRIVES ............................ ................................ AUXILIARY POWER UNITS (AIU', G EN ERA L ......................................................... APU INSTALLATION DETAILS ..................................... Method of Mounting .................................................. Inlet D ucting ........................ ............................. ... Exhaust Ducting .................................................. ................................ APU Bleed Air Ducting ........ Cooling ..................... . .. ....................... . ............. APU SU BSYSTEM S ....... ......................................... .............................. C ontrols . .................................
3-i 3-1 3-1 3-I 3-3 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8
3-8
3-1 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10 3-11 3-11 3-11 3-13 3-13 3-13 3.13 3-13 3-14 3-14 3-15 3-15 3-15 3-15 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-18 3-18 3-18Iiii
"3-4.2.3-4 .3 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-8.1 3-8.2 3-8.2.1 3-8.2.2 3-8.2.3 3-8.2.4 3-8.2.5 3-8.3 . .3. I
3-
Electrical
AMC? 7W0620 T'ABI.ELF Paragraph
___
____
(ONr'' I "I %
i( onalinucd) Pdgv
3-8.31. 3-8v .1.2 3-8.3.1 3 3-8.3.1.4 3-8.3. 1.5 3-8.3.2 3-8.3 2.1 3-8.3.2.2 3-8.3.. 3-8.3.4
Sequencing Controls ................................................. Protective Controls ....... ............................ .............. O utput C ontrols ..................................................... Electrical Control Location ....................................... ... Electrical Power Requirements ...................................... Fuel System Controls .................................................. Rated Speed G overning .............................................. Filtering Requirements ............ ................................ APU Lubrication Subsystem .......................................... A PU Reduction Drive ..... ............................... ...........
3.18 3-18 3-18 3-19 3-19 3-19 3-19 3-19 3-20 3-20
3-8.3.53-8.4 3-8.5
AP Starting.................
.................................
3-203-20 3-21 3-22
R ELIA BILIT Y ........................................................ SAFETY PROVISIO NS ..................................... .......... R EFER EN C ES .......................................................... CHAPTER 4
TRANSMISSION AND DRIVE SUBSYSTEM DESIGN 4-04-I 4-1.14-1.2
4-1.2.1 4-1.2.1.1 4-1.2.1.1.1 4-1.2.1.1.2 4.1.2.1.1.3 4-1.2A. 1.4 4-1.2.1.2 4-0.21.3
"4-1.2.1.44-1.2.1,4.1 4-1.2.1.4.2 4-1.2.I 4.3 4-1.2.1.4.4 4-1.2.1.4.5 4-1.2.2 4-1.2.2.1 4-1.2.2.2 4-1.2.2.3 : 4-1.3 4-1.3.1 4-1.3.2 4-1.3.3 4-1.4 4-1.4.1 4-1.4.2
liSTOF SYMBOLS .............................................. INTRO D U CTIO N ....................................................... G EN ER Al. ........................................................ ... REQUIREM ENTS ................................................... . G eneral Requirements .... ......................................... Pe-fortrance ......................................................... Subsystcni Weight ........................ ..................... Transm ission Efficiencr y ................................. ........... Si Ce Levels. ..................... ........ .......................... N oiseLevels ....... . .............................................. R eliability ..... ................................................. Maintainabifity.................................................. Survivability ............................................... R edundancy ........................................................ Dcsigu Configuration ............................................... Self-sealing Sum ps .................................................. Emergency Lubrication ......................... ............ ....... A rm or .............................................................. Drive System Configurations ......................................... Single M ain Rotor Drive System ..................................... M ultilifting-rotor Drive System s ...................................... Compound Helicopter Drive Systems ................................. TRANSMISSION DESIGN AND RATING CHARACTERISTICS ..... Power/Life Interaction ................................................ Transmission Overhaul Life Rating ..................................... Transmission Standards and Ratings ................................... QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ................................ Component and Environment............... ........................ Dcvelopment Testing ...................... .......................... Static C asting Tests ................................................... Deflection Tests ...................................................... C ontact 1 :sts ........................................................
4-1 4 3 4-3 4.3 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-I1 4-11 4-12 4-16 4-7 4-I1 4-18 4-22 4-22 4-23 4-23 4-23 4-23 4-25 4-25 4-25 4-27 4-28 4.29 4-2'9 4-29 4-29 4-29 4-30
(.
4 :.
"4-1.4.2.14-1.4.2.2 4-1.4.2.3 iv
AMCP 706-202lARIl.01- (()%'I IKNIS (Oininuvdli
Paraigraph4-1.4.2.4
Pp Assembly and Disassembly ....................................... Lubrication System Debugging.................................... Incremental Loading and Efficiency Tests ........................... Thermal Mapping Tests.......................................... Overpower Testing............................................... Other Life and Reliabil~ty Substantiation Testing .................. .... TRANSMISSIONS ................................................ FAILURE MODES .............................................. Primary Failure Moocs ........................................... Secondary Failure Modes ......................................... Overload Failures ............................................... Debi is-caused Failure ........................................... Environmentally Induced Failures ................................. DYNAMIC 1C.CNPONENTS .................................... Gears Limi.....ations............................................ Gear Lnialyios ................................................ -Bending Fatigue Strength ............................aiukgl;I
.L4-1.4.4
4-1.4.2.5 4-1.4.2.6 4-1.4.2.7 4-1.4.3 4-2 4.2.1. 4-2.1.1 4-2.1 .2 -4-2.1.2.1 4-2.1.2.2 .2.3 4-2.2 4-2.2..1 4-2.2.1.1 4-2.2. 1.2. 1A
It4-2.1
4-30 4-30 4-30 4-31 4-31 4-32 4-32 4-32 4-32 4.34 4-34 4-34 4-34 43 4-34 4-35 4-3644. r~
...........
ailuir .................................................................
4-2.2.1.2.3. 4-2.2.1.2.3.24-2.2.1.2.3.3
Cattie Failure................................................. Classic or Pitch Line Fatigue ....................................Wear Initiated Failure.........
4-44 445446
I...........I.............
Y
4-2.2.1.3 4-2.21.2 4-2.2.2. 1. 4-2.2.2..1 4-2.2.2.1.2 4222.3 4-2.2.2.1.4 '4-2.2.2.2 4-2.2.2.2.1 4-2.2.2.2.3 4-2.2.2.3 A-2.2.3 4-2.2.3.1 4-223.2 4-2.2.3.3 4-2.2.3.4 4-2.2.3.5-4A-2.2.4
''4-2.2.2.2.2
)e:4-2.3
4-2.2.4.1 4-2.2.4.2. 4-2,2.4.3 4-2.2.5 4-2.2.5.1 4-2.2,5.2 4-2.3. 1
Gear Drawing and Specification................................... 4-4 Bearings ....................................................... 4-48 Lubrication Deighnq.......s.....................................4-4O AMpluctiong Driesign ......................................... .. 4-48 Mounrctiong Practices .......................................... 4-48 Internal Characteristics ......................................... 45 Skidding Control .............................................. 4-54 Life Anm lysis ................................................. 45 Assumptions and Limitations .................................... 4-55 'Modification Faiflot Approach to Lifc Prediction..............I...... 4-55 Complete Elastic and Dynamic Solutions........................... 4-56 Drawing Controls........................................ ...... 4-56 Splines.........................................................44-7 Face Splines ......................................... ......... 4-386L Concentric or Iongitudinal Splineq ................................. .5 :Propcrtics ofSplineb ............................ ................ 4-58 Spline Strength A nalysis..................... .................... 4-59 Drawing Design and Control ..................................... 4-60) 4-60 -Overrunning Clutches ............................................ Sprag Clutches .................................................. 4-61 Ramp and Roller Clutches........................................ 4-62 Self-encvgizing Spring Clutches.................................... 4-62 Rotor Brakes........................ ........................... 4-62 R,quirernents and Limitations.................. .................. 4-62 Design arid Analysis ........................................... 4-63 STATIC COMPONENTS.................................... ..... 4-64 Casez end Housings.............................................. 4-64 v
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0 AK 70_2o2TABLE 0 CONTENTS Iedlnutd)P lParagraph Pug-
QC
4-2.3.1.14-2.3.1.2 4-2.3.2 4-2.4 4-2.4.1 4-2.4.2 4-3 4-3.1 A-3. I. I 4-3.1.2 4-3.1.3 4-3.1.4 4.3.1.5 4-3.2 4-3.2.1 4-3.2.2 4-3.2.3 4-4 4-41 4-4.1.1. 4-4.1.2-4 13.3 4
Desi.5n ai'd Analys-u
.................................... .............
