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Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit BA Philosophy optional course, final year Autumn Term 2005: Gordon Finlayson Email [email protected] Home Page: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/jgf21 Time and Venue Wednesdays, Russell Building 14, 9.00=11.00 a.m. Course outline The course will consist mainly in a close reading and philosophically informed interpretation of the major sections of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. There is no agreed view of the overall aim or meaning of Hegel’s philosophy, and interpretations in the secondary literature vary wildly. We will examine two opposed schools of interpretation: one that sees Hegel as working (albeit critically) within the tradition of transcendental philosophy established by Kant, the other that takes Hegel to be defending the metaphysical tradition after Kant’s critique of it. We will thus be comparing Robert Pippin and Terry Pinkard on the one hand with Frederick Beiser, and Charles Taylor on the other. Abbreviations * = particularly recommended r = copy in reserve collection + = introductory m(r) = copy in main collection for reference only [] = date of original publication rph = photocopy in reserve collection 1

Transcript of HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY Summer 2004 – Reading Listusers.sussex.ac.uk/~jgf21/Hegco.doc  · Web...

Page 1: HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY Summer 2004 – Reading Listusers.sussex.ac.uk/~jgf21/Hegco.doc  · Web viewPlant, Raymond, (1997) Hegel, The Great Philosophers [B 2949.R3 Pla - s, m] (pb,

Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit

BA Philosophy optional course, final yearAutumn Term 2005: Gordon Finlayson

Email [email protected] Page: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/jgf21

Time and Venue Wednesdays, Russell Building 14, 9.00=11.00 a.m.

Course outline

The course will consist mainly in a close reading and philosophically informed interpretation of the major sections of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. There is no agreed view of the overall aim or meaning of Hegel’s philosophy, and interpretations in the secondary literature vary wildly. We will examine two opposed schools of interpretation: one that sees Hegel as working (albeit critically) within the tradition of transcendental philosophy established by Kant, the other that takes Hegel to be defending the metaphysical tradition after Kant’s critique of it. We will thus be comparing Robert Pippin and Terry Pinkard on the one hand with Frederick Beiser, and Charles Taylor on the other.

Abbreviations

* = particularly recommended r = copy in reserve collection+ = introductory m(r) = copy in main collection

for reference only

[] = date of original publication rph = photocopy in reserve collection3s = 3 etc. copies in short loan collection pb = edition currently in print m = copy in main collection B248 = photocopy in ‘Hegel’ box in

B248

Alternative Sources for articlesSome of the articles which appear in this reading list may be available in electronic format – see http://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/journals_and_newspapers/index.shtml

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Introductory reading:

Houlgate, S. (1991) Freedom Truth and History: An Introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy [B 2948 Hou - 2s, r]

Plant, Raymond, (1997) Hegel, The Great Philosophers [B 2949.R3 Pla - s, m] (pb, £2 and very short; good on Hegel’s aim of ‘overcoming division’)

*Plant, Raymond, Hegel : an introduction 2nd ed. Oxford : Blackwell, 1983

Primary text for the course

Hegel, G.W.F. The Phenomenology of Spirit, [1807] trans. A.V. Miller, OUP 1977 [B 2928.E5 Mil - 11s, m] (pb)

You should buy your own copy of this book, which also includes a useful (though not always accurate) paragraph-by-paragraph synopsis of the argument at the end. The older translation by J. B. Baillie as The Phenomenology of Mind [B 2928.E5 Bai - 2s, m] stays less close to the German text but often captures the overall sense of Hegel’s paragraphs better than Miller’s, and is useful in trying to work out the meaning of difficult passages.

Recommended Secondary Texts - I strongly recommend that you buy Stern’s guidebook and, if you can, that you buy either or both of the others.

*Stern, R. (2001)Hegel and the Phenomenology of Spirit, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook November;

*Pinkard, T. (1994) Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason [B 2929 Pin - s, r] (pb) (a tendentiously ‘communitarian’ inter-pretation, but good on Hegel’s historical references, and for pointers to secondary literature)

*Westphal, K (1989) Hegel’s Epistemological Realism [B 2929 Wes - r] (on the Introduction and the method of the Phenomenology)

Note on the weekly readings

Reading for each week is organised into particular topics. The primary text each week is essential reading for the seminar. The secondary text (where directed) is also essential. For each topic I have listed further reading, comprising chapters from the standard commentaries (in alphabetical order), and other readings (roughly in recommended order of reading).

