Heidegger, Martin - Schellings Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom (Ohio, 1985).pdf

8/16/2019 Heidegger, Martin - Schellings Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom (Ohio, 1985).pdf

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SERIES IN

HGH

EDTORA OAR

Lester Embree, Center President

Duquesne Universiy

Algis Mickunas, Secretary

Ohio Universit

Edward G. Ballard

Tulane University

Jos Huertas-Jourda

Wilfred Laurier University

Joseph J Kockelmans

Pennsylvania Stae University

William McKenna

iami Universit

J MohantyUniversiy of Okahoma

Thomas M Seebohm

Johannes GutenbergUniversit ainz

Richard Zaner

Vanderbi Uniersity

NTERNATONA ADVSORY OAR

uzanne Bacheard

Universit de Paris

Rudolf Boehm

Rijks universi ti t -Gen

Albert Borgmann

University of Montana

Amedeo P GiorgiDuquesne University

Richard Gratho

Universi Bielefeld

Samuel sseling

Husserl-Archief te Leuven

Alphonso Lingis

Pennslvania State Universit

Werner Marx

AlbertLudwigs-Universit

David Rasmussen

oston College

John Salis

Loyola Uniersiy Chicago

ohn Scanlon

Duquesne Universi

Hugh J. Silerman

State Universiy of Nw York Sony rook

Carlo Sini

Universit di iano

Elisabeth Strker

Universi Kln

Jacques Taminiaux

Louvain-la-euve

D Lawrence Wieder

University of Oklahoma

Dallas Willard

Universiy of Souhern California

ponsored b the Center for Advance Research n Phenomenoo, Inc


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SCHELLING' TREAIE

ON HE ENC

OF UMN REED

Martin Heidegger

b

Joan tambaugh

�

OHO NVESTY PESSATHENS OHO

ONON


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Lby Pbc

Heegger arn 997Scheng's rease n he essnc f ha fee

(Seres n cnnena hg )Transan f Sche ngs Ahanng er as sn

er menschchen Frehe nces grahca rferences an n Schng Frrch Jseh 7 75

54 Phshsche Unrschngn er as esener menschchen Frhe r Seres J43S35H433 95 35 3947SN 04-090-SN 04094 (k)

Prne n he U ne S aes f AecaA rghs resere© Transan rg 5 Ja S aag


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LE OF CONEN

Preface

Er's Preface

nrodco Rmarks Lcr Cors Smmr Smstr Sche lng's Wrk an he Task f Ths nerrean 2 . Sche lng's Daes; E ns f Hs Wrk an eraure n H 43 Schelng's Quesn au Free as Hs rca Quesnng

au eng 9

4 Schellng an Hege

A nrpraion First Disssions in Slling is 4

nrucn he nrucn (ages 79) 4 Free n he Scenc Wr Ve as a Whe 42 Wha s a Sse an H Des Phsh e u

Sses? 3 Skech f ern Precs fr a Sse ( Snza an 's W

a Sse an's Sgncanc fr eran as) 334 Th e Se en an ( neecua nun an sue

Knege n Scheng) 45 s a Sse f Free Psse? (Onhg rnces

f nege) 4 The nea f he Quesn au he Sse f Fre 57

Inrpraion Inrodion t o Sling tis pgs The Quesn f he Sse an anhes Varus Psse nerreans f anhes 3 Panhes an he Ongca Quesn (n acc

f he s") 74

4 Varus Versns f he nce f Fre (The OngcaQuesn as a Funaena Quesn) 3

5 The Naure an unares f eas's Psn 90 Schellng's nce f Fre Fre fr an E

The Quesn f El an s run 9

Inrpraion Main Par Scing ais Its skMapysics Evil as Fondaion a Systm Frdm pags 04

The nner Pss f E 05a The Ques n f E an he Quesn f eng 05 The Jnure f eng Scheng's sncn f rn an

Exsence 0c The ecng f an reaures (Tera

een an eng)


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. The Jn re eng n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8e. ngng as he Nare he rn n .

(The Ex sence n en y h Hs rn) . . . . . . 24. rean as he een ecng he Asle an

reae engs (The nan reae engs) . . . . . . . 2

g. The Qesnaly Tay's nerran Nare.Realy an ece Presence ( Vrndni . . . . . . . . . 3 7

h. SelWll an nersal Wll. The Searaly he Prncesn an as he nn he Pssly El . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The nersa Realy El as he Pssly nals . . 46

. The Prcess he nan Real El . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

V The Fr El Aearng n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

V The Jscan 's ny n he Face El . . . . . . . 58

V El n he Syse as a Whle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

V . The Hghes ny engs a s a Whl an H an Free . . 6

AppndixExcers r he anscrs n rearan r he aanc

Schellng senar ser seesr 4 an excers rsenar nes 4 43 65Nes 6


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PREFCE

Ths s f Frerch Sch ngs ra s On Humn Frdm shce as a ce nesgan f a hsh ss knn Engsreaers han ha f he her ar eran eass Jhann le Fche an erge he Frerch Hg Schengs rase saaae n an eceen Engsh ransan O Humn Frdm (hcagOen r 93) Jaes ann h as r he nrcnThe rear can hs s he rea se as a h an rhas nae a knf age en arn Heegers n rrean an hs n ner

sanng f n gnera h nger assages f Sch ng q n hsk are aken na fr Prfessr anns ransan There are snr scrancs n ransan f Heggrs e an Prfessrtanns erng ch f he rng n he Hgger e aschsen h an ee Heggers n nerran rahr han Schl ngstreatse rer

Ths s rhas he s sraghfrar" s f Heeggrs aear n Engsh A h sae e eas h qes ns a he rrne

f r faar h eran eas Ths he asc res a s akehere e a he er hear f he eas ran he qesn f hca f he sse an f na han fr he qesn fanhes an e s can f e Sche ng s h rs hnker n heranaseas ra n grae srs h he r f e Hes n as fr nsance Dscares Snza an nz ssss e as cnr ng he ar an erfcn f h he r as ase ack r ran f eng hang n rea esence n s n rghRaher Scheng ges he a f seekng h rgn f e n h sf

assern f h crearThese qesns are h gra qs ns f h h shca ran

neal faar an ran hshers Heer her heseuesns lea Scheng an h h Hgger are sss hchme er cs he nars f he ea s ran T ake ne f hs ran eaes Schengs cnce f h grness" hareasn can n nger grn an an ns ack Jac ehe annrecly frar he recn f Heeggrs n nqr;

surely n e cngena a Fche r a Hege It s he tha hs hher nshe nsn f Heeggers

thnkng ll re e sang an rcae Engsh reaers

heng s ne f the hnkers h Heeggr has he s an an

ths stuy shu frfu fr an nersanng f h

an aagh


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EDOR PREFCE

n s n s k cnns nc f cu cusgn ns f u n su ss f 936 Tnusc s c n fncs n connc snncs fu Pfss Hgg f s fuc n cng s

Snc s nusc s s n un f cu cus sss ncss n sn c fu ks h

nsn f cfng s n css ns s sks o n s suuus n syf sc s n s

n cnns cs f nuscs f n ncsn n Scng n s ss of94 z Hgg n c s nscs n n n cnns n c f sn ns f 94 943

u k nk ucn n c n

Hnn f ns kng n ng gs u s k nk ucn f s fncs n ns n f s k

Hg Fck


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troductory emarks of the ectureourse, ummer emester, 6

. SHELLNS RK N THE TSK THSNTERPRETTN

Scng scusss ssnc fun f n s ng Piloopica Inquii int o t Natu Human Fdom and Matt Connctd hit Ts s f s g ks Sc ngu s n u n Scling Pioophica iting (Lnsu P K ns ks 809

Egn un n nn Nn u ns ssn us n E snc 806 Ric n n nnsnc T sn n ncs f Rhinund unNans cn n s f uus nnunc snf Ric n Richtag f Rgnsug n ugus s nz ans ng n n Ks cn n c funPussa su s s f n Jn n us Nn sun Puss s s T kng n s cnf n s Puss s us ck nk f E Tsac y Kuscsn n Rhinund nc s c ngug o E

In 1808 Nn c ng f ncs n Efu T G consan Nn T k u cu u g-dy and y f f Nn s gs "ng krd W n f n? Pcs s f "C Ps Idand f yu T s g w f w

Eihtn hundd nd nin: G c sixy ys d . Faut, p n

had j u aad F ys n 1 804 Kn g f gFour yar bf 1 805 Scl s snc f s In 1809 Nolon u hs s sus f n f Aspn T Tn aant rvol un sp f A n s Hf

Manwh l Pu a gun gn s " n c n s (Fc) n th noh Brn von S n c nw fm f mns n


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2 Sclling ati on t Enc Human Fdom

Scrnrs cr sr n fr f n r Fc g s rsss rn ntn rn c Trug s srns Trnurc (Daltigkitkic) Scl rchr bc t lc cr frn sc

n 80 l n Hubl bc th Prussn n sr f culur nrk n funng f nrs f Brln fr c t rngs fF chtn Scrcr rr Tt s r t rl cur rurnd trn fr Kngsbrg T flng r Qun Lus Nx rHnrc n K s s lng rn b rk ln f gtng rdf Nn b frc s s lf nnsN ln

r s gr nnn f nur" Hgl cl rlsu" s s r rug c fr bl f n n bu l lcr s L ns h s su fl "n Hrnbrg l bc t Prussn cncr f sttH k grng Prussnrn rlt fr cng rurl

l ts n n rqu rn fr c r n sncrcn r nnrr n grn s n n sxrss n t r f xrn crcu ng t cl

n Prussn s s f ngnc " s f t Sr T srScrnrs n r n r nssnl curg b l n cs fr bu n cs f cknlg r knlg n cul ur uurn t ssn kng c s f funnlsns f src xstnc kng c s t rsusn fr gr l

T rfun unru f s rs Nln skn t nrfur s sn c lg Pcs s ft N Sr s ft n f s Sr t

T ssnc f Sr r s fr Scngs rs n fr s ubs n 80 I s s grsccsn n s s n f st rfun rks frn us f srn ls

n 807 rs bfr Scngs rs n fr Hgls rs ngrs rk r Pnomnolo Spiit. T rfc t s rcnns sr nl f Sc ng n l nl brk bn bn frns snc r ut T r n bn f ung Sbnfrns Hrn s kn ts s b s gs n t rcn fnss