4-644-66 4-67 4-W 4-0. 4- 3 4-72 4-72 4-72 4-73 4-73 4-74 4-76 4-76 4-76 4-80 4-81 4-81 4-82 4-82 4-834s (
M ate:ials and Pro .............................................. Quills ...................................... .......................... SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................ Vibr'ation Control ..................................................... D iagnostics ........................................................... DRIVE SHAFTING AND INTERCO iNECTION SYSTEMS ............ GENERAL. REQUIREMENTS ........................................ Engine-to-Transmission ............................................... Interconnect Shafting .................................................. Tail Rotor or Propdlcr Shafting ....................................... Subcritical Shafting ........................................ .......... Supercritical Shafting ................... .............................. COMPDONEi-NT DESIGN ............................................. C ouplings ............................................................. Bearings ................................................... Shafting .............................................................. LUBRICATION SYSTEMS ....................................... OIL MANAGEMENT ............................................ Function .............................................................. Comporent and Arrangement .........................................CO* 3.rt..C. a.^ J.
.. 0 1#
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. ...........
......
4-4.2 4-4.2. I 4-4.2.2 4-4.3 4-5 4-5.1 4-5.2 4-5.3
COOLING REQUIREMENTS ......................................... Heat Exchanger Sizing ................ ................................ Cooling Fan Sizing ........................................... EMERGENCY LUBRICATION.................................. ACCESSORIES......................... ............................ PAD LOCATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA................ ......... ACCESSORY DRIVE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .................... SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS F......................................... CHAPTER 5
4-86 4-36 4-87 4-87 4-88 4-88 4-89 4-89
,2,-.
ROTOR AND PROPELLER SUBSYSTEM DESIGN5-0 5-1 5-2 5-2.1 5-2.1.1 5-2.1.2 5-7-!.3 5-2.1.4 5-2.1.5 5-2.1.6 5-2.1.2 5-2.1.8 5-2.2 5-2.3 5-2.4 5-3 5-3.1 vi LIST OF SYM BOLS .................................................... IN TRO D UCTIO N .............................................. ........ DESIG N PARAM ETERS ................................................ HOVER Disk Loading and Induced Power ...................................... Blade Loading ....................................................... Blade Tip M ach N um ber ....................... ..................... N um ber of Blades ......................... ........................... Tw ist .............................................. .................. A irfoil Sections ......................................... .............. Hovering Th vust Capability ............................................ p ........................................... Guideines ....... HIGHu SPEED LEVEL F. IGHT ...................................... HIGH-SPEED MANEUVERING FLIG:T ........................... IN E R T IA .................................. ........ .................. ROTOR SYSTEM KINEMATICS ....................................... G EN ER A L ..................................................... ... ... 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-7 5-7 5-7
K
(
-W
W4
_________AlMiP
706-j22 SA OLL OF (CONTENTh I(vatinuLedI
PararaphPatic
5-3.5-3.j5-3.4
11 LICOPTER CONTROLa.......................ARTICUL,%TID R0104.........................GtNMBALED(TEI-TERING)HO1TOR _ ................
5.9595-10
5-3.55-3.5.1 5-3.5.2 5-3.6 5-3.6.1* -5-3.6.2
HIINGELESS ROY OR .........................
5-11
-.
5-3.6.3 5-4 5-4.1 5-4.1.1 54.1.2 5-4,1.2.1 5-41.2.2) 5-4.1.2.3
XH-51 Rotor System .......................... 5-12 OH-6A Rotor .. .... ... .. . . .. . . ... .... ... 5-12 ROTOR SYSTEM K;NEMA IC COU?U]N!G ......................... 5-13 Pitch-lag Instability ................................................ 5-1; Pitch -flap Instability .............................................. 5-14 Flap-1iit Instability ............................. .................. 5-14 ROTOR SYSTEM DYNAMICS ....................................... 5-!6 OSCILLATORY LOADING 01- ROTOR BLADES .................... 53-16 Hyotheicator LoadDsigcdin Cofsid oratibns..............................5-16 Osilltoypohtiad DsesaigConsidrations ratoy.Load....................51 V .. Rotor Oscitlatory Load Calculation....................... .......... 5-17 Drawing Pomid Phase ....................... .. .................. 5-17 Flight rests ..................................................... 5-18
:
5-4.1.2.45-4.3
Fr~tigue Tests ....................................................GROUND RES.NONANCEAS
5-18 5-19
rrQ
wlS.................................
1'
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>
To-blded otorWithHinged Blades ............................... Two-bladrd Riatocs WVitbout Hinges .................................. M ultibiaded Rotors ........ .... .. ... ......... FLUTT FR ASSESSMENT .......................................... Current Criteria................................................... Design Considerations ............. ..................... .......... Helicopter.............. ........ ...................... ......... 5-4.4.2.1.1 FaAed SystEm ................................................... 5-4.4.2.1.2 Ro'ating System ... ............................................ 5-4.4.2.2 Compound ...................................................... 5 -4.4.2.2. i Fixed System ................................................... 5-4.4.2..72 Rotating System ................................................ 5-4.5 ACOUSTIC LOADING ............................................ 5-4.6 GUST LOADINGS................................................ 5 4.6.1 Discussion of the Gust Prohi -m...................................... 5-4.6.2; Guist Design Considerations......... ............................... 15-4.7 TORSIONAL STABILITY ............................. ............ 5-4.7. 1 Discussion of Problem . ...... .. . . . .. ... ........ 5-4.7.2 De!sign Considerations ....... .. . . . ... .. ........ 5-5 BLADE RETENTION .......................... 5-51I RETENTION SYSTLM DESIGN CONSIDElRATIONS................. 55 .1Articulated Rotors ... . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . Articluated Rotor Considerations ............... -51.1Typical 5-5.1.1.2 Reversed Hinge Articulation ...................... 5-5.1.2 Gimbaled and Teetering Rotors ... ................. 5-5.1.2.1 Gimbal-mounted Hubs .......... .............. 5-5.1.2.2 Teetering Hubs . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5-5.1.3 Rigid Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-5.2 COMPONENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............. 5-5.2.1 Rolling Element Bearings ..... .................. 5-4..1 5.4.3.2 5-4.3.3 5-44 5-4.4.1 5-4.!.2 5-4.4.2.1
5-2 1 5-22 5-22 5-23 5-23 5-23 5-23
5-235-23 5-23 5-23 5-24 5-24 5-24 5-24 5-25 5-2 5-26 5-1) 5-27 5-27 5-27 5-27 5-29 5-29 5-29 5-30 5-30 5-30 5-30
f
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AMCP 706-22"1kI F OF AII: l Piaragraph ()N"t I-NS t( outinu'd i Ig
"
5-5.2.1. 5-5.2.1.2 5-5.2.1 3 5-5.2.2 5-5.2.3 5-5.2.3.1 5-5.2.3.2 5-5.2.4 5-5.2.5 5-5.2.6 5-5.3 5-5.4 5-5A.1 5-5.4.1.1 5-5.4.1.2 5-5.4.2 5-5,,4,35-6
R OTO R BLA D ES ........................................................
C_')hndrical Roller Brarinis ........................................... Tapered Roller Bearings .............................................. Angular Contact Ball Bearings ........................................ Tcflon F-abric Bcaring. ................................................ Flexing Elk nent.' ...................................................... Tension-torsion Strap Assemblies .................................... W ire Tic-bar Assem blies ............................................. Flastom cri" Bcarings ..................... ............................ Lag D)ampcrs, Lead-lag Stops ......................................... Droop and Flap Stops and Rcsti ainers ................................. CONTROL SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS ............................ BLA D E FO LD ING .................................................... D esign Requirem ents .................................................. M anual Blade rolding ........................................... .... Pow er Blade Foiding ................................................. O perational Requirem ents .............................................. System Safet) Considerations .............. ............................"T ist ................................................................. w Planfurni " apt~r ... ..... .............................................. A irfoil C ross Section ................... ...............................
5-31 5-31 5-31 5-31 5-32 5-32 5-32 5-32 5-34 5-34 5-35 5-35 5-35 5-35 5-3t 5-36 5-365-37
5-6 IF
5[ -t,.t 5-i. 1 2 5-6.1.3
N q, I
. ......
.................
... . .............................
