Heijungs_1

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Contents

What is LCA? Why LCA?

The ISO 14040 framework

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation


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What is LCA? (1)

Officially:Life Cycle Assessment

Here confined to:quantitative environmental Life Cycle Assessment of products

environmental

Life Cycle

Assessment

quantitative

products


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What is LCA? (2)

At least three different meanings: LCA as a field of study

LCA as a technique

LCA as a specific study


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What is LCA? (3)

Basically: tool for decision-support computational aspects

which data

which models

which formulas procedural aspects

who to involve

how to report

how to use


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What is LCA? (4)

ISO-standardised procedure (ISO 14040, created in1997-2000; revised in 2006)

Structured framework: four phases

Rules, requirements and considerations specified

Specific data and calculation steps not specified Much attention for transparency in reporting


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ISO 14040 framework (1)

- Product development

and improvement

- Strategic planning

- Public policy making

- Market ing

- Other

Goal

and scope

definition

Inventory

analysis

Impact

assessment

Interpretation

Direct applications:

Life cycle assessment framework

Source: ISO 14040


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ISO: Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputsand the potential environmental impacts of a productsystem throughout its life cycle

International Standard ISO 14040

complementary International Standards ISO 14041,14042, 14043

no Technical Report to 14040, but Technical Reports to14041 and 14042

14044 merges the revised 14040-14043 (2006)


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Why LCA? (1)

Why a product-oriented information tool? Increased attention for product policy

several national policy plans

EUs Integrated Product Policy

UNEPs International Declaration on Cleaner Production etc.

Influence consumption and production patterns

clean(er) production

ecolabel product stewardship

etc.


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Why LCA? (2)

Why an integrated information tool? Prevent problem shifting

to other life cycle stages

to other substances

to other environmental problems to other countries

to the future


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Why LCA? (3)

Why a method? To structure the large amount of complex data

To facilitate comparisons across product alternatives

To enable benchmarking


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Why LCA? (4)

Why complex data?

etc

2 mg0 mgmercury content

540 g30 gmass

5000 hr1000 hrlife span

18 W60 Wpower consumption

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampProduct property


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- Product development

and improvement

- Strategic planning

- Public policy making

- Market ing

- Other

Goal

and scope

definition

Inventory

analysis

Impact

assessment

Interpretation

Direct applications:

Life cycle assessment framework

Source: ISO 14040


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Phase 1: Goal and scope definition (1)

Phase of life cycle assessment in which the aim of thestudy, and in relation to that, the breadth and depth ofthe study is established

goal definition

scope definition


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Goal definition: intended application product development and improvement

strategic planning

public decision making marketing

other

reasons for carrying out the study

intended audience


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Functional unit: comparison on the basis of an equivalent function

example: 1000 liters of milk packed in glass bottles orpacked in carton, instead of 1 glass bottle versus 1 carton


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Critical review and other procedural aspects

critical review to ensure the consistency, scientific validity,transparency of the report, etc.

internal review, external review, review by interested

parties procedural embedding of LCA: LCA as a (participatory)

process


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2020

Phase 2: Inventory analysis (2)

Central position for unit process

smallest portion of a product system for which data arecollected

Typical examples:

electricity production by coal combustion PVC production

use of a passenger car

recycling of aluminum scrap


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Data collection for unit processes:

flows of intermediate products or waste for treatment

elementary flows from or to the environment

electricity production

electricitycoal

generator fly ash


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Combination of unitprocesses into aproduct system

Graphical

representation in aflow diagramelectricity production

electricity

coal generator

fly ash

coal mining

equipment

generator production

steel

fly ash treatment

gypsum

system boundary

reference flow

product system


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Source: http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/LCA-Page.htm


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Calculation procedures

relate process data to the functional unit (matrix algebra)

allocation of multiple processes (multiple outputs, multipleinputs, re-use and recycling)

aggregation over all unit processes in the inventory table

electricity productionwith cogeneration

of heat (CHP)

electricitycoal

generator fly ash

heat

Ph 2 I l i (7)