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Week 1. Introduction to Hegel Theme: Spirit and ‘Science’

Generally the best place to begin reading a book is the beginning. In the case of the Phenomenology of Spirit this is not true: it begins with the preface, which as Hegel himself points out, one can only really understand if one has read the whole book. To begin with we will broach some of Hegel’s general views about the mind’s relation to objects, which is the topic of the Phenomenology by comparing the preface with a more approachable text, in which Hegel expounds some of his famous views on art, including the so called ‘death of art’ thesis.

Primary TextsHegel Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics, Penguin pp.12-14, 33-36, 46-60. Phenomenology Preface §§1-37, 47-49, 58-72 (34 pages)

Read the Preface quickly. Don’t stop to puzzle out every sentence. We’ll return to it at the end of the course. Here are some questions to bear in mind whilst reading. Don’t worry about the answers: the questions themselves should be useful. (§§1-5) What general view of the history of philosophy is Hegel putting forward? How does he situate himself in it? (§§6-8) What is Hegel’s view of the present historical situation of spirit (mind)? (§§9-10) What is Hegel’s objection to intuitionism here? (§§11-16) What is his objection to ‘formalism’? (§§17-24) What general conception of reality (the absolute, the true) is Hegel putting forward? What does he mean by saying that the true is ‘not only substance but also subject’, and that ‘the true is the whole’? Why does it follow that knowledge of reality must be expounded ‘as science or system’? (§§25-34) Why should this science require the standpoint (the element) of ‘pure self-recognition in absolute otherness’? Why does Hegel think it necessary describe the process of attaining this standpoint by writing the Phenomenology? What is the Phenomenology meant to tell us that we don’t know already? (§§35-37) How will the content of Hegel’s speculative philosophy (in his Logic) be related to that of the Phenomenology? (§§47-49) What is Hegel trying to say by likening ‘the true’ to a Bacchanalian revel? (§§58-66) What is the difference between ‘argumentative’ and ‘speculative’ thinking? What is a ‘speculative proposition’? (§67-70) Is Hegel a rationalist?

Seminar Questions:Can you figure out what problem or question, if any, Hegel takes the Phenomenology of Spirit to answer?At whom or to whom is the book, or its argument, addressed, and why?What does hegel mean by ‘spirit’ ‘science’ ‘subject’ and substance?What does Hegel say about spirit/mind and its relation to nature? What general view is the image of the young boy throwing stones in the water supposed to illustrate? In what sense, if any, does Hegel say that art is dead?What specific claims does Hegel make about the nature of modern society? How do these bear on his so called ‘death of art’ thesis?

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Further Reading Stern (2001) pp.1-36, On Hegel’s life, the Phenomenology and its PrefacePinkard (1994) -20

On the Preface in general:Flay (1984) ch. 1Heidegger [1930-31] IntroductionPippin (1989) ch. 5 pp. 99-115Solomon (1983) ch. 4bWestphal, M. (1979) ch. 2

Beiser, F.C. (1993) ‘Introduction: Hegel and the problem of metaphysics’, in Beiser ed.

Kaufmann, W. (1965) Hegel: Reinterpretation, Texts and Commentary, ch. 8 [B 2948 Kau - m] (a translation of and paragraph by paragraph commentary on the Preface; this chapter is separately published by Kaufmann as Hegel: Texts and Commentary [B 2928.E5 Kau - 2s, m])

Sallis, J. (1977) ‘Hegel’s concept of presentation: its determination in the Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit’, Hegel-Studien 12 [not in library], reprinted in Sallis’s Delimitations [BD 111 Sal - m] and in Stewart ed.

Schacht, R. (1972) ‘A commentary on the Preface to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit’, Philosophical Studies 23 [B 21 Phi]

On the Phenomenology and history:Phenomenology §§27-29Hyppolite [1946] part 1 ch. 2 ‘History and phenomenology’Lukacs, G. [1948] The Young Hegel, sec. 4 ch. 3 [B 2948 Luk - 2s,

m]

Week 2. The method of the Phenomenology (the Introduction) Theme: Dialectic

Phenomenology, Introduction (pp.46-58, §73-89)Pyrrho ‘the Problem of the Criterion’ in Lives of the Philosophers Diogenes Laertius, vol II p.507.