Tus r sr s r s fll sudns n Tbngn S t r rn rt n r xsnc n cnsqun ls n trrk bu r n sl srs c n ccrng s n ls rn sr T trnsfrtn f sr n s trcl frchs n t c bu cn nl c bu n nc gn lrnt r n rsr cr r


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nrodco Rmarks Lcr Cors 3

hn Schling publishd his tratis on rdo, h was thitou ars old

H pubishd his rst phiosophical work in his ast ar as a studnt (1794), On

Possibili a Form Pilosopy in Gnral A philosophical th could notpossib b an broadr than this ro this wok to th tratis on rdo astorm dvlopnt o his thinking taks plac Each a o this span o n

ars brings on or or tratiss and in btwn such dcisiv works as th Firs

Skc a Sysm a Pilosopy Nar (799) and th Sysm anscndnal

Ialism (1800) Th orr brought icht's Idalis into a copltl nwral and brought Idais as a who onto a nw track Th latt bca thprcursor or Hgl's Pnomnolo Spiri and th prcondition o Schlling's

own lat stps In 80 Prsnaion My Sysm Pilosopy appardAr th tatis on rdo, Schlling did not publish anthing or, apartro a w spchs and t poical pic agains t H acobi But this span oort-v ars until his dath in 1854 ans nithr a sting on is prviousachivnts nor an xtinction o th powr o thought th shaping o hisactual wo was nvr copltd, this was du to th annr o ustioningwhich Schling gw into ar his tratis on do

Onl in t is light can th priod o silnc b undrs tood, o, athr, th oth

wa around Th act o this s ilnc thows light upon th dicul t and novlt oustioning and on th thin's car knowldg o all this hat is usuallbrought orward to xplain this priod o Schl ling's silnc is onl o scondasignicanc and is basicall r gossip Schlling hisl is a bit guilt r inthat h was not insnsi tiv nough to it Bu t th labo o tining that was goingon during this piod o sinc as an autho can b o o lss ugd b thnint cturs which w hav ro th Naclass [poshuous wos Mo orss, or btwn lcturs and a nishd slcontaind wo th is not onl adirnc o dg, but an ssntial dinc But, i on a sa so, Schlling

had to gt standd in his work bcaus his ann oq u e s i

n g didn't allow an inn cntr in th standpoint o phiosoph at that

im

e . \ T onl ssntialthinkr ar Schl ling, Nitzsch, brok down in t idl o his al work, T hWll to Powr, or th sam rason But this doubl, grat brakdown o grat thinkrs is not a ailur and nothing ngativ at al-on th contra. It is th sign th advnt o sothing coplt dirnt, th hat lightning of a nwbginning. Whovr ra knw th ason or this bakdown and could con-qur it intignt oud hav to bco th oundr o th nw bginning o

Western philosp During th ti of his gratst productivit and his dpst so litu, Ni tzschnc rot th ooing vrss in a ddication cop o his boo Dawn Day 88

Whoeve oe da has much ocams siet about much


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4 Shing ' atis on th Essn oHuman Frdom

Whoeve must oe day kde the ghtgust be fo a og tme-coud ( 1 883 )

Sc lngs s on fo s on of os vy os n c sc co gns o fo I sl ovs ov s o co l ony s onng s o nx y o on o s clo T s o n y onng s on fo T n non of s non s ov fo

To con ssnc of n fo n ns s qson of fo Ts nnos cn of osoy s

og o nogn lc oslvs nongy in 2 Fo s cn o ng Sclngs losoy cos o s s ol n

n s fnn s3 In s y n n nsnng of osoy of n

Is s o n s of s ovng focs fo Scng s ycv n os n of s o g of Gn osoy H s o suh n xn vs n Il s fo n g ss on fnn oson

H no o ng s qsonng o ysc c noc H n o o c slf oc y s nng f o lonn nyon T soy of so of s os n ns cn n n; s so no ncssy o I s suc n f ys so of n n

In nx c s n on of Scllngs son fo T oc of o non s s follos sl folo of s s -y-s n vlo cn ncons s ncssy

o no soclly n ns s clly n gnsc n nsnng of s ovs y fo s n no occrnc of losoy of n Ils vng nnos of s s oy n s oslvs s v n n o o coo of In soy of n ssn ngs nv ovco y nngon's c n nly fng onslf n fogflnss Fo sssn cos c gn n gn T ony qson s n g sry n song nog fo

2 SHELLIN S TES; E ITINS F HIS RK NLITERTURE N HI

To ngs sol c non o fScngs is ( soos ly xnl sc of Sc ngs if; (2) fnc o os ncssyn sfl ools fo o o


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Introduto Remrk the eture oue 5

Rgrng hn hnkrs rk r cs n rcs f hs rk rvlbl h lf" f hlshr s unrn fr h ub c nvr g

t kn h s ssnt n hshc f thrugh bgrhcl scrnsnyh If nvrhls s k f gnr rfrncs Schngs lf s th th n ntn f kng ssb rr h curs f hs f r

clrly n h hstry flr usLi ny thr grt Grns Schllng cs fr Prtstnt rsng.

H s brn nury 2 7 1 7 75 n th Sbn cy f Lnbrgth brhlcof th grt strnr hnns Klr T yrs lr n 1777 Schllngsfthr n s rchr n rfssr t th hlgcl rrry sch n

Bbnhusn nr bngn hn h s n yrs l h yung Schllngwnt t Lin schl n Nrtngn h n hr Hlrln s snng hs

boyhIn nly yr hs fhr h k h by u f sch gn snc ccrng

th chr h h nthng r rn hr Thus Schlng s ughgthr h h r snr suns n bnhusn un 70 hn hrcul s sun nvrsy f Tngn h g f n Thtchr n Bnhusn rcgnz n h n ingenium preox rccus

criv n Evn bfr hs sus t h unvrsy bss hr hshcl schl lrur hch h rc Schng s rng Lbnzs Mondolo. This rk rn csv fr f hs fuur hsc thnkngSchllng kn nhng bu Kn (y u h s yr th Schlng nto h nvrs ty fTbngn 70 s u bsh h bc funn frth yungr gnrn n h frn f rn s Kns ritique dgmen.

Schllng s tu fr v yrs n Tbngn yrs f lshy n hryrs f hlgy H k h s curs f sus t h s s Hlrln n Hgl bh h v yrs r hn Sch ng h nvrs yrr Kns hlshy h Frnch Rvlutn h rks n h rgunbu nhis hch s ccsn by Jcbs ssy n Snz rn h srul rl fTbngn n y cuss

As s lry nn Schlngs rs hshc rng s ub-li sh n th ls yr f hs sus I s tly nunc by Fch 's cr no scnc whch h j us bc knwn

Whn in Estr 1795 Hdrlin h hd hrd Fich in J n hi hus

t tor thr vis Schllng n Tbngn h cu ssur h h h (Schng)ws j ust s far along as Fiche . "

chlling to bc hus ur k hs frins n Lzg hr h grly ursu th sy f h nurl scncs h sm m

In 1798, wn h ws twn-thr yrs l Schllng s cl J n sn x trordinry nid rofssor of hlshy Fcht's suggstn n


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6 lling' Tais on Essnc Hman Frdom

unde Goethe nuene The name Wema and Jena ae ucent to let unow n what a vely and tomy n teletua wod hellng wa o deelo In

1801 egel too ame fom anfut t o J ena to habl tate hmef tereThe tme n Jena 17981803, wa the mot futful n hellng lfe e

founded h ytem thee wthout gdly emanng wthn tat ytem InJena for the t tme he gave h etue on the method o f academ tudywhh have beome famou Pofeonal and eonal eaon led to deatue n 1803 Afte a hot eod of teahg n Wburg ellng moved toMunh n 1806 whee thee wa a yet no uverty e beame a membe ofthe Aademy of ene and the geneal eetay of the Aademy of Art

Aart from an nterruton by a tay n rlangen from 80 nl 87ellng remaned n Mun unl 1841 In 186 te old aaran uneryIngoladt of Landu t ( ere eer nce 800) wa moed o nc e call ofhellng to te unverty wa a mater of oure dee many secre nrgeagan

In 1831, ege dedegel who had develoed a brllant eetene neln eve ne 1818 and wo ruled ove hloohy n Germany oon he lano call helng a h ueo ame to lfe u only n 184 after Fredh

Wlhelm IV too ove the govenment dd h al atually ome abouthellng gave letue n erln un tl 1846 b u t h e wa no able t o develo heame b llant eetvene a egel Th wa due not only to the manner of hhloohy at that tme; but alo to the t and the lak of rt of te woleage helng wthdew from all ubl atvty and ed unl h dea n 1854omle tely fo the fomaton of h lanned maor wok wh never go beyondthe form of a oue of letue

Wen el lng name menoned eole lke to on o a s nker

conanly hanged tandon and on ofen egnaes a a ack nharaer ut te trut a ere wa eldom a tnker wo fog oaonaely eer ne earlet erod for one and n que andon Onthe oer hand egel te ontemlave tnker b led t grea workwhen e wa thty-even year old and w t ublaon wa mmedaelyettled wth egad o looy and andont eryng a followed wa mly a mater of workng ng ot and of alaton T ofoue all n a gand tye and w a rh erany

u t cellng ad o gve u eveyng agan and agan and agan and agan

bng t ba to a new gound ellng ay once ( IX 7 8 ) 5, - ) * e who we to lace hmelf n e begnnng o f a trly free looylmut abandon even God Here we ay wo we o manan e wll loe ;and who ge t u e wll nd Only e a come o e ground ofmelf and

*Quoaos fom e Gema ex foo vome a age me of e coeceoks oume 7 of e s vso of e coece oks coas e ase offeeomfom ages 336416


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nroduo Rmarks ur Cours 7

as known the whole det of lfe who has one abandoned everythng and ha

�self been abandoned by everythng e for whom everythng dsaearedand wo saw mself alone wth the nnte: a great ste wh Plato omared tdeat

ellng took ths ste several tmes For that reason he usually laked theeae and ontnuty of develoment and thus hs work oen laked the suessof nal touhes ut all of ths has nothng n omon wth the fatal twstng of aange of on t of vew