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Inventory table

etc

22000 kg37000 kgCrude oil from earth

20 g3 gCopper to water

80 kg1000 kgSO2 to air

50000 kg800000 kgCO2 to air

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampElementary flow

Ph 3 I t t (1)


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Phase 3: Impact assessment (1)

Assessment of the importance of the potentialenvironmental effects with the aid of the results of theinventory analysis

Steps:

selection and definition of impact categories, indicatorsand models

classification

characterisation

normalisation aggregation and/or weighing

Ph 3 I t t (2)


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Life cycle inventory results

LCI results assigned to

impact category

Category indicator

Category endpoint(s)

- forest- vegetation

- etc.

Characterisation model

Environmental relevance

Impact

category

Proton release(H+aq)

Acidifying emissions(NOx, SO2, etc.

assigned to acidification)

Acidification

Cd, CO2, NOx, SO2, etc.(kg/functional unit)

Example

Phase 3 Impactassessment (3)


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Example of a category indicator

Global Warming:

Global Warming Potential (GWP): measure for Global Warmingin terms of radiative forcing of a mass-unit

Example calculation:

5 kg CO2 (GWP = 1)

+

3 kg CH4 (GWP = 21)

=

1 x 5 + 21 x 3 kg CO2 - equivalents (= 68 kg CO2 equivalents)

Phase 3: Impactassessment (4)


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Characterisation:

Simple conversion and aggregation of GHGs:

subs

subssubscatcat esultInventoryRCharFactesultIndicatorR ,

CO2, CH4

climate change

GWP (1 and 21) 5 and 3 kg

68 kg CO2-eq

infrared radiative forcing

IPCC climate model



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Impact categories, characterisation methods andcharacterisation models: some baseline examples

impact category category indicator characterisation model characterisationfactor

equivalencyunit

abiotic depletion ultimate reserve irtannual use

Guinee & Heijungs 95 ADP kg Sb

climate change infrared radiativeforcing

IPCC model GWP kg CO2

stratosphericozone depletion

strat. ozonebreakdown

WMO model ODP kg CFC-11

human toxicity PDI/ADI Multimedia model, e.g.EUSES, CalTox

HTP kg 14-DCB

ecotoxicity(aquatic,terrestrial etc.)

PEC/PNEC Multimedia model, e.g.EUSES, CalTox

AETP, TETP, etc. kg 14-DCB

photo-oxidantformation

trop. ozoneformation

UNECE Trajectory model POCP kg C2H4

acidification deposition/ac.critical

load

RAINS AP kg SO2

... ... ... ...



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etc

0.3 kg antinomy-eq0.8 kg antinomy-eqDepletion of resources

21 kg SO2-eq45 kg SO2-eqAcidification

440 kg DCB-eq320 kg DCB-eqEcotoxicity

40000 kg CO2-eq120000 kg CO2-eqClimate change

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampImpact category



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Impact category results still difficult to understand:

difference in units

difference in scale

Normalisation step to relate the results to a reference

value e.g., total world impacts in 2002

result often referred to as the normalised environmentalprofile



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etc

910-13 yr2410-12 yrDepletion of resources

4.210-11 yr910-11 yrAcidification

2.210-10 yr1.610-10 yrEcotoxicity

410-12 yr1.210-11 yrClimate change

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampImpact category



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Even after normalisation no clear answer

aggregation of (normalized) impact category results into asingle index

subjective weighting factors needed



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Example of a weighted environmental index

1.410-10 yr8.510-10 yrWeighted index

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampWeighed index

Phase 4: Interpretation (1)


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Conclusions, recommendations, analysis, all related togoal and scope of the research

among others based on data quality and sensitivityanalysis

also: critical review by independent experts



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Example of a contribution analysis

40000 kg CO2-eq120000 kg CO2-eqTotal climate change

15%5%Other

10%2%Waste disposal

15%5%Copper production

60%88%Electricity production

Fluorescent lampIncandescent lampProcess


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