5-37
5-38 5-38 5-39"
(
1 : ':'
, ':
5-6.2 5-11! 1 2. 5-6.2. I .I 5-6.2.1.2 5-6.2.1.3 5-6.2.!.45-6.2.1.5
BLADE CONSTRUCTION ........................................ S p a r ................................... .............................. H ollow Extrusion .................................................... Solid Extrusion ..................... ................................ Formed Sheet Metal .................................................. R ound S,ecl T ube ...... ............ ................................Form ed M etal Tube ..................................................
5-41 5-4 1 5-41 5-41 i-_ 5-42 5-425-42
, S,
5-6.2.1.6 5-6.2.2.1 5-6.2.2.2 5-6.2.2.3 5-6.2.35-6.2.4
M olded Reinforced Plastic .............................................2...rt le I UvI I ......................... ....................... . I ....... .
5-42 5-43 5-4 3 544
C ontinuous Skins .................................................... Segm ented Skins ............................... ................ .... W raparound Skins ................................................... ............................... Root End Retentions ................Tip Closures and Hardware ..... ......................................
5-44 5-44
'
.-
,
5-6.2.5 5-6.2.6 5-6.2.7 5-6.2.8 5-6.3 5-6.3.1 5-6.3.2 5-6.3.3 5-6.4 5-7 5-7.1 5-7.2 5-7.2.1 5-7.2.2vWi
T rim T abs .................... ....................................... T uning W eights .............. ........................................ D esign Requirem ents .................................................. Tooling and Quality Control P equirements ............................. BLADE BALANCE AND TRACK ..................................... Effect of D esign ............... ....................................... Com ponent Lim it W eights ............................................. 1 rack ................................................................. ROTOR BLADE MATERIALS ........................................ ROTOR SYSTEM FATiGUE LIVES .................................... G EN E R A L ........... ................................................ ENDURANCE LIMIT TESTING ...................................... G encral ............ .................................................. N onm etals ........ .................... ..........................
5-44 5-4 5 5-4 5 5-45 5-46 5-4 6 5.47 5-4 9 5-50 5-53 5-53 5-54 5-54 5-55
1
F~AMCP""1 IV! ABIPIr.iagraph
706-20
(
I( %'11 iN S onfilud
5-7.2.35-8
Structurai M em bcr I. .............. 5-7.2.4 Dctermination of Fatigue .ifcPROP
. ...............
...................
5-56 5-565-57
II. RS .......
.... ..
...............................................
5-H. I 5-8.2 5-3.2. 5-8.2 2 5-8.2.3 5-8.2.4 5-8.2.5 5-8.3 5-8.3.1 5-,.3. 5-8.3.1.2 5-8.3.1.3 5-S.3.2 5-8.3.2.1 5-8.3.2. 1.1 5-8.3.2.2--
GI NL.RAI ............... .................................... PROPELLER SYSI ENI )YNAMICS .................................. Vibrator) L.oads ...................................................... . Critical Speeds and Resiporisc .................. ....................... ....... ............................... G usis and M aneuvers ...... Stall F luttcr ....................................... .................. Prop Iller Roughness ...... ....... ............................ .... PROPI-I.iI-IR HUBS, ACTUATORS, AND CONI ROLS ............... Propeller Barrel and hladc Rctention . ................................ B arrel L.oading ....................................................... Louding D efinition .......................... ....................... Barrel Structural Tests ........................................... Propclcr Actuators and Controls ...................................... C ontrol Configurations ................... ........................... Constant-speed G overnors .......................................... .. ........................................ BnaContr,..Itydraulic System .......................................... . ........
5-57 5-s5 5-57 5-60 5-62 5-63 564 5-65 5 65 5-65 5-66 5-66 5-66 5-66 5-66 5-675-67
.,
,
5-8.3.2.3 5-8.3.2.4 -5-8.3.2.5 5-8.4 5-8.4.1 5-8.4.2 5-8.4.2.1 5-8.4.2.2 5-8.4.2.3 5-8.4.3 5-8.4.4 5-9. 4.4.1 5-8.4.4.25-,.4.4.3
5-8.4.4.4 5-8.5 5-8.5.1 5- .. .S 5-8.5.1.2 5-8.5.25-9 5-9.1 5-9.2 5-9.3 ,5-9.4
Au xiliary Functio s .................................................. ......................................... Control Performance C ontrol R eliability ................................ .................. PROPELLER BLADES ......... ................................ Blade Geom etry ...................................................... Blade C onstruction .................................................... ade Types of BM Constructior .......................................... M anufacturing Processes and Tooling ................................. Q uality C ontrol ........................................... .......... Blade and Propeller Balance ....... ....... ........................... Bvide M aterials ................................. ..................... tl low B lades ....................................................... C om posite M aterials ................................................. ................. F iller M aterial ..................................... Structural Adhesives ....................... ......................... PROPELLER BLADE FATIGUE LIVI:S ............................. Enduranct Limit and O0her Structural T',:sting .......................... ... .......................... . T i A TIst C... I. ........... F ull-scale Tests .................................... .................. tigu Life Dctcrminat on ................ Flight Loads Test D-aonA ircraft T ests ........................ ............ . ........ . ....... ............................ AN -IITORQ U E ROTORS ................... . ........... ........... .................... G E N E R A L ............... .......... TYPICAL. ANTiIORQU)E ROTORS ........................ TAIL ROTOR DESIGN REQUIR!M ENrS ........................... .... ....... INSTAILLATION CONS!IDERATIONS .................... Tractor C onfiguration ................................................. ................... Pusher C onfiguration ...............................
5-67 5-68 5-68 5-18 5-68 5-70 5-70 5-7.2 5-73 5-73 5-7. 5-74 5-755-75
5-75 5-75 5-76 5.7 5-76 5-765-76
5-H.5.2. I
5-8.5.2.2
IO erpretation of ResutsI .............................................. p
5-77
)
5-7"7 5-77 5-78 5-78 5-79 5-79 5-79
5-9.4.1 5-9.4.2
5-9.4.3
S5-9.4.4
O perational Considerations ............................................ D irection of R otation ..................................................
5-79 5-79
AM^P 706-202 1 AlI.t OE ( Oi11 -N'i S Iollhunitvd ( Paragraph5-9 4 5 Engint E.xhaust ......................................................
f
Pap". 80
5-9.5 5-9.5.1 5.9.5.2 5-9.5.3
"5-9.5.45-9.5.55-9.6
5-9.7 5-9.7.1 5-9.7.2 5i-9.7.3 5-".7.4 5-9.7.5
.A
TAIL ROTOR DESIGN PARAMETERS .............................. Tail Rotor D isk I oading ............................................... T ail Rotor Tip Speed .................................................. ....................... .......... Bladc Nuinocr and Solidity ..... T wist ............. ................................................... 0lade Airfoil t........................................... ...... TAIL ROTOR PI RIORMANC ....... ......... STRUCTURAL CONSID'ERATIONS ............. ............. Struclural D ynam ics ............................ ..................... . Structural Loading ....................... ....................... .. .. Blade Structural Analysis ............. .. .. ......................... A .- uelasticit% ............ ............................................ Flutter and Divergence .......................................... R EFER EN C ES .. ............................... ..... ................. (IAlv IKR 6 FI.V;HT CONTROL S. 1SVS,,iLIST O t SYM BO LS .................................................... GENRA, .L................................................... ......... ........... D ESIG N M ETIIO ). ............... I Point of Dcpartuie ............... .............................. Mission Requirements and Fligh" Envelope .......................... Basic ttclicoptc" D ata ............................. ........... ...... ANALYTICALTOOLS .......................................... SIMULATION AND TESTING .................................... STABILITY SPECIFICATIONS ........................................ C RITERIA AND METHOD OI'.\V'AI YSIS ........................... Control Power and Damping .......... .............. ............... C haracteristic R oots ................................................... R om Plot, .............................................. .......... Modes and Required Damping ..................................... Inherent Airfram e Stability . ....................... ................. Variation of Para;m eters ... ................... ...................... T ype of C ontrol ............................. . . ..................... Transient Response .. ......... ............. ................. Other Factors ................................................ AIUTOROTATION INTRY . ..................................... SYSTEM FAI URLS ............................ ............ ...... STA BILI FY AUGMENTATION S% Si'i-MS .......................... .. GENERAI ..................... .......... ............ ..... B ell Stabiliter Bar ............... ..................................... H iller Servo G-,ro .............. ................... ..... ..... ......... . ....... ......... M echanical Rotor ............. .............. Lockheed C ontrol Gyro ............................ .................. Elcctrohydraulic SA S ...................... ......................... . Fluidic and Hydrofluidie SAS ....... ................................. Flapping M oment Feedback ....... ......... ..................... . CRITERIA FOR SELECTION .................................... A ugrm entation Requirem ents ................................. .........