Trough an nterretaton of the s tudy on freedo we want to exerene whatreally suorted fullled and snathed ts long lfe agan and agan to new

begnnngs One doesn t need to know anytng else other than the ture of teold ellng to suset that n ths thoughtful lfe not only a ersonal destny wasat stake but also the hs toral srt of the ermans as tey themselves sought a

gestalt Regardng : t e useful tools of our workA The wors of hellng were ublshed soon after hs death by hs seond

oldest son n fourteen volumes n two dvsons 186-61 Te rst dvsonenomasses ten volumes ere everythng whh has been ublshed searateyand the essays and treatses whh had aeared n newsaers aademseehes and eture ourses were nluded artally sulemented byunublshed wrtngs I n the seond dv son 1 86-8 the later dotrne of thehlosoher as t was formed aer 1 80 was made aessble from the Nalass nthe form of le tures ( the h losohy of mythology and of revelaton )

Slling rks dted by Manfred hrter aordng to the orgnal edtonn the new order oers a rain subsiu for ths olleted edton whh hasbeome so rare U untl now sx an volumes have aeared sne 1 9 7 Theyalso ontan the age numbers of the old edton

Another useful addton s Slling rks A Slion in r Vlums, 1907 nthe Mener Phlosohal Lbrary There are also searate ndvdual wrtngs ass the ase wth our text

Three volumes Fom Slling L in Lrs, 89-870 edted by L Pltt are ndsensable as soure materal for ellngs lfe hstory but also for thedeveloment of hs works

In addton Fhtes and hellngs hlosohal orresondene from the alass of both thnkers 186

The olleton L Romani irs, 1907 whh was ublshed byundolf gves an mmedate selfontaned ture of the soures above alldurng the tme n Jena

Only two of the wrtngsabou hellng and hs work are worty of menton tl the best presentaton as a whole s by Kuno Fsher Slling ,

Uk , nd or rst edton 18 7 19 n the fourth edton as vo V I I of sH ito Mode hilooph y Kuno Fsers work s exellent as t s modes t and yet


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8 Scheling eatise on the Essence Human F reedom

draws on a r knowledge of e wole age Te work on e soes of s lfesor n s broad desron s maserful even oug s anqaed n

deals Te reamen of ellngs work akes lae n e fo of a smlereor oen n useful s aemens ofonen w don do anng loso

all bu also don sol anng2. H Kn ermeer gves a new sorer resenaon nder e e ell ng

and e Roman ool " Mun 1929 n e olleon isto Philosophy inIndividua esentation, Vol 30-1 Knermeers book s seros aefl ougou and fresl wren and bngs as a sulemen a relable gde o all ewrngs on el lng and Romansm u e desve loso of ellng

as s develoed n e rea se on freedom s no arorae esened n sbook In add on e auors orenaon o odas daleal eolog narowse soe of e book eseall were e rue measal and slaveqesons are oued uon

3 Wndelbands Primer the Histo Philosop, n e new edon of esoe 1935 s e bes soure for e soral esena ons of e wole age oferman Idealsm In s onaned an overvew of e oson of osoalsora nvesgaon"

For a general enerang analss of n elleal s or o f e wole age envesgaons of W Dle are emnenl usable Tese works ae all mererearaons for a grea and rofondl oug s or of eman sr If sa quson of an nerreaon of erman Ideasm w s medael sefulfor a reave dalogue en les work s of no el no les s an e generalresenaons of s me smaller n value and soe u were s a maer ofmakng vsble e omlex wa of e sr a of e ndvdal as well as aof e eole everyng beomes lmnous and grea even f e somewadrng manner of Dles resenaon no longer omleel aords w orsle Among e olleed works one sold eseall menon vol 2Wtanschauung (d Vew), An Anasis Man Since the Renaissance and the Rermaion eatises on he Hiso Phiosophy and Religion; vol 3 Studies on the Histo Geman Spii vol 4 Hege Yuh Hiso and Oher eatises on he Histo GemanIeaism; and ndvdall blsed: "xperience and Poet: essng oeeNovals Hlderln One ofen forges e wok of e oung Dle : Sheiemache L (vol I 1870 Above all e seond and for volumes brngfundamenal resenaons of e nelleua l oson of erman beween 1795

and 1806 In e aos of dal new ublaons and l le tractati, we mus noforge e endurng works of essen al ermans abo e grea ermans Alsowa s mos new n sene s no alwas wa s bes and s e dea of senewen loses s grea radon Te wole age s nnkable wou e sr ofKan rea and noble and even newl onrmed e eave rsm of s wor eneraes everng eseall b e ower of ransfomaon wemanaes from


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Introducto Remarks the Lecture Course

3 HLLNG QUION AOU FRDO A HORALQUONING OF I NG*

9

We shall now begn he nerrea on of cellngs rease and ake h s ownwords as he moo of or n erreaon of cellngs rease on freedom

I f yo wan o honor a hlosoher yo ms cach m where he has no yegone foh o he conseqences n hs ndamenal hogh ; (n he hogh) fromwhch he akes hs on n dearre" (chellngs olleced Works WW econ2 I 60

And hese oher words I s a oor obecon o a hlosoher o say a e sncomrehensble" (X 163 5 233

Phiosophica Inquiries into the naure Human Freedom and Matters connected therewithFrs of all we wan o ge a bref exlnaon of he le Wa does hs l e

ndcae? nq resno a resenaon and commncaon of resls and asserons or smly he caracerzaon of sndon We re forced o follow and occomany he ah of hlosohcal qesonng And aers o be a maerof sng le qes on ha of he nare of freedom ndeed of human freedom Were famlar wh hs qeson nder e common exresson e roblem of

freedom of he wll" One roceeds as f e mn wll s free or nfree andgres how ha cold be roen n way sceny conncng Freedom ssosed o be a roery of man One belees one lready nows w orwo man s s only sll ncern weer e roery of freedom cn bearbed o m and hs facl y of wll or wheer ms be dened h m

cellngs rease has nohng o do w s qes on of e freedom of ewll whch s lmaely wrongly and hs no qes on ll For freedom shere no he roerty of man b e oer way arond s a bes eroery of freedo Freedom s e encomssng and enerng nre nwhch man becomes man only when he s ancored ere a means he nareof man s gronded n freedom freedom self s deermnaon ofre engn general whch ranscends all hman be ng nsofar as an is as man e msarcae n hs de ermnaon of eng and mn is nsofar as he brngs abohs arcaon n freedom K sentence: Freedom no e roery of man bher man he roery of freedom )

he nqry deals wh hman freedom s means ha deals wh pclar k o reedom as he nare of re Beng n general e nare of

an s n qeson; ha s one s qesonng beyond mn o wch s more essenal and owerfl an he hmself: freedom no s n ddon and arbeof he hman will , b raher as he nare of re Being, as e nare of he

ond fo bengs as a whole In her ery on of dearre nd n accordnce h ha on of dearre ese nqres are dren beyond man beyond

*-cheig's seig f eied gR


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10 Scheng eatse on the Essence Human Feedom

freedom to te uet on o e of e nn enera ndeed tey are

mmedately wtn te realm of t queton about te naure of eng a

queton w rove to be te broadet deeet and tu mo eenalqueton of all ellng n ted at t broader and broade onneton only n aqu te exernal faon n te tt le wt te ulemen and mater onnetedterew t

Ifwe ay eed to te dreton o fte treate ten t underandable wy wedon t need to gve more detaled reaon wy t treate wa oen eaue ta about te wole of eng w e annot nd anytng outde of from werewe ould n addton artularly exlan why te nqury dea wt freedom

or te uent reaon for te queton of eng a a wole l e n eng te lfandtere alone ut man annot wtdraw from eng a a woe or e wat e onl y by tandng n te mddle of beng a a wole and erdurng* t tandMan annot wtdraw from beng a a wole e an be m taen abou teme an tae t and tat for al tere e an tae art for te wole but alwayonly n u a way tat e tae ometng artular for te wole and tualway omeow tn n term of te wole and n te dreon of e wole ere te que ton reman omletely oen weter e oneon of te wole

alway u t a relatve oneton or weter t get at te woe abouelyWe tated tat no furter exlanat on wa neeary wy we ave oen reateunle n term of te treate telf or t rae a queton n wometng exreed w underle al of man ndvdual ntenton andexlanaton te que ton of ooy a u Woever gra t queonnow mmedately tat t meanngle to a wy and o wat uroe weooe or looy grounded only n term of telfor ele not at alut a art reveal t trut only troug telf

One an never rove tat and wy looy neeary very uattem at roof already mundertand looy ut for te ame reaon t alo moble to ow ta t looy ueruou and tat t about tmeto get rd of t or rere t at te out et Woever ea t way roer temot brll ant rooffor te fat tat e n any ae omle ely unable to eaand treat of tat w e only ut down; e omletely gnorant of ooy

Te fat tat te neety of looy annot really be grounded and talooy t elf an never be attaed an advantage for t nner nature but for

t external o ton t alway a dadvantage I lam an never get rd of teuon of arbtrarne Never a long a we enounter looy a ometng w alo ext among man many atve a long a we ut tae noteof looy and don t allow oureve o be tranformed by t and underand

*InnehltRN


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Inouco Remaks he Lecue Couse

ha hloohy only to be brough abou through freedom and hat arryng ou t an a t of hghet freedom

u f omehng le a gradual eruaon o hloohy mob le and roedure an never be dretly exlaned and made omrehen ble we an t llnow demand an exlanaton why reely hellng reae and why reelyh reae on human freedom aen a a foundaon Th oo an only beexlaned n term of the treate telf and only f we ueed n a hloohalnerreaton of u h ue que tonable not only beaue t deendon he human rengh and human rght of u al l but even more o beaue tdeend on reuoton whh we mu ye aemt o eure