Secondary texts:Stern pp. 36-42Westphal, K. (1988) ‘Hegel’s solution to the dilemma of the criterion’, History of Philosophy Quarterly 5 [not in library], reprinted in Stewart ed. (1998)

Seminar questions: What is the problem of the criterion?How does Hegel describe this problem?

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Why does he introduce his Phenomenology of Spirit with this problem?How does Hegel propose to solve this problem?To which philosophies does this problem apply? Whom do you think Hegel’s argument is aimed at? How can knowledge appear?What does Hegel mean by ‘consciousness’ ?

Further Reading:

Forster, M. Hegel and Scepticism, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard U.P., 1989

Gisela Striker, 'Kritêrion tês alêtheias' and 'The Problem of the Criterion', both in her Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics. CUP 1996 [Not in Library]

On the Introduction:Flay (1984) ch.1

*Norman (1976) ch. 1Pippin (1989) ch. 1 and ch. 5 pp. 91-99Solomon (1983) ch. 6

*Westphal, K. (1989) ch. 1Westphal, M. (1979) ch. 1Heidegger, M. [1950] Hegel’s Concept of Experience [B 3279.H48

H43 - m]

Week 3. Sense-certainty and perception

Primary text:Phenomenology (chs. 1-2) pp. 58-79 §90-131 (22 pages)

Secondary Text: Stern pp. 43-59

Seminar questions: Is sense-certainty a kind of knowing or a theory of what knowing is? In what way exactly is sense-certainty supposed to be inadequate? What assumptions does Hegel use in his argument to show that it is? What follows about knowledge, and about reality, from the argument on sense-certainty? How does ch. 1 illustrate the method described in the Introduction? What is the view of the object and of knowledge in ‘perception’? How is the character of perception determined by the transition from sense-certainty? In what way does perception turn out to be contradictory?

Further Reading:On ch. 1:Flay (1984) ch. 2

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Pinkard (1994) ch. 2 sec. 1Soll (1969) ch. 3Solomon (1983) ch. 7 sec. a Westphal, M. (1979) ch. 3

Hegel [1830] Philosophy of Mind [B 2918.E5 Wal - 2s, m] (also as Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit [B 2918.E5 Pet - m] or as The Berlin Phenomenology [B 2927.E5 Pet - m]), §§418-419 (Hegel’s brief summary in his mature system of the argument on sense-certainty; Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit and The Berlin Phenomenology have a better translation of the text)

The debate on sense-certainty:Heidegger [1930-31] part 1 ch. 1

*Feuerbach, L. [1839] ‘Towards a critique of Hegel’s philosophy’ in L.S. Stepelevich ed. The Young Hegelians 1983, see pp. 113-116 [B 2714 You - m]; also in Stern ed. vol. 1, see pp. 116-118

Taylor, C. (1975) ch. 4 sec. 2 (a slightly longer version of this, with references to Wittgenstein, is published as secs. 1-2 of ‘The opening arguments of the Phenomenology’, in A. MacIntyre ed.)

Soll, I. (1976) ‘Charles Taylor’s Hegel’, Journal of Philosophy 73 [B 1 Jou], reprinted in Inwood ed.

*Pippin (1989) ch. 6 sec. 1 [rph]

On perception:Flay (1984) ch. 3Heidegger [1930-31] part 1 ch. 2Norman (1976) ch. 2Pinkard (1994) ch. 2 sec. 2Pippin (1989) ch. 6 sec. 2Solomon (1983) ch. 7 secs. b-eTaylor, C. (1972) ‘The opening arguments of the Phenomenology’, section 3, in MacIntyre ed.

Westphal, M. [1973] ‘Hegel’s phenomenology of perception’, in Stewart ed.

Hegel [1830] Philosophy of Mind (or Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit or The Berlin Phenomenology) §§420-421

Essay questions:1. Does Hegel’s argument for the inadequacy of sense-certainty

depend on an assumption that all knowledge must be expressible in language?

2. Does Hegel’s argument for the inadequacy of perception as a form of consciousness exemplify the method described in the Introduction? If so, how?

Week 4. Self-consciousness (ch. 4)

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Primary text:Phenomenology ch. 4 (excluding the section on life, §§169-172) (33

pages)

Secondary texts:Pinkard (1994) ch. 3Stern (2001)

Seminar Tasks: Read Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit §172-§196 Divide it into 3 sections §172-178, §178-190 & §190-196. Make a brief (ten-sentence) précis of each section. The master slave dialectic can be read as a thesis about human freedom, a thesis about recognition, a thesis about the constitution of the modern self or ‘I’ and as a thesis about the nature or fabric of modern society. Attempt to put these four theses in your own words.