5-89 5-80 5-80 55-8I 5-RI 5.2 5-82 5.82 5-82 5-83 5-83 5-83 5-83
* I6-0 6-i 6-1.1 6-1.I.I 6-1.1.2 6- .1.3 6-1.2 6-1.3 6-2 6-2.1 6-2. 1.1 6-2.1.2 6-2.1.2.! 6-2.1.2.2 6-2.1.2.3 6-2.1.2.4 6.2.1.3 6-2.1.4 6-2.1.5 6.2.2 6-2.3 6-3 6-3.1 6-3.1 .1 6-3.1.2 6-3.1.3 6-3.1.4 6-3.1.5 6-3.1.6 6-3.1.7 6-3.2 6-3.2.1
-. -_.
6.6 1 6-i 6-I 6-1 6-2 6 -6-2 6.2 6-2 6-2 6-i 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-10 6.13 6-10 6.10 6-10 6-10
(
rTABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)Paragraph
AMCP 706.202
Pagt
6-3.2.26-3.2.3 6-3.2.4 6-3.2.5 6-3.3
H elicopter Size ........................................................Type of Rotor System ................................................. Helicopter Configuration .............................. ............... Suppression of Structural and Rotor Mode Responses, Vibrations. o; G usts ............................................................. SAS RELIABILITY .................................................... ... ..................................................... S afety ..... SA S Fa:lures .......................................................... Fail-safe Principles .................................................... Battle Damage, Vuhnerability ........................................... .......................................... C OST ....................... Developm ent Cost ... ................................................. Production C ost ....................................................... M aintenance Cost ..................................................... TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ................................ PILO T EFFO RT ............................ ............................ CRITERIA FOR POWER CONTROLS ................................ Control Forces .............................................. Vibration lFeelback ............................................ .......................................... K in .inatic Effects ........ Control Stiffness ........... .......................................... HANDLING QUALItY SPECIFICATION ............................ HUM AN FACTORS .............. ................................... Control Force C ues ............. ......... .................... ....... Developm ental Test ................................. .................
6-106- 1 6-11 6-11 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-14 6-14 6-14
S6--?.r`.l6-3.3.2 6-3.3.3 6-3.3.4 6-3.4 6-3.4.1 6-3.4.2 6-3.4.3 6-3.5 6-4 6-4.1 6-4.1.16_6-4.1.2
6-1A6-14 6-15 6-15 6-17 6-17 6-17
S ,.A.
),
6-4.1.3 6-4.1.4
6-4.26-4.3 6-4.3. 1 6-4.3.2
6-4.46-4.5 6-4.6 6-5 6-5.!i 6-5.1.2 6-5.1.2.11 o-5.l.2.1.1 6-5.1.2.1.2 6-5.1.2. 1..1 6-5.1.2.1.4 6-5.1.2.2 6-5.1.2.2.1 6.5.1.2.2.2 6-5.2 6-5.2. 1 6-5.2.2 6-5.3 6-5.3.1 6-5.3.2 6.5.3.3 " 6-6 6-6.1
AUTOMATIC CONTROL INTERFACES .............................VU LN ERA BILITY .................................................... R ELIA BILIT Y ........................................................ M EC H A N ISM S ......................................................... ROTATING YSTEMS .............................................. a Design Factors ........................................................ T est R esults ........................................................... Bench Tests .......................................................... .................. . Test Loads .............................. Instrur"-,ntation ..................................................... Quantity and Selection of Specimens ............................. lnterpretation of D ata ............................................... Flight T ests ........................................................ Required Instrum entation ........................................... Flight Cond1 .ions ........................................... NONROTATING SYSTEM ........................................... Pilot's Controls to Power Actuator ......................... .......... Power Actuator to the Swashplate ...................................... T R IM SYST EM S ..................................... ................ D isconnectT ri ...................................................... C ontinuous rrim ................................ ..................... Parallel and Series T rim ................................................ SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT .............................................. ....................................... G E N E R A l . .................... MATHEMATICAL MODEL IMPROVEMENT ......................
6-176-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-ig 6-21 6.21 6-.21 6-21 622 6-22 6-22 6-2", 622 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-25 6-25 6-25 6-26 6-26 6-26 6-26 xi
-- m.'ll .-.
Il
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*
0.
I~Ai ae&ih
"
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.-.-...-.-..
.
.
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.
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AMCP 7QW5V2 TABIIV OF ('ONI 1.N*1S t CoEn~inut i) Paragraph 6-6.2.1 6-6.2.2 6-6.3 6-6,4 6-6.5 ..................... Wind Tunnel Test............................ .. I......................... Hardware Bench Tests ................. GROUND-BASED PILOTED FLIGHT SIMULAT ION ................ FLIGHT TESTS................................................... DESIGN REVIEW ................................................ REFERENCES .. .................................................. Pagc .26 6-27
6-276-2, 6-28 6-28
CHAPTEFR 7 ELEC'TRICAL SUBSYSTEM DESIGN 7-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS................................................. 7-I INTRODUc-riON.................... ....... ....................... 7-1.1 GENERAL....................................................... 7-1.2 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS..................................... 7-1.3 LOAD ANALYSIS ................................................ 7-1.4 LOAD ANALYSIS PREPARATION ................................. 7-1.5 MANUAL FCRMAT .............................................. 7-1.6 AUTOMATED rORMAT ............................. ........... 7.1.7 SUMMARY...................................................... 7-2 GENERATORS AND MOTORS ...................................... 7-2.1IC GEEAI........................... .:-. ................ 7-2.2 AC GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS).............................. 7221Eiectrical Design................................................. 7-2.2.2 Mechanical Dcsign ................................................ 7-2.2.3 Cooling........................................................ 7-2.2.4 Application Checklist .............................................. 7-2.2.5 V aria ble-freqqtency AC Generators................................... 7-2.3 srA RTER/G EN ERATO RS, DC G IN ER ATORS, AND STA RTERS 7-2.3.1 Starter/Generator ...................................... ......... 1-2.3.2 DC Geuerators....................... ............................ 7-2.3.3 DC Starters ...................................................... Boost Starting System .............................................. 7-2,3.41-2.4 ELECTICAL MOTORS............................ ....................
7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-3 7.4 7-4 7-4 7-6 7-6 7-6 7-7 7.8 7-8 7-9 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-1l7-13
7-2.5 7-2.5.1 7.2.5.2 7-3 7-3.1 7-3.2 7-3.3 7-3.4 7-3.5 7-4 7-4A 7-4.1.1 7-4.1 2 7-4.1.3 7-4.2 7-5 7-5.1 7-5.2
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONVERSION............................. AC to DC Converters ............................................. DC toAC Converters .............................................. ...................................... BATI'LRIES ................. Bm rERY CHARACTERISTICS ................................... ~ GENERATOR CONTROL BATTERY CHARGING................... .......... UTILIZATION LOAD ANALYSIS........................ HEAVY CURENT STARTING REQUIREMENTS .................... MAINTENANCE ......... ..................................... VOLTAGE REGULATION AND REVERSE CURRENT RELAY ... DC VOLTAGE REGULATION ..................................... Voltage Regulator ....................... ............ ............ Reverse Current Relays........................................... Overvoltage Relays ..................................... .......... AC VOLTAGE REGULATION ..................................... OVERLOAD PROTECTION ......................................... GENERAL....................................................... OVERLOAD PROTECTION DF-VICES ............................ .