Thu far a hloohy doe no ex whh would oer u the ond ton for anadequate undertandng of hellng treate an undertandng whh ouldbrng abou a reave tranformaon hel lng own hloohy doen t brngha abou eher or every hloohal wor f t a hloohal wordrve hloohy beyond the andon aen n the wor The meanng of ahloohal wor le reely n oenng a new realm etng new begnnngand mule by mean of whh he wor own mean and ah are hown o beoverome and nuen

f he reuoon and ondon of a wor orgn are n rnle no

uen for nterretaon beaue the wor telf o new rera ofqueonn And ne all exlanaon alway refer only to wha alreadyreen and nown no only doe wha reave and truly horal remanloed o he h oral exlanaon wha far more fatal he ole domnane ofhoral exlanaon mae eem a f what reave reely no therebu only a romant fanay u f one ye wan o ave wha nexlable nhory from beng dolved no wha an be exlaned one ually ee oedfyng and enthu a t eehe n ead of gong ba o he ondon of rue

nowng xlanaton n term of wha follow and eeed are alo nouent eeally ne havng ee a roblem n own rgh Theymotly brng about omethng hahaard and exernal whh already nown(n t way of eetng)

We hal l only really en ter and truly gauge he realm of hellng treate onfreedom f we gra what tae t beyond telf Wheher we fulll th ondon tantamount to the queon wheher we hloohe or only al abou hloohy We hloohe only when he oon of our human beng beome theeal nee

d of the queton about eng a a whole ne however our humanbeng htoral t reman o n hloohng oo That mean the moreorgnally we begn our hloohal queton the more nwardly we grow n thebndng fore of our h tory The more genune th nwardne the more learly mle relaton aear n whh we tand n a horohloohal waynd whh we are to mater that to hae from the very ground


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Inroduo Rerks he Leure Coure 13

nrrud o long agan aurd of e mo nolabl and lo frndfrom our llng (llng' Lfe 112 )

On ond ofNombr a ar llng wroe a r o gl oonrm a ad reed Phenoenoo Spirit w gl ad n m

a ler on Ma r gl all nod r a alluon o

llng ad mol o do w m' a wa mad of (ellng')oo and e arro llng owr mnon n anwr a eaknowledged auranbu ould no nd a drnaon waemaed xrel and ngl n refa

From n on llng arbord a grudg agan gel manl bau

gl' rqu ddn' and llng ad alrad bn lang a nw foundaonof em for era ear llng' donn w gl grw deer anddr w e ar and on rud n oln oubur Onl mu larwn lng mlf ook gel' la n rln dd udgmn beomqu and obe g on onrar awa aknowldgd graaomlmn of formr frend wo wa oungr and ad bom famoubfore m T wa no dul for m r for knw a wa noon of abolu m of abolu knowdg and ould a l allow

o w ald w oug wr ubordna from andon of allandon n rln l ur on or of oo w gl waauomd o ra u o own m rad elng' loo a la nrng rue gal of oo And a of ra onfrdom llng a mad known a ng ra on Freedom of a dula naur bu and aon n oo a ng anno bdelod (gl rks, Frundaugab XV 682

T word of g ow wondrfu obe bu alo lmaon of udgmen gl ddn' e a u ngl ng frdom wa no nglfor llng bu wa oug and dlod a nal foundaon of wole a a nw foundaon for a wo loo T md undrandng ofllng edn bu n mor o fa a gra nkr neerundrand a or a boom u bau e wan the se thing n formof er unqu greane f wand deren ng n an agremna er leng a or b wou ld no b o dul

en oda e udgmn of lng and under g' adowSellng hmelf urd a gra dea undr n lar f. If our nr-

reaon of e ra gv a drn ur of elng' loo n hnge of e oral judgmn of lng on a de nnon Wa dee e delomn of queon f od n ra. I a aer of awaenng dden bu durbng for and owng a leadng ahead Aer hee omewa xrna rmark u g o e word ofhe reae el


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A Interpretation of the First

Discussions in Schelling's Treatse.

INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION (ages 7 9*

l . FRDOM N T NTF WORLD V W A A WOL

We sa ll leave te relmnary remars asde for now and begn rgt awaywt te treatse roer.

Te treatse s omosed as a ontnuous text wtout te vsons bengexressly made reognable and easly aarent by eadngs or numberng of

setons Yet te treatse as a very rgorous and lear nner s truure w wllbeome more and more aarent n our nterretaton

Te ntroduton overs ages 7 to 32. t as te ta s of orretng essentalonets from te realm of losy w aordng to ellng ave alwaysbeen onfused but eseally now and tus to reare te dsusson of teleadng queston.

Plosoal nves tgatons n to te nature of uman freedom may n artonern temselves wt te orret oneton of te term for toug te feelng

offreedom s ngraned n every ndvdual te fat tself s by no means so near tote surfae tat merely to exress t n words would not requre more tanommon larty and det of ereton n art su nvestgatons may beonerned wt te relaton of ts onet to a wole sent world vew.

Wt tese ntrodutory sentenes ellng sets mself two tass for tetreatse on te nature of uman freedom: () te denton of te concep offreedom; 2 te laement of ts onet n te losed ontext of te wolesent world vew

Regardng ( ) to wat extent s te denton of te onet offreedom a tas

at all? sn t resely te answer to ts ques ton of wat freedom and beng freemean lear to everybody wtout furter ado? Must t not be lear n advane

*For Egs readers age refereces f o roma umeras of e Germa ed o refer o Schelling: OJHuman Freedom, rasaed b James Guma Cca: e Cour1936)


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ntrprtation t it icuion in Sclling ati 1

nce freedom u a a fact" alway drecly acceble o everybody byhmel chellng on ou ha he feelng" of h fac drecly gven o

everyone The feelng of he fact of freedom mean the drect exerence ha weare f u chellng alo make u conder tha h fac doe no le on theurface o ha exen o ha we could nd he arorae word for nanlyord whch could tell u wha h beng free ealy Wha we encouner nourelve nu vely a he mreon of our beng free no ucen to erve athe foundaon for a deermna on of he concet nally morant dec onabou he queon offreedom are already beng made here a he begnnng ofther atem accordng o he way we hold ono he feelng of he fact of beng free

n ourelve and ranform no knowledge Wh regard o later ue we now \want o derenae (a) he fac of human freedom and he factual y of th fac(b ) the feelng of th fac and the ruh of a feelng n genera l (c ) the nerreaton of wha fel n th feelng and he knd of conce of he comrehenve conce here

Tha we have a noe hat our hear beat tha we erceve hng ha weeak and hearall ofhee are fac whch we nd n and around ourelve Thawe are free h alo th knd of fac or anoher knd? Wha do we mean by fac

here?Tha today Arl 21 a lo a fac Tha here are dog and ca a fac oo

n wha then doe the factual y of a fac con ? an he fac of freedom behown lke for nance he ndng of a tomach ulcer on he X-ray?

The feelng of a fac feelng an adequae ource of exerence a all or n' feelng ofen ut a lan feelng a n deermnae gueng and deceve uIQton? We do eak alo of a r feelng whch we rely uon a omehngulmate

n any cae chellng exlcly emhaze ha an uncommon clary anddeh of erceon are needed n order o feel aroraely he fac of freedomand u n word

Wh whch ene do we gra he fac offreedom fwe neher ee hear touchmel or tae ? I the ene of an aude and wha knd of aude?Wheren doe the ury and deh of h ene con by mean of whch weerceve he fac of freedom n feelng? he ure feelng of freedom founded onthe roe aude or he o he way around? Or are aude and feelng alo not

the at or the r hng whch gve ruh and tha mean dcloure aboureedom? One queon relace anoher and w e are only a he age of remnarly ganng an adequate concet of freedom The uual dcuon aboureedom of the w and the at temt to rove ex ence or nonextence all fal he undamena e rror of tang the aforemenoned remnary queton oohy or ee not akng hem at al If they were erouly aked the lluoryeon abot feedom o the w whch con nually lay havoc n doctr ne of


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16 Schelling eatise on the Essence Human redo

moalty and law would have long ne daeaed and would beomeevden that the eal queton about feedom omethng que deen fom

what alked about n he oblem of feedom of he wll "Regadng 2 he eond tak of he teate o n human feedo nlude he

nooaton of he onet n the whole of a ent wold ew " Th takeem to need no futhe exlanaton fo feedom an individual f ven whent ntue dened geneally tll th geneal naue offeedom on o oheeen al deemnaton n othe onneon fo examle feedom a haatet of mn eonalty a ; bu at the ame me mn body andnatue; he detemnaon offeedom mut be onaed wh naue; h t

mu be elaed o naue Pobably thee ae ll ohe uh elaon Thu lea tha the de temnaton of h onet ut be ulemened by nooang he one whn a whole hellng eak of he whole en woldvew " We hould hek whehe we oely unde and hellng exeongh away We mu avod gvng lae and ontemoy enng o hexeon ent wold vew "

Today we undeand by en wold vew" ha neeon of heonneon of hng n natue and hoy whh founded on he eul ofen eeah hell ng exeon doe not hae h menng fo boh he

em wold vew" and lo he degnaon en" ae nended n adeen moe modal ene

n he age of eman dealm ene ssenscha * en ly nduly he ame a hloohy h knowledge whh know he l nd gound and n aodane wh h fundaenl knowledge een wh eenl n eveythng knowable n a eaonedo eenal onneon n hene Fhte ue the em Done of ene" (he ene of enehehloohy of hloohy) fo h mao wok Hegel ek of the ye of

ene" (F at; The Phenomenolo Spirit of he Science Logic Wha ohewe and oday alone alled he ene" only ene nofa t hloohy hat a t gounded n wha el and eenal and odeedaodng to t andad The le ue eenal knowledge an ea of ognonand an tve eld of ognton ontan ha he le hloohy he moeunent th knowledge o ha an be lled ene" only n anaoxmae ene If aodng to he al eed and naowed one of enewe mu ay today hat hloohy no ene ha doe no mean ha t abandoned o hane dea and onon but only ha hloohy a wha moe modl anno be deemned by he andad of wha deveTh neeay onneon beween ene n he fundamenl ene (hloohy ) and ene n oday deed ene wa howeve no oned ou by