Seminar Questions: Master/SlaveWhat does Hegel mean by ‘desire’? What is the argument from self-consciousness to desire? What is the problem with desire? Why do the two selves enter into the life and death struggle? What does the life and death struggle symbolize? Why do the two combatants fall short of fighting to the death? What does the master/slave (lordship/bondsman) relation symbolize? In what sense does the master fail to achieve recognition and why? In what sense does the slave fail to achieve recognition and why? Which has the upper hand in the final analysis the master or slave, or neither of them? Give your reasons.

Stoicism, Scepticism and the Unhappy ConsciousnessHow does the master servant relationship lead to (a) ‘free’ self-consciousness, (b) ‘unhappy’ consciousness? How does the unhappy consciousness give rise to the conviction on the part of the subject that it ‘is all reality’? Is the section on ‘The Unhappy Consciousness’ in the Phenomenology an argument that religion is the result of social relations of mastery and servitude?

Further Reading

The modern debate on the master slave dialectic, was dominated by the reading of Alexander Kojève [1947] Introduction to the Reading of Hegel ‘In place of an introduction’ [B 2929 Koj - s, m] (He gives a seductive reading of ch. 4A that has set the tone for commentary on this section for 50 years) Kelly, G.A. (1966) ‘Notes on Hegel’s “Lordship and bondage”’,

Review of Metaphysics 19, reprinted in MacIntyre ed., in Stern ed. vol. 3, and in Stewart ed. (In a now classic article Kelly counters Kojève and interprets master and servant as aspects of a single consciousness)

On ch. 4 in general:Norman (1976) ch. 3Pippin (1989) ch. 7Taylor (1975) ch. 5 secs. 1-2Soll, I. (1969) ch. 1Solomon (1983) ch. 7f , ch. 8

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Gadamer [1966] ‘Hegel’s dialectic of self-consciousness’ in his Hegel’s Dialectic

On desire:Butler, J. (1987) Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in 20th Century France, ch. 1 [not in library]

On the struggle for recognition and the master-servant relation:Inwood, M. (1992) A Hegel Dictionary, entry on ‘recognition and acknowledgement’

Wood, A. (1994) Hegel’s Ethical Thought, ch. 4 [B 2949.E8 Woo - 2s, m] (on the idea of recognition in Fichte and Hegel)Williams, R.R. (1992) Recognition: Fichte and Hegel on the Other, chs. 7-8 [B 2949.C6 Wil - m]

Chitty, A. (1996) ‘On Hegel, the subject and political justification’, Res Publica 2:2 (see pp. 190-198) [rph]

Hegel [1809] The Philosophical Propaedeutic, section on self-consciousness, in L. Rauch and D. Sherman, Hegel’s Phenomenology of Self-Consciousness: Text and Commentary, pp. 47-51 [B 2929 Rau – m] (Hegel’s version of the dialectic of self-consciousness in a handbook for his high-school students written soon after the Phenomenology) [rph]

Hegel [1830] Philosophy of Mind (or Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit or The Berlin Phenomenology) §§424-437

On stoicism, scepticism and the unhappy consciousness:Hyppolite, J. (1971) ‘Hegel’s phenomenology and psychoanalysis’, in W.E. Steinkraus ed. New Studies in Hegel’s Philosophy [B 2948 Ste - m]

Burbidge, J.W. [1978] ‘Unhappy consciousness in Hegel: an analysis of medieval Catholicism?’, Mosaic 11 [not in library], reprinted in Burbidge’s Hegel on Logic and Religion [B 2949.R3 Bur - m] and in Stewart ed.

Essay questions:1. What does Hegel’s master/slave dialectic and/or the Unhappy

Consciousness show about Hegel’s conception of full (i.e. complete) recognition?

2. Why according to Hegel does a self-conscious being need to have another self-conscious being as its object? Is this true?

Week 5. Reading Week

In this week there will be no seminar to give you time to prepare your essays.