7-14 7-14 7-15 7-15t 715 7-15 716 7-17 7-18 7-1 1... 7-18 7-18 7K 7-19 7-19 7-19 7-19 7-20
l
A
F.AMCP1IABI 1. 01 (()N'II:NI I,( Paragraph 7-5.2. 1 7-5.2.1.1 7-5.2.1.2 7-5 2.2 7-5.2.3nttinued)
706-202
"7-5.2.47-5.3 7-6 7-6.1 7-6.2 7-6.3 7-6.4 7-6.5
"7-6.5.17-6.5.2 7-6.5.3 7-6.5.3.1 7-6.5.3.2 -6.5.3.3 7-7 7-7. i 7-7.2 ? 7-7.3 ' 7-7.4 7-7.5 7-7.6 7-7.7 7-7.8
"7-8
7-8.1I 7-8.1. 7-8.1.1.1
7-8.1. 1.2
Circuit Breakers ................................................... 7-20 Therm al C ircuit Breakers ............................................. 7-20 7-20 ............... M ars.czic Circuit Breakers .......................... Remote Control Circuit Breakers ....................................... 7-20 C urrent Sensors ...................................................... . 7.20 F uses .............................................................. . . 7-20 OVERLOAD PROTECTION APPLICATION ......................... 7-21 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI/EMC) ................. 7-21 G E N E R AL ............................................. ............... 1-21 ACCEPTABILITY REQUIREMENTS ................................. 7-21 INTERFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS ................................ 7-21 !NTERFERENCE SOURCES ........................................ 7-21 INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION ................................... 7-22 Interference-free Components ......................................... 7-22 Equipment Isolation and Cable F outing ................................ 7.22 Source Suppression and Susceptibility Reduction ..................... 7-23 G rounding and Bonding .............................................. 7-23 Shielding ............................................................ 7 -23 F ilters ............................................................... 7-24 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM INSTALLATION ............................. 7-24 -'% N h IE E R A i .. ............................................................ EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION ....................................... 7-24 ELECTRICAL WIRE BUNDLES ....................................... 7-25 TERMINAL STRIP INSTALLATION .............................. 7.25 ENGINE COMPARTMENT WIRING ................................. 7-26 DOOR HINGE WIRE BUNDLE ROUTING ........................... 7-26 WIRING TO MOVING COMPONENTS .............................. 7-26 BATTERY INSTALLATION .......................................... 727 CO M PO N EN TS .............................. ......................... 7-27 7-27 W IR E ................................................................. W ire Insulating M aterials ...... ....................................... 7-27 Polyethylene ......................................................... 7-27Polyvinylchiorid . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 7-27
.
-
-:
r =.-''"
7-8.1.1.3 7-F8..1.4 7-8.1.1.5 7-8.1.1.6 7-8.1.1 .7 7- . Q.2 7-8.2 7-8.2.1 7-8.2.2 7-9 7-9.1
"1-9.27-9.3 7-9.4
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylen ................................. Polychlorotrifluoroethylene ............... ..................... Polybexamethylene-adipamide ............. .......................... Tetrafluorocthylene .................................................. Dimethyl-siloxanc Polymer M ilitary W ire Specifications ........................................... F I-f IN G . ............................................................ Term it,al Strips ........................................................ Connectors ........................................................ . . LIGHTNING AND STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................ G EN ER A L ............................................................ LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEMS .... STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................... LIGHTNING AND STATIC ELECTRICITY SPECIFICATIONS ...... R EFER EN C E ...........................................................
7-28 7-28 7-28 7-28 7-28 7-28 7-29 7-29 7-29 7-29 7-29 7-30 7-31 7-32 7-32
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Conlinued) Paragraph Pagc CHAPTER 8 AVIONIC SUBSYSTEMS D~ESIGN INTRODUCTION ................................................. 8GENERAL.................................................... 8i ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY PaOGRAM .. ............. &I DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..................................... 8-2 ENVIRO1NMENTAM. ASPECTS.................................... 8-2 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT ........................ ......... 8-3 GENERAL ..................................................... 8-3 MICRt)PIONE-HEADSET ....................................... 8-4 INTERCOMMUNICATION SELECTOR BOX......................-., NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT;................................... .8-4 GENERAL ..................................................... b-4 TERMINAL MANEUVERING EQUIPMENT ....................... 8-5 EN ROUTE NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT........................ h5 Automatic Direction Finder (A.DF) ................... ...... ....... 8-5 Distance-measuring Equipment (DMW) ................ I............. 8-5 Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN).................................. 845 Lona-ranize Navistation (LORAN).................................. t-6 Compasses ..................................................... 8-6L Doppler Navigation Systems ....................................... 8-6 Inertial Navigation Systems ................................. ...... -E; 6 INTERDICTION EQUIPMENT ................................... 8_/ 8-7 1.0W-LIGHT-LEVEL NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT ............... STATION-KEEPING EQUIPMENT .............. ............... 9-7 FIRE CO1'TROL EQUIPMENT ......................... .......... 8GENEt. AL................................. .................... 8-7 INSTALLATION .................................. .. ........... 8-8 SIGHTING STATION ............................................ 8-8 SENSORS ...................................................... 8-8T~rvDW.. .. .. . . . . . . . II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8-11 I.;.. 8- L2 8-1.3 8-1.4 8-2 8-2.1 8-2.2 8-2.3 8-3 8-3.1 8-3.2 8-3.3 8-3.3.1 8-3.3.2 8-3.3.3 8-3.3.4 8-3.3.5 8-3.3.6 8-3.3.7 8-3.4 9-3.5I.8-3.6
IX
8-4 8-4.1 8-4.2 8-4.3 8-4.4O At C'~k
.-
k
~
8-4.6 8-4.6. 1 8-4.6.2 8-4.6.3 8-4.7 8-5 8-5.1 8-5.2 8-5.3 8-5.3.1 8-5.3.2 8-5.3.3 8-5.3.4 8-5.3.5 8-5.3.6
FIRE CONTROL ACCURACY................ I.................... Inertial Stabilization.............................................. Fire Control Datum Planc ..... ................................... Harmonization .................................................. COMPONENT LOCATION......................... .............. ANTENNAS ...................................................... GENERAL ............................. ..... .............. .. ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT..................... ................ LOCATION AND INSTALLATION OF ANI ENNAS ......... Communication Antenna Considierations ............. .... Low Frequency (-1) ........................ .............. ...... H igh Frequency (H F) ...... .................................... Very High Fre~quency (VHF).......... .................... ... .... Ultra High Ficqucncy (UHF)........... ..... ............ ........ SpeCi3l Purpose ................................................. REFERENCES........................................... .........
8-9 8-9 8-9 8-10 8-10 8-10 U-11 912 f 3 l-l3 : 8-14 8-14 8-;4 g9.14
tA
[_,0
r
I
)Lk
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ParRAUapC *LISTOF 9-2.1 9-2.1.1 -9-2.1.2 9-2.2 9-2.2.1 9-2.2.2 9-2.2.3 9-2.2.4 9-2.2.5 9-2.3 92.. 9-2..2 9-2.3.3nu 9-2.4 9-2.5 9-2.6 9-2.6.1 9.2.6.1.1 AND:NEUATI SUBSYSTEMS DESIGN 9-1 91 9-1 .9-2 9-2 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-4 9-59-S 9-5 9-5 9-6 9-6 9-7 9-7 9-8-- 8
SYMBOLS ............................................... FLIGHT CONTROL POWER SYSTEMS.......................... Central Hydraui2c Sysiemn......................................... Flight Control Subsystems........................................ UTILITY HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ................................ Engine-starting Subsystems........................................ Cargo Door and Ramp System ..................................... Cargo and Pnrsoniicl Hoist ........................................ Rotor Brake ..................................... .............. Wheel Brakes................................................... H-YDRAULIC SYSTEM RELIABILITY ......................... ... Flig ht Control Redundancy........................................9Utility System Redundancy........................................ R elinhilitv Asnacte ....................... 41 YDRAULIC SYSTEM STfRENGTH- CONSIDERATIONS............ H-YDRAULIC SYSTEM TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS .... HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DESIGN ......................... ........ Sun'vability. Reliability, and Safety Trade-offt........................ Reservoir Leve! Sensing ................ .........................Systemt Switching Concepis............ ......
4
'
N
.-
I9-2.6.1.3 9-2-6.1.492.6.2 '92.. 92.6.4.V -ZAA.1
9-2.6.1.2
1.. K 1
Return Pressure Sensing ....................................... .. Switching and Return Pressure Sensing..................... ...... Operating Pressure Considerations.................................. Selection of Fluid Medium ............... ......................... Filtration (Contamination)........................................Fluiud
9-9 9-9 9-10 9-109-104
Fiiirutiun. ..............................................
.