* Wssenschaf-A eegge exs e esg ex s s Ge esse f s-R


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nerpreon he rs scussons n Schellng} ese 7

rman Ida is, i t on wnt through a spcia oration thr. Essn tia, it isas od as th xistnc o strn knowdg and strn scinc. ru, th

scincs in toda's narrowr sns o th word ar nvr ad by phiosoph andthrough phiosoph, but nithr ar th xpicab whou phiosoph; that is,can th b proctd and trul nsurd and brought to an ordrd cours Ocours, phiosoph is not ust dcoration in ordr to giv a proound outwardapparanc to vrthing through th industrious us o phiosophica trinoog Phiosoph is on ssntial or scinc as its innrost sint orc. Onlan obvious oo could think that th scincs can b rnwd b gtting rid o andoutawing phiosoph at th sa tim Such a bginning is u st as nonsns ica as

tring to tach swiing b continuous taching ar o watrIn Sching's xprssion "scintic word viw, "scinc thus ans "phi

osophica and this ans

g o bings as a who ounding

its upon ast princis and ssntia insihts h tr "word viw ans� - th sam a s "wor ctiv and was on usd a s such a t that t A carand oundd us o ths words dpnds rst o a on whthr an aduatconcpt o word can b cratd and st up as a standard But th ustion aboutth concpt o word has hard vn bn undrstood up to now, lt aon ra

askd. (Copar Beg me and concrning th histor o th concpt oword so rrncs in m se es Gunes sction I I Copar aso Crque ure Reso A698, B726: "his Ida (o a highst ground distinct ro thword) "is thus uit oundd respecve o he worl usge o our rason (On"rationa word considration.

h coinag o this tr "worl w (Tltaschauun g) cos ro Kant, andh uss it in th Critique oJ udgm�nt. Th tr has thr a sti a

rrow

;

and or dnit aning: it ans th idiat xprinc o what is givn to th

snss,o apparancs.

"T he orld is th totait o sns objcts (univeum, ·univeitas r erum). Ths obj cts ar things in contrast to prsons ( Kant Works,

Acadi Ausgab XXI , 70) . Man is th C osmotheor os (word onookr whohis crats th nt o word cognition a priori ro which as a wordinhabi tant h ashions word contpation at th sa ti in th Ida ( ibid ; 3 1 ) But bhind this us o th word "word , lurks an abiguit which bcos apparn t in th qustion o how an words thr can b. Thr can on b OnWord, i word quas th totait o things . But thr is a urait o words iord is aways a prspctiv of totaity ( ibid, 30)

I t is th dirction o this scond aning o th concpt o word, which w can grasp as th opning o totait, awas in a dnit dirction and thus iitd,that Sching's us of th concpts "word and "word viw taks . This concpt, too, is prgurd in Kant, and spcia in Libniz In accordanc ith th nw posit ion o his thinking, Schling thn uss th word "word dCis i in his rit ings on th phiosoph ofnatur at th nd of th nintis In th us o th tr "ord vi that Libnizian tought is at work according to


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18 Schelling eatie on the Eence Human Freedom

which every monad, every selfcontained being, plant, ania, an, he whole ofthe universe, that is , world in the rst sense, a lays vies m a enite point of

view and thus with limits, world in the second sense, mundu concentratu In hissense Schelling saysJ ust as human eason represents the word only accoring o a cerain type

whose visib le expressin is human organization, so every oganizaon [ivingbeing in Schelling's wods] is the impint of a cetain scheais o the wodview. Just as we realize that our wold vie is detemine b o oignallimi tation without being able to explain why we ae limi , injut thi way whyour world view is pecisely this one and no other, thus fe, o, an the epresent-ing of animals can only be special, although incompehensie manne oforigina limitaion and only this manner of imitation wod ieentiae hemfrom us" (Works I, I I I , p 182 ) .

A world view is in iself always a deniey decte a cmpehenedopening and holding open of he wo . A o vew is in se aways pespec-ival," as such ooking hrough in a dieced pah and ths holig a e visionopen The world vi w

lways develops its schematism Anma a pant, oo,have heir world vi W better expessed , ae a word view, a wa n wic world

opens itself, alhough ony mutedy and daky. A wl vew egs o heconsitu tion of every being to he extent tha t is thoght naca World view" is here a metaphysica detenng elee eve exisng

being itself in accordance ith which iti various sags ca a con-sciousness of the drive tward isefeates beings as a whe, a behavesand acts in terms of this fundamenal reaion. Heel mves his diecion of theword's meaning in a caption in the henomenolo Spirit ( 453 ) te morald vi In his lectues on aesthetics e says ha ways f vewiewod" constitute the religion, the subs tania spiit peoples an imes" (X 2 229) .

The name world perspective" means th e same hing. Scientic wold perspective" thus means in our ext that poject o beings as a whle which isdetemined in its decisive unity and aticulation by tue knowledge in he sense ophiosophy. Science as such doesn' t s need a wold view, bu i in itsela worldview if it is science. Science is a schemaism of wo view if we mean worldview" in his sharply dened sense metapysicaly.

The term world view" was incorprated in eveyday language very apidly i

the course of the nineteenth century and hus surendeed its oiginal metaphysical deniteness . Now the term jus means the way f ooking at the wrlthat is possible and co�i ing to men and gops f men and casses

(" ology,

�srsructur as opposed o s u' an ife" ) At the same time it becmain popuar philosophical cachwod of iberalism . ar Jasers characterizewell the n cusomary usage of he tem n hs choo e as follows


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Intepetation the Fist iscussions in Scheing eatise 19

when we speak of world views, we mean the forces or ideas, in any case whats ut imate and total in man, both subj ectively as experience, force and attitude as

e l as objectively as an obj ectively shaped world . " We can say briey that worldew always means in addition and especialy life view And vew" does notean here mere reection and opinion, but rather the forces and directions ofation and behavior. owever, all of what is thus meant is itse lf without founda-tn , has no place any more, but occurs because men form their opinions on theole, grow up in them and grow into them w oly h obj ect ofsychol" f poo Just as there are dierent kinds of plnts and animasacorig to soi and climate, there are dierent kinds of world views . ere the

rd view" of the pig breeder" i s made to be the decisive type" of world viewn general. Even in its decadent form, the word and the concept of world view stilletrays ts origin from the quite denite metaphysics of Leibnz (Kant andceng. It is Geman metaphysics, and thus the word and concept of worldew are always dicul t to comprehend beyond te borders of ter orgin

Te change in meaning ofthe term is a very cear mirror n whc the dec ine ofa unded and certan metaphysical thinking in the nineteenth century istned

Tese references were necessary to prevent our understanding chelingsexression scient ic world view" in the pale and foundatoness sense of the laternneteenth century Rather, for what folows we must consder that under thste a decsve task of the phiosopy of German Ideaism s hidden, a task whichs est announced by the key word of that phosophy : the stem

Te hilosophica treatise on the nature of human freedom must ( 1 ) deineatets nature in an adequate concet and ( 2 ) estabish the ace of ts concept inte sys tem as a whole that i s, show how freedm and mans beng free go togethert bengs as a whole and t into them

Tus here, as indeed everywhere, these tw sides of the nvestigation coincde,snce any conception cannot be dened n isolaton, and depends for its systeatic completon on the demonstration of ts connectons with te whole Thisis especially the case in the conception offreedom, for ifit has any reali ty at a l, itannot be a merely subordinate or incidenta concetion, but must be one of theminant central ponts of the system" (p

Tree things are to be noted.hat is being said here? ( 1 ) the determinaton of a concept always and of

ecessty extends to a further context To determne a concept by itself is eo ipsoiossibl e because the determination relies upon somethng determinativehich is i tself again a concept Bu t this dependence of every conceptua deterinaton upon a further conceptua context s not a sgn of its imperfection andliitation, but hrough going back to a further conceptual context the coceptst receives the last scientc, that is, absolu tely founded determnateness

his contains ( the treatises tass of delneatin the concet and ofttn t


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20 Schelling etise on the Essence Humn F eedom

in to the scientic wold view, peviousl sepaated fo the tie e e e lone. Fo this, howeve, essentil consequences follow if we no tn ac to

what was said ealie. The concept is attained with a ee to wt s to e asped ,the fact that is given in feelin The concept itself is pedeteined tecoplete conceptual context wich compehends beings as a oe tus alsoeve individual fact , the fact of feedom, too The st expeiene of te fact offeedo in feeling, too, is a lead led conceptual epesentatios peconcep-tions o pehensions . Thee ae no pue facts . Iediate feein e oveswithin an intepetation. On te othe hand, a conceptual cotet annot ethought up and invented itse lf out of the void , ut the poject as ole st

be suppoted and bound b oinal expeiences of the st fts F ts pposewe ust decide and sucientl pove wht therst facts ae wt e to esas a whole

How we feel and expeience the fact of feedo alea epes po theleadin, tcit peconception in wose liht the fact is to l luite tsef. teanne in which the peconception deelops depeds upon the eto tepofundt of feelin in whic te fct eets us . Being philosp e p lo-sopical investiation of huan feedo can nethe tke s ps t fct

and feelin no with the conceptual context and its fouto o wt anextenal couplin of oth . Fo the einnin te investitio s pso stbe suc ta t in it the feelin of the fact and te conceptal poj e e le ithequal oiinalit and of necessit Suc a positon s not selfeiet. specileducation is necessa in ode to take t and nait it. Coon sese ndeveda opinion have the peculiait of als eain to te one se t te sideof the fact o to that of the concept Te doe does dees te sl tehesknowlede. Rolls ae to e found at the ae's ad ssaes t te tes Bu t

wee it is a mtte ofst nd last thinsone cannot t a poee s sipl.his is especia ll tue of the fact and te concept of feedo We coe now to ( 3 , te thid point to e noted ih Scel expesses in

the in tevening sentence Tis is especiall te ase i te onepto of feedom, fo if it has an eal it at all it cnnot e a ee soinate o cden talconception but ust e one of te doinant cetal points of the sste. It isnecessa to deteine ech concept i tems of te ole. Te conept offeedom is not j ust one concept aon othes t te cente of Ben as wole

Thus the deteination of this concept elons explictl and expess to detemination of the whole i tself (copae Heel's j udent, ove p. 3 ) .The concept offeedom i s not onl oe concept aon othes which somehow

has its place in the sste too. Rthe if it has an el t at al l,i t is the doinantcental point of the sstem.