Week 6. Reason

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Primary texts:PhS, ch. 5 Introduction (§§231-240) & Bb The law of the heart + Bc Virtue and the way of the world §367-

94Cb Reason as lawgiver + Cc ‘Reason as testing laws’ (§§419-428)

Secondary Texts:Stern (2001) pp.114-132Pinkard (1994) chs. 4 pp. 79-80 92-134

Week 7. Ancient Sittlichkeit (Ethical Life)

Primary Text:Phenomenology ch. 6A) §438-476; ch 7Bc ‘Religion in the Form of

Art’ (on tragedy) §733-44 & also 753)

If you have not read Sophocles’s Antigone then read it. It is available in Penguin paperback, Sophocles: the Theban Plays tr. E.F.Watling, but a better version is Sophocles I (The Complete Greek Tragedies) tr. David Grene and Richard Lattimore, University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Essential Supplementary ReadingDiscussions of Antigone, the character, and of Sophocles’

eponymous tragic drama abound in Hegel’s writings, most notably in the Lecture on Aesthetics, in the Lectures on Religion, in the Lectures on the Philosophy of History, Lectures on the History of Philosophy and in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Fortunately most of these have been culled (albeit from old and not always reliable English translations) and bound together in a single volume:

On Tragedy, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, edited by Anne Paolucci and Henry Paolucci New York : Harper Torchbooks, 1975 [B 2905 Pao] the important passage to read is the one in Hegel’s ‘Lectures on the Philosophy of History’.

What features does Hegel associate with ancient Greek Sittlichkeit or ethical-life? What is the nature of its appeal? Is it a Golden Age? Is Hegel arguing for a return to Greece in modern Germany? Is it a kind of model? Is Hegel a classicist of some kind? Why does the Antigone play such a pivotal role in the story of the Phenomenology of Spirit? What do the figures of Antigone and Creon respectively represent? What is the nature of their relation to one another? Is it a relation of recognition? Does the outcome of events in the play tell us (according to Hegel) anything important about the nature of ancient Sittlichkeit?

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Further Reading:Stern (2001) 135-145Pinkard (1994) 137-146

On Hegel’s reading of AntigoneFinlayson, J.G. ‘Conflict and Reconciliation in Hegel’s Theory of the Tragic’ Journal of the History of Philosophy July 1999 vol. XXXVII 3. pp.493-521. My reading of Hegel’s creative misreading of the Antigone.

Donougho, Martin, "The Woman in White: On the Reception of Hegel's Antigone" - 21, 1 (Fall 1989): 65-89. (somewhat unruly but very rich, and up to 1989 comprehensive history of the reception of Hegel’s reading of Antigone.

On the ancient Greek worlds:Hyppolite [1946] part 5, introductionInwood, M. (1984) ‘Hegel, Plato and Greek “Sittlichkeit”’, in Z. A. Pelczynski ed. The State and Civil Society [JB 160 Heg - m]

Shklar, J. (1971) ‘Hegel’s Phenomenology: an elegy for Hellas’, in Pelczynski ed. Hegel’s Political Philosophy [JB 160 Heg - 5s, m] reprinted in Stern ed. G.W.F. Hegel: Critical Assessments vol. 3

Kelly, G.E. (1978) Hegel’s Retreat from Eleusis Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel, ch. 14 ‘Ethical substance’

On the concept of spirit:Taylor (1975) ch. 3 secs. 1-6, reprinted as Taylor’s Hegel and Modern Society ch. 1 secs. 1-6 [B 2948 Tay - 4s, m]

*Hardimon, M.O. (1994) Hegel’s Social Philosophy, introduction, ch. 2 sec. 1, pp. 95-122, conclusion [B 2949.S6 Har - m]

Solomon, R.C. (1970) ‘Hegel’s concept of “Geist”’, Review of Metaphysics 23 [B 1 Rev], reprinted in MacIntyre ed.

Williams, R.R. (1987) ‘Hegel’s concept of Geist’, in P.G. Stillman ed. Hegel’s Philosophy of Spirit [B 2919 Heg - s, m]

Feminist and Deconstructive ReadingsSeyla Benhabib ‘On Hegel, Women and Irony’ in Mills (1996).Judith Butler Antigone’s Claim (New York, Columbia University

Press, 2000)Jaques Derrida Glas Paris Editions Galilées, 1974)Luce Irigaray Speculum of the Other Woman Ithaca Cornell U.P.

1985Mills P Jagentowicz ‘Hegel’s Antigone’ in Mills P Jagentowicz

Feminist Interpretations of G.W.F.Hegel Pennsylvania: Penn. State University Press, 1996

Week 8. Enlightenment and the Terror

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Primary text:Phenomenology ch. 6B2 §538-581 ‘The Enlightenment’ & § 582-95 ‘Absolute Freedom and Terror’

Secondary texts:Stern (2001) 150-68Pinkard (1994) 165-193

Seminar questions: This week I want you to come up with your own guiding questions; pose them to yourself and then answer them.