9-!0
4\
9-Il 9-2.6.4.2Ground Operation Filtration ..................................... 9-2 6.4.3 Filtration Lcvel ................................................ 9-11 9.2.6.4.4 iex~rnal Contamination................... ...................... 9-11 9-2.6.5 Fittings ....................................................... 9-1 i 9-2.6.6 Dynamic Fluid Connections.................................. ..... 9-12 9-2.6.7 Peak Power Leve~ls............................................. 9 9-2.6.8 A1PU ant' Engine Starting ................................... ... . 9-2.6.9 Syskem I-eat Rejection Characteristics ................. ........ ... 9-13 9-2.6. 10 System Analysis........................... ...................... 9-13 9-2.7 HYDRAULIC COMPONENT DESIGN AND SEL ECTIO ... ......... ~ 9_1I ............. Actuators ... L...................................... 9-2.7.1 9-2.7.1.1 Rip-stop Protection ............................................. 9-0 9-?.7. i.2Endurance Testing Requirements.................................. 9.4g 9-2.7.1.3 Seal Alternatives ....................... ........ ............. 9 92.7.1.4 Materials and Stres!; Corusidci tions ................ ............. .. 9-16 9-2.7.1.5 General Requirements...................................... ..... 9- 1 f 9-2.7.2 Hydraulic Pumps;.............................. .. ... ............ ~* ~ k9-2.7.3 Accumulators................................................. 92.. Reservoirs ............ L................... ....... ........ ..... 4-20 ....... .. ........ ... e-2c 9.2L-7.5 Pressure Relicf............................Nx
V
AMCP 706-202 T".I Tm (ONvl I-"N'IS , o0 Paragraph 9-2.7.6 9-2.7.7 Pressure Regulation ................................................. Filters .................... .................................. C heck Valves ....................... .......................... ....... Pressure Switches PressureTr~nsm itters.............................................. ................ ... !92.7.10 ............................ Control Sclttor Valves ......................... ................. R estrictors ............ ............................................ S~parauc Secvos ............................. a a c e v , ............ ............. ... .. 9-20 921 9-21 922 9 .22 9-22 9-24 9-25; 9-25 9-25 9-25 9-25 9-26 9-26qmtinued u
,-
"9-2.7.89-2.7.9
9-2.7.11:9-2.7.13 9-2.7.129. .7. ,z
9 -25.
9-2.7.14 9-2.8 9-2.8.1 9-2.8.2
"9-2.8.39-2.8.4
AIlovable External Leakage ........................................... HYDRAULIC SYSTEM INSTAILLATON ........................... U se of Hoses and Sw ivels .............................................. Ma-ntrtcance Access ............................................ Hard Vetsus Soft !h.s,stllativns ......................................... Component M ou zingn Conctnts .......................................
9-2.8.5 9-2.9 9-2.9.1 9-2.9.2 9-2.9.3 ,9-2*. :9-2.9.6
"9-2.9.4
Miscellaneous Instahiation Conside-ati 1 ... ......................... MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN CRI IERIA ............................. Actuators and Assoziated Equipment Design ...... ................... Brake Design .......................................................... Control System Design ................................................ Electrical Design ................................. ....... ............ , ..........................................................Fittings Design . ......................................................
9-27 9.27 9.27 9-28 9-29 9-299-;2c).D 9-30
9-2.9.7 9-2.9.8 9-2.9. 9-2.9.10 9.2.9.119-2.9.12
G age and Indicator Design ............. ............................... H osP D esign .......................................................... s .......................................................... R eservoir Design ...................................................... Valve D esign ..........................................................Lubrication ........................................................... PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS.....G ..................................... PNEUMATIC SYSTEM DESIGN...................................... System A nalysis. ... .... ...................... .....................
9-30 9-30 9 -30 9-31 9-319-32 9-32 9-32 9-32
"9-39-3.1 9-3.1.1
9-3.1.29-3.2
System Redundancy
.. ....................... .....................
9-339-33 9-33 9-333 9-34 ".
"9-3.2.19-3.2.2 9-3.2.3 9-3.2.4
9-3.2.1.1 9-3.2.1.2P
COMPONENT DESIGN ......................................... A ir C om pressors ............ ........................................ Positive D isplacem ent ................................................ Dynamic Displacement ..........................................
Compressed Air Supply System Selection and Operation ................ Moisture Separators ................................................... Dehydrators ..........................................................F ilters ................................................................ Valves ...................................................... Check Valves ................................................
9-34 9-34 9-359-35 9-36 9-36
9-3.2.5 9-3.2.6 9-3.2.6.1
9-3.2.6.2 9.3.2.6.3 -9-3.2.6.4 9-3.2.6.5 v -3.2.79-3.2.8
R elief Valves ......................................................... Pressure-reducing Valves .................................... Pressure R egulators .................................................. Directional Control Valves ................................... u ........................................................A ir Storage Bottles ....................................................
9-37 9-38 9-38 9-38 9-419-42
9-3.2.9 9-3.2.9.I,.'.., ~
Subsystem Com ponerts ............................................... Actuators ............................................................
9-43 9-43
Li"IAB1.4 01 ()%' Paragraph 9-3.2 9.2 Brake V alves .............. ..........................................IN' I
AM0CP706-202SI ( ontinucd)iPage 9-44
9-3.2.9.3 9,3.2.9.4 9-3.3 9-3.4 9-3.4 .1 9-3.4.2 9-3.4.3 9-3.4.4 9-3.4.5 9-3.4.6
Pneum atic Fu ,cs ..................................................... Q uick-disconnect. ............... ............................. ...... PNEUMATIC SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND QUALIFICATION ... PITOT-STATIC SUBSYSTEM DESIGN ............................... A ltimr et rs ................................... ........................ Rate-of-clim b Indicator ............................................... A irspccd Indicators .................................................... Total-pressure Sources ................................................. Static Pressure Sources ................................................ Pitot-static T ubes ...................................................... R EFE R EN C ES .......................................................... CIIAPTER 10 INSTR I EMiNTATION SIUBSYSTEM I)ESIGN IN T RO D U C TIO N ............................. ........................ INSTRUMENTATION LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS ................. G EN E R A L ............................................................ LIGHTING INTENSITY CONTROL .................................. LOW INTENSITY READABILITY ....................................WARNINGC. CAUTION, AND ADVISOR Y S!ONALS ................ W arning Signals ....................................................... C aution Signals ... ................................. .................. A dvisory Lights .......................................................
9-44 9-44 9-44 945 9-4 5 9-46 9-46 9-47 9-47 9-4 8 9-48
.
-
10-1 10-2 10-2.1 10-2.2 10-2.3!0-2.4 10-2.4.1 10-2.4.2 10-2.4.3
10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-21.7 10-2 10-2 10-3
10-3 10-3.1 10-3.2 10-3.3 10-3.4 10-3.5 10-3.6 10-4i-4.i
FLIG HT INSTRUM ENTS . ............................................. ( EN ER A L ............... ............................................ AIRSPEED INDICATORS ......................... .................. A LT IM ET ER S ........................................................ TURN-AND-BANK INDICATORS ................................... ATTITUDE INDICATOR ............................................. RATE-OF-CLIMB INDICATORS ..................................... NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION ..............................ENEAL........................................................... ....
10-3 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-7 10-7 10-7 10-7 10-7 10-7 10-8 10-" 10-8 10-8 10-9 10-9 10-10 10-10 10-10 10- 10 xvii
10-4.2 10-4.3 IO.5 10-5.1 10-5.2 10-6 10-6.1 10-6.2 10-6.2.1 10-6.2.2 10-6.2.3 10-6.3 10-7 10-7.1)10-7.2
10-7.3
TYPESOF INSTRUMENTS ........................................... M A P DISPLA YS ...................................................... HELICOPTER SUBSYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION .................... G EN E R A L ................... ............................ ........... INSTRUMENTATION REQUIRED .................................. WEAPON SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION ............................. G EN ER A L ............................................................ DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................... Arming, Fuzing, and Suspension and Release Control Design ............ Human Fa -tors Considerations ......................................... Indicator Dcsign ...................................................... WEAPON SELECTION CONTROLLLR/PROGRAMMER ........... TYPES Of INSTRUMENT .............................................. IN STA LLATIO N ...................................................... V IBR A T IO N .......................................................... ACCESSIBILITY AND MAINTENANCE ............................. R EFER EN C ES ............................................ .............