If i t has an ealit at allWat does tht e a concept hs ealit? Thismanne of speaking goes ac to Knt. Relits is tht whch costittes the esthe thing in what it is, the thingess ofa tig, its natue coet as eal it


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Inrprain h Fir iuin in Shin � Ta 2 1

ean wha i rprnd and inndd i n h ccp i nj hgh p s gronded in h nar h hing i i coni h ar Wha ithogh in h concp i h aw wha i ra i Th cncp rd harealiy whn ing r a a annr Bing lng gh wih h na andeenia grnd Bing I hi i corrc h cncp rd i n ngr anabirary n

Th h qin d c nialy ndana I rd i

a fndana drinain Bing in gna, h prjc h cinic

orld viw a a whl in which d i coprhndd ha a i galand cenr ialy nhing l han prciy d i Th y

consrcd d n a cnain h ccp d ang any hr

freedo i rahr h cnra pin h y Th y i i h yoffreedo. " Th nia dinain h ac nd h y

philphy n i ral grnd And ing rd in h y i nhig

than dnraing h ndanal ac and inaing i acaiyTh y i i h y rd Sch ing 1809 ni hi

deah h il n wk h ryv yar wa d ica h ainthe biding h y rd in a rd wo

A sy rd wih j a ga in wih h a ip icy aa prc cnrpar Spinoza yh w ay h highachievn" (Mnich cr 182 7 36) 5 106)

We arady ad ha hi wrk g ra g an ca essnial inn r dici which Schig hi aw o cary a ch ha hspeak oh ndanal dic ly igh a h ginnng h civ aior rai n d and v h ang a hay and ay ecpin r h vry ginning Th n nc na hi dicy asstem rd and i h na h pia bj h ncy hgh

To r accrding an anc in y n an org radiion h

ea of red is said o niry icnin wih h ida o y andever philsphy which ak cai o niy ad cpn i aid nd in enying fredom."

he concep o redom is gnra ly incpai wih h y Accrd-ngl hn a philoophy i cntrcd which i phiphy ha i which layclam to a grondd nity and aliy nial knwldg and in h dvpent of this knoldge hold at ch a cai i dny rdo Forfreeo s a kn of case and grnd or hr hing Thi ca cos pryr tself an canno in accordanc wih i aning and nar rdcd sethng else and grondd in i t Frd xcd h recr o grnding�he ss tem heve demand he hghging conncin grnding A sste f freeom"-that lik a qar cicle in i i i cpleelyatle n focsng hs nneros phiphica n hi dicyChel lng nos ho greatly hs poiion go again and vinl g


30/203

Schig atis o th Essc Huma Fdom

against older views and also views arising again at his time becaue the questionof the system of freedom" seems imossible from the out set

The innermos t diculty of the whole in tention of the treatie on freedom idiscussed in the introduction thus making the question ielf more transarenthat means essential concets and relation which are icusse in the treatiseroer receive their rst anticiatory claricaion in the inrouction.

The introduction i tself begin wi th a ga discussio of he elfcontradictoryidea of a sys tem offreedom" ( 79 . The develomen of the iculty relatedto a secial form ofthe question and it his torical instance exten from age 9 to

WHAT I A YTEM AND HOW DOE PH ILOOPHY COME TOBUILD YTEM?

Before following th is introductory reection on t he impo ibili or possibi litof a system of freedom a reliminary reecion i necesary For he questinwhether the concet of freedom is compatible wih the yem or not obviouslonly ha weight and the trenchancy of an eential uneaine if o he one handthe sysem its elf is a necessiy and an abolue requirement for u and if on the

other hand freedom and it actualization are the deepe nee an utmosmeasure of exitence But if neither of these i he cae every poib iity of a realtension between system and freedom diappear The queion how uch aconictnot at all exerienced and not a al opresing ulike hat be weesystem and freedom can and hould be dissolve then become he mot indifferent mater in the world not sui te to be treate here

And in fact: system is not a necessity for us oday nor i freedom a nedToday" that does not mean this very ay nor hi year nor even hi decade burather the whole transi tional age from the nineteenh o he twentieh century adat the ame time thi trani tion in its whole European expanion In sp ite of itvast multi lic ity of forms in spi te of its oaque and variegated permeation witthe past his today ha a very denite samp of it own and tha means a irectioand a manner of its hi torical domination over exitence.

All of this is at rst easier to undersand with regard o that which this today nolonger has.

Nietzsche recognized the condition of his today a the rie of nihilism " FoNietzsche nihilism means that the highest values lose their value that t

answers to the why and wherefore lose their binding and haing force. Evesince Coernicus man is rolling out of the center into X into the indenite (TWill to Power nr. 1 What one does and where one belongs what one values ongoes along with all of thi in a selfstupefying routine There i culture ancultural tendencie there is the church an society Some iniviua might clino hem in ersonal hones an remain atie but from a o h a a toal i


31/203

Inrprain h Fir Dicuin in Sching Tai 23

oting any longer arises , no criteria and creative impl ses any onger come fromit, everything jst contines to be carried on. Inner devastation and lostness

irease beyond measre What belongs nderneath rises to the top. What iserely smart invention claims to be creative work . Lack of reection is taken foroer of action , and science gives the appearance of being essential cognition.

(Bt tis interpretation of existence in terms of vaes shows Nietzsches inmostiprisonment in the nineteenth centry, that tie which every tinker, poet , andoer mst take over in some form. Bt s ince it is a necessary limi tation, i t is not alck from which an es sential objection cold be immediatey derived. )

How Nietzsche fonds and develops this great cognition and wat kind of

ontermovement he introdces i s not to be set forth here. It is scient if weonsider tat it is not a matter of the mere thoghts of an otoftheway brooder,t of the arosal and shaping of a state of knowedge which itself is areadyorming history, not jst accompanying events ike an ineecta mirror. Itelongs t o the inmost es sence ofniil ism that it can be overcome only when morend more deeply known, ths never throgh deciding one day to cose one s eyesto it. Therefore, reection and ever more keen reection Knowledge , ever morenswerving knowledge. A knowledge which is not good and bearable for everyone, bt is inevitable for those who ave essentia tings to do in al areas ofhman activity.

The fact that the qestion of ow freedom is reated to system, whether asystem of freedom is poss ibe or not, the fact that the qes tion of system doesn tppea to s today at al is not a matter ofcance, bt is a necessary conseqenceo dominant niilism, a conseqence of the fact that thinking and the wil tooprehend in genera appear to s as a hopeess eort in the face of transpiringreality. The express rennciation of the system then spposedy means, however,tking the sitation and vaation of knowedge, as it is today, seriosy. Takingthe sitation seriosly is ony the rst step toward te reection and the honesty of thinking whic rej ects all veiing and conterfeiting. B t then or indierenceto system and complete insens itivity to the qestion of the system of nowledge,ten al of this is for the bes t and a sign tat we are no longer pretendinga rst,althogh only a negative, step toward honesty and ths toward overcomingihilism . With this indierence to system we wod then approach Nietzsche srel will which makes nihi lism evident for the soe prpose of overcoming it andeginning to introdce this overcoming .

hat does Netzsche say abot system? In one of his ast writings, lgh t Iol, wrtte the fal of 1 in SisMaria, the rst section bears te titleayings ad Arrows." Nmber 26 reads I distrst all systemmakers anda tem he wil to a system is a lack of prightness" (V I I I , 6 And froma seat earer erod , the years of the rst version of h Pr ( 1es te fo reark he will to a for a philosopher morallysea a er deadee a s ckess of haracternmoraly speakng his wil


32/203

24 Shlling Tai on h En Human Frdom

to appear more stupid than he ismore stupid, that means stroner, simplemore imperious, less cultured, more commandin, more tyrannical (X

353 Nie tzsche says of himself that he is not limi ted enouh for a system (X354, all quotes from the Gossok tvusbe)With th is , the renunciation of system appears to be elevated to a principle An

we can riht away spare ourselves the question about the system offreedom anabout system in eneral as bein a plenty antiquated and in any case meresuspicious questionand thus spare ourslves havin to do with the whotreatise namely Ni etzsche were an infallible and thus wellestablisheauthori ty for us He is that no more than any other of the reat thnkers Besideand above all Nietzsche's words , which we quoted and which evryone especial

likes to quote today, about ," that means here aainst " system in philosophy, dnot exhaust what he has to say about it, they don' t even et at what is decisiveIt could be that a renunciation of system is necessary now, but not because

system is in itse lf somethin impossible and empty, bt on the contrary because iis the hihest and essentia thin An this is indeed Nietzsche's innermosconviction The wil to a system is , however, a lack of uprihtness , namey, whenthis will raes ihou and br the overcomin of nihi ism, becase it then onfurthers nihii sm, an anesthtization withn the enera spiritual evastation

Nietzsches attitde toward system is fnantaly ernt from that oKierkeaard who is usaly mentioned hre tother with Nietzsch Kierkeaard dos completely reject th system, bt by syste" he means only teHeelian system and msnerstans it at that; ( 2 ) Kierkeaar's rej ection osystem is no a philoophial one, with philosophica intention, but a reiious oneWhat Kierkeaar brns aanst the system" from the stanpoint of a Christan believer is ineniousfor example, when he says the phiosopher of thsystem is as a man like someone who bui ds a cast e, but liv next oor in a shed That is inenious, but nimportant philosophically because the system

especially in Heel's supposed version of it, is domatically taken as somethnselfexplanatory in philosophyAl of this is said by the way in order to show by implication that t

combnat ion ofKierkeaard and Nietzsche, which has now become customary, justied in many ways, but is fnamentay ntre philosophically and miseadin Kierkeaard's indir sinicance for philosophy lies in a quidierent direction

n the fall of 8 Kierkeaard came to Berlin to hear Schellin on tSystem of reedom" He s tayed four and a half months there and came back

Copenhaen disappointedA leitimate philosophical renunciation of system can ony oriinate from an;essential insiht into it and from an essential evauation of system. But then aletimate renunciation s fundamentay derent from mere ndierence

system, ierent from mere helpessness wt rear o te qeon of syste


33/203

Inrpraion h Fir Diuion in Shin } Tai 25

fcose we nd sc indieence and elplessness wi egad o te idea of asste diectly and easily today in oselves B if wa we" believe and wato tinks can be even less ncondi ional and neamined an aoiy tan teods of geat tinkes, we may not falsify o elplessness in e qesion ofsste wiot fe ado o imply an actal lack of vale in e qes ion of asyste

e fac ta e qestion abot te possibiliy of a sysem offeed om and the

uestion ofsstem in geneal initially does seem to concen s a all is no evidenceaainst e qesion, b ate only against s Evidence agains s consiss no

onl in te fact hat we no longe know anying inelligen abo tis qestion,

ut also beyond at in the fac ta te seiosness and e coage fo eecionare threaening o dwindle in us .