Further ReadingOn the EnlightenmentHegel §§6-10, 26 Lectures on the History of Philosophy, part 3 introduction and section on ‘French Philosophy’

Hinchman, L.P. (1984) Hegel’s Critique of the EnlightenmentStern, R. (1993) ‘General introduction’, to Stern ed. G.W.F. Hegel: Critical Assessments, vol. 1 pp. 1-20

Pippin, R. (1997) ‘Hegel on historical meaning: for example, the Enlightenment’, Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 35

On the French RevolutionHabermas, J. [1963] ‘Hegel’s critique of the French Revolution’,

in his Theory and Practice, tr. J. Viertel 1973Harris, H.S. (1977) ‘Hegel and the French Revolution’, Clio 7, pp.

5-18Nusser, K. [1970] ‘The French Revolution in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, in Stewart ed. (1998)Ritter, J. [1956] ‘Hegel and the French Revolution’, in his Hegel

and the French Revolution, tr. R. Winfield 1982+ Solomon (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel, pp. 559-564+ Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel pp. 403-421

On Modernity*Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel and Modern Society (= Hegel chs. 3,1 4,

15, 20) Habermas, J. [1985] The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity,

lecture 2Westphal, M. (1992) Hegel, Freedom, and ModernityShklar, J. (1976) Freedom and Independence: A Study of The

Political Ideas in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind

On alienated spirit (ch. 6B): (NB Miller translates Entäusserung as externalisation, divestment or kenosis, and Entfremdung as alienation)

Phenomenology, §§229-231, 484-516, 671, 788-795, 803-808 (passages that use the two terms explicitly)

Inwood, M. (1992) A Hegel Dictionary, entries on ‘alienation and estrangement’

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Hardimon, M. (1994) Hegel’s Social Philosophy, introduction, pp. 95-122, conclusion [B 2949.S6 Har - m]

Schacht, R. (1971) Alienation, ch. 2 [HB 500 Sch - m, rph]

Essay questions:1. ‘Hegel’s account of the French Revolution constitutes a

devastating argument against the ideal of direct democracy.’ Discuss.

Week 9. Morality

Primary Text:Phenomenology vi 6C §596-671 pp. 364-409 (Also have a look back

at ‘Reason as testing laws’ (§§419-428))

Secondary Texts:

Stern (2001) pp. 168-182Pinkard (1994) pp. 186-220Finlayson J.G. (1998) ‘Does Hegel’s Critique of Kant’s Moral Theory

apply to Habermas’s Discourse Ethics?’ Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain, 17-35: slightly different version of this paper is printed in Habermas: A Critical Reader, P.Dews ed. Oxford, Blackwell, ch 1. 29-52. ‘Habermas’ Discourse Ethics and Hegel’s Critique of Kant’s Moral Theory.’

Seminar Questions:

What are Hegel’s chief criticisms of the moral standpoint, or of Kantian morality? What are his objections to formalism? (What does he propose instead? What is a non-formal ethics?) What are his objections to the emptiness of the moral law? Are they good objections? What are Hegel’s objections to Kan’t conception of agency? Are they good? In what sense is Kantian morality or the Kantian moral standpoint sublated or aufgehoben in the Phenomenology of Spirit. What is it aufgehoben into?

Further Reading:

On Hegel’s critique of Kant’s ethics (ch. 5Cc):Allison, H. (1990) Kant’s Theory of Freedom, ch. 10 sec. 2 [B 2799.F8 All - 7s, m] (responds to Wood 1989)

Kain Phillip J. ‘Hegel’s Critique of Kantian Practical Reason’ Canadian Journal of Philosophy vol. 28 no. 3, September 1998, pp. 367-412.

T. M. Knox ‘Hegel’s Attitude to Kant’s Ethics’ Kant-Studien 1957. H. Lottenbach and S. Tenenbaum ‘Hegels Critique of Kant in the Philosophy of Right’ in Kant-Studien 86, 1995 pp.211-230.