TABLE OF CONTENTS (-]onitnuvdi Paragiaph CHAPTER i i AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN LIST O F SYM BO LS ..................................................... INTRO DUCTIO N ....................................................... I)ESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... W EIG H T .............................................................. SURFACE SMOOTHNESS ............................................ STIFFNESS AND RUGGEDNESS .................................... FATIGUE SENSITIVITY ............................................. C O ST .................................................................. M A T ER IA LS .......................................................... SU RVIVA BILITY .................................................... DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ....................................... FITTINGS .................................................. SU PPO RT S ............................................................ FRA M ES ............................................................. BU LK H EA DS ......................................................... SKIN SUBSYSTEM S .................................................. CORROSION PROTECTION ........................................ FiEC. TRWiAL BLONDiNG ................................................ CARGO COMPARTMENT .............................................. STA T IC LO A D S ....................................................... C RA SH LO A D S ...................... ................................ TRANSPARENT AREAS ................................................ D EV ELO PM EN T ............ ........ .................................. M A N U FACTU R E ................. .......................... .......... SU BSTA N TIATIO N ..................................................... A N A L Y SIS .............................................................. T EST IN G ................................................................ R EF E R EN C ES .......................................................... CHAPTER 12 LANDING GEAR SUJBSYSTEM LISTO SYM BO LS ..................................................... G EA R T Y PE S .......................................................... W H EELG EA R ........................................................ G enera .......... ...... ................ ............................. Comrponent Design and Selection .................................... Tires .................. .............. .............................. W hec ls .............................................................. Shock Struts ................... ................................. B rakes ............................................................... SK ID G EA R .......................................................... G enera l ............................................................... G round-handling W he ............................ ................. Scuff P late% ....... ................................................. RETRACTABLEG EAR .................... .......................... G eneral ............................................................... A ctuatio n ............................................................. Em ergency Extension .................................................. Page
I -f0 I-oI 11-2 11-2.1 11-2.2 1a-2.3 11-2.4 11-2.5 11-2.6 11-2.7 11-3 11-3.1 11-3.2 11-3.3 11-3.4 11-3.5 11-3.6 i i-3.7 11-4 11-4.1 11-4.2 I1-5 11-6 11-7 I-8 11-8.1 I1-8.2
II-I I1-1 Il-1 11-1 I1-! l111-2 I1-2 11-2 11-2 11-4 I1-5 i-5 1l-5 11-6 11-6 11-6.11-7
11-7 11-7 11-9 li-Il 11-12 11-12 11-12 1 1-13 1 1-13 11-13
12-0 12-1 12-1.1 12-1.1.1 12-1.1.2 12-1.1.2 .1 12-1.1.2 .2 12-1.1.2.3 12-1.1.2.4 12-12 12-1.2 ,1 12-1.2.2 12-1.2.3 12-1.3 12-1.3.. 12-1.3.2 12-1 3.3
12-I 12-1 12-1 12-1 12-3 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-8 12-8 12-8 12-8 12-9 12-9 12-9 12-9 12-9
"xViii
AMI;P 706-202TABLE OF ('ONTFNTS (('ouilnued)
Paragraph I2- 1.4 12-1.4.1 12-1.4.2 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-4.1 124 .2 12-4.3 12-4.4 124.5 SKIS AND BEAR PAW S ............................................. G eneral ..................................................... . ... . . Installatior .................................................. LANDING LOAD ANALYSIS AVOIDANCE O!"GROUND RESONANCE ............................. WATER-LANDING CAPABILITY ...................................... G EN ER A L ............. .............................................. PRIM E CAPABILITY ................................................. ADDITIONAL CAPABILITY ........................................ EMERGENCY FLOTATION CAPABILITY ........................... M O D ELTESTS .......................................................R EFER EN C ES .'. .................................. .....................
Page 12-9 12-9 12-10 12-11 12-11 12.12 12-12 12-12 12-12 12-13 12-1412-14
13-0 13-1
CHAPTER 13 CREW STATIONS AND CARGO PROVISIONS LIST OF SYM BOLS .............. t ................................ INTRODUCTION ...................... .............................
13-I 13-1.. .
13-2 13-2.1.1.1
PERSONNEL ACCOMMODATIONS ...... ......................... General Vision Requirennents ....................................F i Ik,.,% II . .. .. . .. .. -a . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .
13-1 1323-2
13-2.1.2 13-2.1.2.1 13-2.1.2.2 13-2.1.3 13-2.1.3.1 13-2.1.3.2 13-2.1.4 13-2.2 13-2.2.1 13-2.2.2 13-2.2.3 13-2.2.4 13-2.2.5 13-2.2.6 13-2.3 13-2.3.1 13-2.3.2 13-2.3.3 13-2.3 4 13-2.3.5 13-2,3.6 13-2.3.7 13-2.4 13-2.4. I 13-2.4.2 13-2.4.3 13-2.5 13-2.5.1 13-2...2
Controls .. Pitch C ontrols .....................................
.................
13-2 13-2 I -3 13-3 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-5 13-6 13-6 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-7 13-8 13-8 13-8 13-8 13-9
)',
Directional Control Pedals ........................................... Seats. Belts. and H arnesses ............................................. C rew Seats ........................................................... Belts and H arnesses ................... ............ ................. M ap and D ata C ases .................................................. PASSENGER COMPARTMENT ..................................... Troop and Passcngcr Seats ............................................ C o lo r ............................................... ................. U pholstering and Carpeting ........................................... Sm oking Provisions ....................................... ........... Signal Lights and A larm Bells .......................................... Acrom edical Evacuation .............................................. SURVIVAL FQUIPMENT ...................................... .. Inflight Escape and Survival Equipment ............................... Ground Escape and Ditching Provisions ............................. Em ergency L.ighting Provisions ........................................ L ife R afts ............ ................................................ Survival K its ......................................................... First Aid ................. .................................. Fire Extinguishing Svstern s and Axe .................................... ENVIRONM ENTAi CONTROL ..................................... Ventilation. Heating. and Cooling .... ................................. Windshield Defogging and Deicing Equipncnti....................... .. A coustical Environm ent ............................... ............... SIGHITS AND SIGHTING STATIONS ............................... D irect-view ing Sights ................... .............................. H elm et M ounted Sight ................................................
.TABI .01O
(11"VI'Tl'
S I (.'i1niinu.d)
Parjoraph 13-2.5.3 13-2.5.4 13-3 13-3.1 13-3.1.1 13-3.1.2 13-3.1.3 13-3.1.4 13-3.1.5 13-3.1.6 13-3.213-3.2.1 13-3.2.2 13-3.2.2.1 13-3.2.2.2 13-3.2.3 13-3.2.4 13-3.2.5 13-3.2.6 13-3.2.7 .3-37.8
Page Indirect Sights ..... ................................................... M is~ile Sighting Stations ............................................... LIG HTING SYSTEM S .................................................. ................................... EXTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEM A nticollision Light System ............................................. Form ation Lights ..................................................... Landing/Taxi Light ......................................... ........ Searchlight ........................................... ................ ............................................ Floodlight System Position Lights ........................................................ INTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEM .....................................Cabin and Compartment Lighting ...................................... ................................ C ockpit Lighting ..................... Utility Lights ............................................... ..................................... Secondary Lighting ............ Panel Lightii ........................................................ Interior Emergcncy ! ;oht . ....... .................................... Portable Inspection Lights ............................................. Troop Jum p Signal Light .............................................. Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights ................................ |Inmtrm ent lanel lighting ........................................ CARGO PROVISIONS .................................................. .................... INTERNALCARGO ............................. Cargo Compartment Layout ........................................... Detail Design ......................................................... Loading A ids ......................................................... EXTERNAL CARGO ................................................. Static Loads ........................................................... ....................................... D ynam ic Loads ............... W inches and H ooks ................................................... .......... ......................... .. System Safety .............--.......................... .....
13-9 13-9 13-9 13-9 13-9 13-9 13-10 13-10
3-1013-10 13-1013-10 13-10 13.10 13-10 13.10 13-10 13-10 13-I1 13-I1 13-11
.
....
13-3.2.913-4 13-4.1 13-4.1.1 13-4 .i.2 134 .1.3 13-4.2 13-4.2.1 13-4.2.2
Cargo Comnartment Lighting .......................................
13--il13-11 13-11 13-11 13-11 13-13 13-14 13-18 13-18 13-19 13-20
S13-4.2.313-4.2.4
t.