Scelling imself emphasizes e following a the end of e efeence o e

spposed incompatibi liy of system and e concep of feedom I is no easy odispte geneal amations of is so; fo who knows wa esicing noions

have aleady been aaced to e wod sysem" iself, so a e asseion

declaes someing wich, o be se, is vey e b also vey commonplace . "s we ask ( 1 Wat, in geneal, is a system? ( 2 How and unde wa

onditions does pilosopy come to bild a sysem? ( 3) Wy is system" pe-isely in te pilosopy of Geman Idealism a bale call and an inmosteqiemen? (4) Wic qes ions wi egad to h e possibiliy of a system offeedom and system in geneal does Scelling select in he geneal discssion ofhis intodction?

egading wa, in nra, i a ym? Like many ohe wods wic avele tei impin on e ealm of o man eisence, wehe diecly o intanslation , e wod comes fom e Geek. When we sae ti s, we ae no j s

naming e oiginal langage of e wod, b e people , e ceaive foce o atpeople wic in is poes, inkes, staesmen, and ass bogh abot teeatest fomaive a ack on te wole of Being whic eve occed in Westenhistoy Essen tial wods ae no aicially invened signs and maks wic aeasted on tings meely o idenify hem. Essenial wods ae deeds wichhappen in tose moments wee te ligning as of a gea enlightenmen goesthogh the nivese .

et s st develop h mai ma accoding o its acal possib iliie s.Sstem com

es fom he Geek iemi, I p ogee, and is can mean wo thins Fist, or_q

�

i

lg

s

c

a way at no only is wat is esen and!g_d

is tr

i bu t

d and �ved accoding o an aleady eisten new of

o· eample, te way e widwpane is insd it ompleted�

f

ra

m -

b

t ode in sc a way tha e ode i self is eeby sOJeted Bt this pojection, if it is genine, is no Y·own ovr tings , not

ped on top of them A genine pojecion ows beings apa in sc aa tat the ecise now ecome visibe in he niy o ei inmos joine


34/203

26 Shing Tai on h En uman Frdm

for example the jointure which determines a living thing , a living ng, yma uoma; we sti ll speak today of the nervous system, of the m dgest on and

procreation.I place tgether" can, however, also mean s imply I shoe-o whout aprevious network f order-anything together with anythng ee indiscriminately and endlesly. Accordingly yma can al so mean mr umuaionand patchwork. Bn these extreme opposites ofmningnnr jo inture andmere manipulation-stands that which gives system its name: fraQ ew �k> n�an inner order, but also @t a mere external accumion.

� System can signify several thingsn the one hand, an nner jonure giing

things their foundation and support, on the other hand, mere xtna manipula

tion, and nally in between something like a framework. Thi c pons out thatthis inner possib ility of wavering etween jointure and manputon nd framework always belongs to system, that every genuine sytem awa remainsthreatened by the decline into what is spurious, that eery puru system canalways give the appearance o being genuine. In any case we nd n he nguist icusage ofthe Greeks al the decisive d irections of the meaning w iovd nnerjinture , external manipulation, framework.

Thus the kom is caled: ma ouranou kai g a jontur heaven and

arth, certainy not a mer externa compilation of both. There o te phrasema poiia, the system of the shaping order o ommun nu. Syma isunderstood in another way in the phrase phaagg ma rp rmon inthe shape and lining up of the phalnx . " Here the groupng ur, u notexternal It is rather guided by a denit understanding nd dpton o thecourse and order f battle. Syma signies something extern whn mplymeans a pile, a nd, or in the ase ofdtors, accumuatin and congon o theblood and body uids

Later the word system is al so used in the ralm of cogniton, o knowldge, andthis usage becme particularly well known in uch phrase he syem ofphilosophy, the system of sciences . Accordng to what we have said in prncipleabout the word and concept system we an suspect that her, too, ystem can bintended and used in a genuine and a false sene. Een more than this . Because ofthe inner possibili ty of ambiguity which eongs o the natur o the sstem, thattempt to form a system must it self be ambiguous and in any ase not a mater ofcourse This is the case only where the sys tem of phiosophy but, ao, hat of thsciences are intended in a qui te externa sense. Thus , we have again and again

schoolteachers who hae gone wid or reired privy councillors in a provinciacourt, good people in their profession who get the idea that they have to make system of philosophy or world view. On a foundation of writings read at randoto no purpose, large tabes and compartments re then projected in which thwhole world is stued, if possible decked ut, with lots of numbers , gures , anarrows And there are peope and places who tae tis stu seriously an


35/203

Inrprain h Firs Disussins in Shin' Tais 2 7

perpetrate it. But what is fatal is not the fact tat suc things go on that is asecessary as the husks in wine pressing . What is fatal is only the fact that people

think that such an arbitrarily patchedtogether network of title compartmentsrepresents the sole true form of a system and that i t is hrr suitable not tobother with the question of system at al l. To be sure the false form of system andthe business of constructing systems must be rejected again and again but only

bcause system in the true sense is one indeed the task of philosophy.

But again this does not mean that system is aways the pressing and sole task.Sti ll less does it mean that system always has the same form and the samemeaning in the manner of external uniformity. Thee is great philosophy withouta sys tem The whole of Greek philosophy is proof of this. The beginning of Western philosophy was without a system but yet or rather especiay for that

reason this phiosophizing was thoroughly systematic that is directed andsupported by a quite denite inner jointure ad orde of questioning thatquestioning which in general created the essentia presupposition for al systematics and a possibe system. Neither Plato o Ais totle have a system of

philosophy neiter in the sense of building a ised syste or in the sense ofeven projecting one . But they did create the pesuppositions for te reuiement

and actualization of buiding a system and at rs against their il s precisely foran external and false system. Thus whoeve speaks of Platos sys tem or Aristot lessystem is fas ifying histoy and blocking the way to te iner movemet of thisphilosophizing and the understanding of its caim to tut

The socalled summas of medieval theology too are not systems but a form ofdoctrinaire communication of the content of knoedge. It is true that incontrast to other academic methods of presentation commentaries disputationsnd qestions the summas carry out an orde ofthe material which is independent

of th coincidentally treated subject matter and of the necessi ty at hand of a s ingletching lesson and matter of dispute. Stil the summas are primarily directedtord teaching. They are handbooks.

Th famous Summa hia of Thomas Auinas is a hadbook too ahndbook for beginners whose function is to pesent a is esse ial in a simpleordrd way. One should compare the Pru of the work Quia catholicaevrittis doctor non solum provectos debet instruee sed ad eum pertinet etiamicipients rudire (secndum illud Apostoi 1 ad ointh. 3 12 Tamquam

vlis in hristo lac vobis potum dedi no escam propositum nostraettionis in hoc opere est ea quae ad christiaam religionem pertinet eoodo tractare secundm quod congruit ad eruditioem incipetium . S incet tcer of atholic truth not only has to teach tose who are advanced(rocti bt his dty is also to prepare beginners (inipins according to thosords o th Apostls I . or 3, In accordance with the small children who your v iven myslf s drink and not as solid food because it is thus a mattero rring beginners or proposed intention in tis ork is to treat what


36/203

28 Sching Tai n h Enc Human Frdm

concerns hrist ian Faith in such a way that it correspons to e knowege ofbeginners "

The intention of the Summa an tus thewhoe charace o e

wok cou notbe more clearly known But still these Summa are oen compae wih meealcatherals Now of course eery comparison imps Bu is compason oftheological handbooks with meieal caheras not ony imps an ws it iscompetely impossibl e The meieal catheras an h towes au n articulate egrees towar heaen The counterpar wou be a a Summa was builtup upon a broa founaion o the apex owar heaen; a is owa Go Butthe Summa starts precisely wi the apex a consequeny speas out in practical moral human life If the compaison between a scoo anbook an a

builing and wok of art is areay generaly quesionabe eay becomesimpossibe when the sructura oerwhic beongs o e comparisonisexacty opposite in boh

But the conceptual confusion increases beyon measue wen ese Summa, asthe suppose systems of meiea thought ae compae wi e ea syses ofHege and Schelling or with the suppose systs of ao an Arsoe Thiskind of intel ectual his tory mght be ery skfu an eece as an apgia, but ihas nothing to o with a knowege of isoy an aboe a obsucs thecorrect cgniin of te meiea peio i tsef an e manne o i saping ofknowege But this misntepetation also peens wa we ae ost concernedwith hee the correct cognion of e natue an a eans aso e con onsof the poss ibi ity of a system

If an anty to sys tem is pesen in meea shapng of knowege s n themanner of subiiding an orering egrees of e eams of Beng Te wok ofthe greatest Western thinker of the aroinan peo te Isman ScotusEiugena belongs here pri phy mrimu, diviin natura, wtten aoun860. The inuence of Neopatonism is eien ee oo a ae Geek philoso

phy which is areay permeate wit Juaeoistan an Roman hought anwhich later actualy was no witou nuence on the manne of formation osysems

Sys tem" is not the mere arrangemen of a nse boy of ocine for thpurpose of simpy teaching beginners n te sciences In genea a system is no

only (an not primarily) an oer of compete atea of knowege an alu

of knowlege for the purpose of correc communication of knowege but syste

is the inner jointue of what is compeensibe tsef is founing eelopme

an ordering. Een more, system is the conscious joining of the jointure a

coheence of Being itse If sysem thus as nohing o he externaity _�d haphazarness of the articial oer of a cassication of materia uner hea�nan numbers , then the formation of sysems stans under quite enite co tns and cannot come about istoricay at an arbiay ime.


37/203

Inrprain h Firs isussins in Shin Tais 29

e cme t (2 ) hw and unde what cnditin de phiphy cme t

bid a ytem?he pibi lity f the thught f mething lie a ytem and the pibi ity f

it tating pint and develpment have thei wn peuppitin Thi cncenthing e than the intepetatin f Being and tuth and nwedge in genea

Th

itYJf m

in the deni te hitical fm in which we nw themup t n h� !)_el ned up ince the mment when We ten hity

teed wh

a

t

w

e

ca t

h

_m

o .

r od

T

h� .. e .

�

SSi

bi

i

ty 0. f

the

t

er

f nw,"�e and the wl t tem a � manne of : d i s cover ng te uman being a

entia chaactei tic f the mden pid. T want t nd ytem in hitbfe thi time dipay · a lac f undetanding f the cncept ytem amiintepetatin in an extena ene

Of cue ne can g fm the ea and unique ytem and attempt atytem f the mden peid bac t the pat and hw imiaitie But thi dent pve that the imiaity i a a habinge the expicit beginning f an eayfm and the necei ty f a wi t ytem And infa a the chaacte fjintuebelng t the eence f Being in geneawich f cue mut be hwnthee ie in a phiphy a aing abut Being te ientatin twad jintueand jining twad ytem A phihy i ytematica but n yte andt ny nt a ytem becaue en t get nihed Cnveey wat appeat be a ytem i nt away ytematic thught that i philp Fm al fthi f that ne mut nw cleay what ne mean whn ne ay ytem

It wud g fa beynd the imit f u ta i f e attempted t peent thehitical (and that mean at the ame time the factua) cnditin f thepibiity and devepment f the idea f ytem in cntext Beide theecnditin ae nt away peent in the ame way at the ame time; but athethey develp in the cue f mden i ty in dieent degee f cai ty anduece and cnditin and hinder each ther mutuay. Thi mean abve atat the idea f ytem and the manne f it ea izatin ae fced int quite te path which ce tgethe in the fm f the ytem f Geman Idea-m

Thu we nw want t name ny a few f the main cnditin unde which theeman f ytem wa able t devep and the t attempt t fm a yemcul cme abu t Hweve we may ik thi nra veview ny by beaing in

mi that n what flw in flwing Scheing' teatie eentia pint wieet themelve t u n a me denite fm

N engthy pf i neceay t the eect that thee cnditin _thelity f fmin a ytm ae at th sa im the eentia £tin

n and exi�ence f the moder scincs, f what we nw tday a "cience T

h

mde Cnce i j ut as dieent in i t factual chaacte m that f the Mle Age a medeval cienc i fm ancient cience. Te idea t i extant f


38/203

0 Shein Teatie n the Eene Human Freedm

a" science as it travels through he times by itself and is supposed o be preservedin its eternal value also has its denite codiions of origi but it prevents

precisely what it wants the maintenance of he scienic spirit The latter ismaintained only by profoundly renewing itselffrom time o imejust as the fallingof a level of achievement can only be preveted by being consanly raised

The main conditions of the rst formation of a sys tem are as follows In the development of goals of knowledge ad in the founding of forms o

knowledge a completely new claim makes i self know We call hat briey thepredminane the mathematia. The mathematical is a den itely oriented interpretation of the nature of knowldge in general Accordingly here belongs to

knowledge the se lforiginating foundation of what is knowabl in erms of andwithin rst principles which need no foundation Thus he uni of a fouational context of principles suppored by rst principles and r d in accordq cewith them is required for he toality of knowledge The new ev lo - n omathematics which helps o determine the beginning of the moder period is not as one might think the rean for the predomiance of h mathematical but nequene of it (Compare What i a hin tras W B Baro Jr and VeraDeutsch Chicago Henry egnery Co 1967] pp 69)

2 Taken as the criterio for all ofknowledge he mahemaical eres ofha

knowledge an ultimat ad absoluely cerai foundaio This requiremenmeans o earh within the otal ealm of beings for the somehing kowable whichi itself admits of a correspondig founda io of ise To search for a knowledgewhich becomes founed by kowing iself a allowig oly his as knownKnowledge consids i selffounded whe i is ceain of isel This cerainty andits guaranee become the foundaion of al kowledge and tus he foudatioof the ruth of what is knowable N what is important abve all is at in gneralsomething is immediately and unshakably kowable a all imes ad n then is

of enda imporance hat hat is in conte hat is know ha i s appropriateas something manifes hat is true This precedece of certaity over ruth leadsto conceiving truth i tselfas crta inty HI th pr c d nc 9. hod)ov o_t is at sake

. This matical requiremen of certainty as he cr iterio for all knowledge nds a quite denite ful llment hisorically From this i follows that the it is posi ted as wha is rst of all and ruly kowable and hus true I think anthus know myself as thinking I nd mysef as existing the being of my ego absolutely certain Descares thus created for he requiremen of mathematiccertainty the ground and foundation sucie for it and placed knowledge general upon the se lfcertainty of he princip le: hink Iam"

. The selfcertainty of thinking decides wha is" as a principle and thfundamentally Thinking and its cerainty become the crierion for truth. Aonly what is true can be acknowledged as ruly exitent The slfcerainty o


39/203

Inerpreaion he Fi Diuion in Sheing � Teaie 3 1

tinin bcoms th cout oudmt hich dcids hat ca b and anno b,evn mor, what Being mas i gral .

Th so citio o chuch docti o th who odi ad omi otrut ad nod bas do ad yids o th oi pdomiac oseein oundin its Th ci tia t tud aoud Th tuth o aith adaitu od a no masud i tms o th sctaity o putinin with ad to its coctss

Tins and m i Pasca tid oc aai to hod ast to pu thii adpu aith, both i thi oiiai ty ad acum toth ad i o Nxt to thlic o th undstadin coms h oic o th hat

But whn th cumnica oc oss th so po as h st ad a souc tuth, th tota am o bis as it was omd by Chistiaity dos otdisappa om vi O th cotay, th od o bis as a hoGod, thcreato, th od o catus, ma, boi to th od ad dstid oodths bis as a ho thus xpicd o spciay demand a nessmaion o th oudatio ad ith th mas o od oudi is

, hov, w must ta ito cosidatio th act that thouh GmaPotstat ism i th Romatio ot oy Roma doma as chad, but aso

th RomaOita om o th Chistia xpic o Bi as tasomd hat as aady bi ppad i th Midd As with Mast cadt,Tau, ad Sus ad i th Gma heoogia is bouht to ba i a bii ad i a mo comphsiv way by Nicoaus Cusaus, by uth,Sebastia Fa, Jacob Bohmad i at by Abct D

6 Th shatti o th so domiac o th chuc i isati odand actio is udstood as a iberaion o ma o hime But what ma is ashims, hi his bi a soudsist is dmid oy i his i batio

and by th dity oitd histoy o his ibatio Huma thii,hich h mas th omi pos o ma, bcoms h udamta a othins thmsvs T coust o th od i owd ad actio bis N

�

t

lywit e t xt, but abo ith ad ti_( it is quit i�n om bo Coe and th o) tu ito pos o thi oin h most nao, cipoca coctio ith th rign o echnoog hich is smehin dit om th pvious ivtio� f� !e

comes

th cisiv man o s-dvopmt o huma cativity ad at sam tim itsn way o conqu in th od o y ad a

Man fely catin and ui hims i cati � bcoms th �a f bein truy huma But th cptio o at, too, th man ad xtnt oIs culivaion is pimaily dcidd by huma judmt y stadi o its y tte.

e iea of soveeinty" bins a n omatio of h stat ad a n id opoiical hought and _ requirement. - -


40/203

32 Shng Ta n h En Human Frdm

In everything recunted jut nw, an inner cntext i berayed, a hang fEurpean exitence in term f a grund whic remain in the dark fr u up until

tday. Perhap ur century, t, tday till t cle t al tit cleepecially al in it will t vercmet be able t appraie what reallyhappened . Perhap we can never knw thi in itel' at all becae pat hi trybecme new again and again a pat thrugh it future

What de all f thi have t d with ytem" ? Anticipating, we tated in a tillundened indicatin f the cncept y tem i the j inture f Being itelf, nt nlyan added framewrk fr being and certa inly nt an arbitrary cncatenatin .

What, t hen, mut happen in rde r that a ytem," that i, the expure anderectin f the jinture f Being i telf, can cme abut? Nthing le than theariing f uch an interpretatin f Being, it determinabiliy and trut and uch apitin f man with regard t Be ing which make the requiremen f a te"pibl , \itOl necery Smething like thi riginated in the begin

_ ning, mre exactly, cur a he f the mdern erd In a hi trical mmen were man' exitence undertand ief and bring

itelf abut a being free fr an empwering f Being funded pn i telf, a temt extreme and rt gal fr uh human being, the will mu devep inelevating Being a a whle in a maniplable tructure t guiding kwledge h

ak harg Bng n jnur, fr hapng and knng i eentiallyanimated and cnrmed by the new experience f man a the geiu The_ determinatin f the f hi jintre, wever, i at the ame time

pregured by the dminance f the mahmaa. Fr ince thi thinking under-tand it elf a the curt f j udgment ver Being, Being ite lf can nly have amathemat ical tructure . Hwever, ince freeing man t hime lf i a etting free fman in the middle f being a a whle, that ttality (Gdwrdman) mu t beundertd and rdered in term f the unity f a jinture and uch a unity.

The realm f being a a whle experienced in a Chri tian way i thugh

and created accrding t the lawfulne f thinking determining all Being in tefrm f a mathematical cnnectin ffundatin rd nnx da rum dm ard nnx rrum (Spinza, Eh, Part II , Prp VII) The knwingcnquet f Beng a jinture, ytem and the will t ytem, thi i nt medicvery f diyncratic mind, but t i t he innermt law f exitence f th

whle age. Sytem," knwledge' will t ytem, characterize the changedpitin f knwledge with regard t the nu f the Middle Age in i t truegrund and extent.

In the cncept ytem," all f thi reverberate at the ame time themathemacal, tnking a the law f Being, the lawgiving f the geniu, thefreeing f man t freedm in the middle f being a a whle, the whle telf in it partcular mna ub qu One undertand nthing f what happened t be givente name barque" f ne a nt undertd he nature f ti frmatin fytem

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