CHAPTER 1414-0 14-1 14-2 14-2.1 14 -2.1.1 14-2.1.2 14-2. 1.2.1 14-2.1.2.2 ARMOR. ARMAMENT. AND PROTE('TIVE SUIBSYSTEMS l)E);l(;N .............................. LIST O F SY M BO LS ..................... IN TRO D U CTIO N ....................................................... ..................... ARM IAM ENT SYSTEM S .......................... G U N S ................................................................. T ypes ................................................................. Location ...... ....................................................... Projectile Flight Path ................................................. Blast Effecis ........................................................ Debiis Ejection Path ................................................. External G un Jettisoning ............................................. A ccessibility ......................................................... Dynam ic Forces ...................................................... 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-2 14.3 14-3 14-3 14-3 14-3 14-4
"14-2.1.2.314-2.1.2.4 14-2.1.2.5 14-2.1.2.6 xx
1iil.f f Paragraph 14-:.1.3 14 2.1.3.1 14-2.1.3 2 14-2.1.3.3 14-2.1.4 W14 2.1.5 14-2.1.6 14-2.2 14-2.2.1 14-2.2.2 14.2.2.3 14-2.2.4 14-2.2.5 14-2.2.6 14-2.2.7
(OF'O:NT
NT( 'ontinucd i l Page
Typcs of Installation; .................................................. Pod Installations ..................................................... Turret Installations ................................................... Pintle G uns .......................................................... A m m unition Storage .................................................. A m m unition Feed ..................................................... Boresighting and Harmonization ....................................... G UIDED M ISSILES ................................................... Location of Launcher Installations ..................................... Structural Clearance ................................................... Blast Protection ....................................................... A ccessibility ................ ......................................... Firing C ircuit Testing ............................... .................. Jettisoning ................................................. Effects of Aircraft M aneuvers ..........................................
14-4 14-4 14-4 14-5 14-5 14-6 14-6 14-6 14-6 14-7 14-7 14-7 14-7 14-7 14-7
["
14-2.2.814-2.2.9 14-2.2. iO 14-2.2.1114-Z.2.i2
Types of Installations ..................................................L oading .............................................................. Aerodynamic Effccts .................................................. Suspension and Retention .............................................Launch initia.ion .........................................................
14-714-7 14-7 14-74-8
.....
14-2.2.13 14-2.2.14 14-2.3 14-2.3.1 14-2.3.2 14-2.3.3
"14-2.3.414-2.3.5 14-2. 3.6
Restraining Latch ..................................................... Forced Ejection ....................................................... R O C K ETS ............................................................ Rocket Launcher Installations ......................................... Launch Tube M aterials ................................................ Launcher M ounting ...................................................N umber of Rockets ....................................................
14-8 14-8 14-8 14-8 14-9 14-914-9
A
Load Requirem ents ................................................... G round Safety ........................................................
14-9 14-9
14-2.3.714-2.3.8 14-2.3.9 14-2.3.10
Restraining Latches
...........................................
4-414-9 1i4-i0 14-10
Firing Contacts ....................................................... Intervalonicter ........................................................ Launcher Fairing ............................................... ......
Kt.
14-2.414-2.4.1 14-2.4.2 14-2.4.3 14-2.4.4 14-2.4.5 14-2.4.6 14-2.4.7 14-2.4.8 14-3 14-3.1 14-3.2 14-3.2.1 14-3.2.2 14-3.2.3 14-3.2.4
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
........................................
14-1014-10 14-10 14-1 14-I I 14-I 1 14-I I 14-12 14-12 1412 14-1 2 14-13 14-13 14-16 14-16 14-16 14-16 xxi
'
)
"14-3.2.5
Safety C riteria ......................................................... Fire Interrupters ................... .................................. Contour Followers ............................................... Burst Lim iters ......................................................... C ockpit N oise ................................. ....................... Debris D isposal ................... ................................... Toxic Explosive Gas Prot,:ction ........................................ Turret M as,r Power Switch ........................................... PROTECTIVE SUBSYSTEMS ........................................... G EN ER A L ............................................................ DEVELOPMENT OF VULNERABILITY REDUCTION SYSTEMS.. Vulnerability Analysis ................................................ Vulnerability Reduction Checklist ................................... Vulnerability Data Presentation ....................................... Aircrew Armor Configuration Development ........................... Armor M aterial Selection ............. ................................
K
.
'-'.ANCP 706-PM "TABLEParagraph 14-3.3 14-3.3.1 14-3.3.2 14-3.3.3 14-3.3.4 14-3.3.5 14-3.3.6 14-3.36.1 14-3.3.6.2 14-3.3.6.3
.. . . ...
OF CONTENTS (('onlinucd) Page
ARMOR INSTALLATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............ A irc, ew Torso A rm or ................................................. Interchangcability ..................................................... .................................. R em ovability ...................... F ,ying Qualities ....................................................... Im m obilization ........................................................ Armor Material Attachmcnt/Installation ............................... M ounting of Arm or Plate ............................................. Installation Design ............................. ..................... Bullet Splash and Spall ........... ................................... R EFER EN C ES .......................................................... ('HAPTER 15 MAINTENANCE AND GROUND SUPPORT EQIIPMENT ((;SF) INrFRFA('F IN T RO D U C T IO N ....................................................... DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS ................. SA F ET Y .............................................................. A CC FSSIBILIT Y ...................................................... STANDARD IZATION ................................................ HUM AN ENG INEERING ............................................ INSPECTION, TEST, AND DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM .................. PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM INTERFACES ............................
14-18 14-18 14-18 14-18 14-19 14-19 14-19 14-19 14-19 14-20 14-20
15-1 15-2 05.2.1 15-2.2 15-2.3 15-,.4 15 2.5 15-3
15-1 15-1 15-1 15-2 15-2 15-3 5-3 15-3
15-3.115-3.2 15-3.3 15-3.4 15-3.5 15-3.6 15-3,7
G E N E R A L ............................................................INTERCHANG EA BILITY/QUICK-CHANGE ........................ CONNECTORS AND DISCONNECT POINTS ...................... INSPECTION AND TEST POINTS ....................................
15-315-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 154 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-7 15-7 15-7 15-7 15-7 15-7 15-7 15X
OIL, FUEL, AND LUBRICATICN ................................... G RO U N D IN G ........................................................ STARTING .......................... ................................. S A R IN 15 3 . ............................. GROUND HEATERS .................. 53.8 EN G IN E W A SH ....................................................... 15-3.9 15-4 TRANSMISSIONS AND DRIVES ....................................... 15-5 ROTORS AND PROPELLERS ........................................ 15-6 FLIG HT CONTRO LS ................................................... ......................... 15-6.1 ROTATING SYSTEM S ...................... 15-6.2 NONROTATING SYSTEMS .......................................... T R IM SY ST EM S ...... . .............................................. 15-6.3 ELECTRICAL SUBSYSTEMS ......................................... 15-7 A VIO N IC SU BSYSTEM S ................................................ 15-8 15-8.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .................................... 15-8.2 NAVIG ATION SYSTEM S .. ... ...................................... 15-9 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SUBSYSTLMS ..................... 15-9.1 HYDRAULICSUBSYSTEM ...................................... PNEUMATIC SUBSYSTEM ................................... 15-9.2 15-10 INSTRUMENTATION SUBSYSI EMS .................................. ............... 15-10.1 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS ...................... NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS ...................................... 15-10.2 AERIAL VEHICLE SUBSYSTI M INS1 RUMt-N]ATION ............ 15-10.3 ........... ................. A IRFRA M E STR UCTU RE ................ 15-11 LANDING GEAR SUBSYSTIM ..................................... 15-12 xxii
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AMCP 7CO-202 TABLEl- ('ONTENI NS C(ontinued) Paragraph15-13 C R EW STATIO N S ................... ................................
Page15-8
S"
"15-14
ARMAMEN:
r, ARMOR,
AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS ................('lAPTFR 1I)
15-8
16-0 16-1 16-2 16-2.1 16-2.2 16-2.2.1 16-2.2.2 16-2.2.3 16-2.2.4 16-2.3 16-2 .3.1 16-2.3.2 16-2.3.3 16-2.3.4 16-2.3.6 16-2.3.7 -. 16-3 16-3.1 16-3.2 16-3.2.1 16-3.2.2 16-3.2.3 16-3.3 16-3.3.1 16-3.3.2 16-3.3.3 16-3 3.4 16-3.4 16-3.5 16-3.6 16-3.716 -3.7 .1 16-3.7.2 16-4
STANDARD PARTI LIST O F SY M BO LS ..................................................... IN TRO D U CTIO N ........................................ r .............. FA ST FN E IRS .................... ....................................... GENERAL .................................................. THREADED FASTENERS ...................................... Screw s ............................................................... B o lts ............................. ............................. ...... N uts .. ...................... ......................................... W ashers ........................ ... .............. .................. NONTltREADED FASTLNERS ................................... R ivets ......................... ...................................... Pins. ...................................................... Quick-release Fasteners ............. ............................... .............. .. Turnbuckiics and Tcfinitaiil. .... Retaining Rings ........ ................................. Clam ps and G rom mets ................................................ Self-retaining Fasteners ................................................ HEARINGS............. ........................ ......I............ G E N ERA l . ................ ..........................................