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*F. Neuhouser Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory, ch 7 ‘The Place of Moral Subjectivity in Ethical Life’, Harvard U. P., 2000.Patten, A. (1999) Hegel’s Idea of Freedom, ch. 3 sec. 2 [B

2949.F7 Pat - m]*Pippin R. ‘Idealism and Agency in Kant and Hegel’ Journal of Philosophy vol. lxxxviii,no.10 (October, 1991)

Pippin R. ‘Hegel, Ethical Reasons, Kantian Rejoinders’, in Philosophical Topics, vol. 19, no.2 (Fall, 1991) reprinted in Idealism as Modernism 1997

Sedgwick, S.S. (1988) ‘On the relation of pure reason to content: a reply to Hegel’s critique of formalism in Kant’s ethics’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 49 [B 1 Phi]

Siep, L. (1983) ‘The Aufhebung of morality in ethical life’ in L. Stepelevich and D. Lamb eds. Hegel’s Philosophy of Action

*John E. Smith ‘Hegel’s Critique of Kant’ in Review of Metaphysics, vol. xxvi No. 3 (March 1973), reprinted in Hegel and the History of Philosophy O’Malley, Algozin and Weiss eds. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1974, pp.109-125.

Wood Allan, ‘Does Hegel have an ethics?’ The Monist 1991 pp. 358-385.

Wood, A. (1989) ‘The emptiness of the moral will’, The Monist 72:3 [B1 Mon], reprinted in Stern ed. vol. 4

Wood, A. (1990) Hegel’s Ethical Thought, chs. 8-9 [B 2949.E8 - 2s, m]

Essay Questions:1. Expound, analyse and critically evaluate at least one of Hegel’s

argument against Kant’s moral theory.2. Does Hegel have an ethics?3. In what sense, if any, is there a sublation or Aufhebung of

morality in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit? What are its implications for Hegel’s theory of ethics?

Week 10. Religion and Absolute Knowing

Primary text:Phenomenology, chapter 7 Introduction (§§672-683; 7B

Introduction (§§699-704); 7C ‘Revealed religion’ §748-787;. 8 ‘Absolute knowing’ §788-808 (43 pages)

Secondary Texts:

Stern (2001) 183-201Pinkard (1994) ch. 6

Seminar questions: What does religious consciousness essentially consist in, for Hegel? What does Hegel mean by the divine? How does the concept of the divine change from primitive Christianity to later Christianity? What is the difference between

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the final form of Christianity and Hegel’s own philosophy? What does Hegel mean by saying that absolute knowing brings time to an end? Why does the chapter on absolute knowing consist largely in a recapitulation

On the relation between religion and philosophy in Hegel:Protestant theology in the nineteenth century : its background

and history / (by) K. Barth SCM P., 1972 [BT 30.G3 Bar]Taylor (1975) ch. 18Hegel [1820s] Introduction to the Lectures on the History of

Philosophy, tr. Knox and Miller, pp. 28-41, 114-162 [B 2936.E5 Kno - 2s, m] (roughly the same material appears as Lectures on the History of Philosophy, tr. Haldane, vol. 1 pp. 55-92 [B 82 Heg - 2m])

Fackenheim, Emil L. The religious dimension in Hegel's thought Indiana U.P., 1967/ [B 2949.R3 Fac]

Doull James, "Review of Emil Fackenheim's The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought", Dialogue, (1969) 483-91

Lauer, Q. (1982) Hegel’s Concept of God, introduction and ch. 1 [B 2949.G63 Lau - m]

On Hegel’s conception of God:Phenomenology, Preface, §17-23Taylor (1975) ch. 3 secs. 1-6 esp. pp. 87-90, 489-495Plant, R. (1997) Hegel, The Great Philosophers

On chs. 7-8 as a whole:Hyppolite [1946] part 6 ch. 3 and part 7Solomon (1983) ch. 10, conclusionTaylor (1975) chs. 7-8Westphal, M. (1979) chs. 7-8

On absolute knowing:*Norman (1976) ch. 6Miller, M.H., Jr. (1978) ‘The attainment of the absolute standpoint in Hegel’s Phenomenology, Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 7 [not in library], reprinted in Stewart ed.

Houlgate, S. (1998) ‘Absolute knowing revisited’, The Owl of Minerva 30:1 [rph]

Michael Rosen, Hegel’s Dialectic and its Criticism Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982 [B 2949.D5 Ros]

On Hegel’s conception of reality and the nature of his idealism:(See also ‘the debate on sense-certainty’ under week 4 and ‘on absolute knowing’ under week 9 above)

Encyclopaedia Logic, §§1-18 (the introduction to the Encyclopaedia as a whole) esp. §§7-12 and §18

Philosophy of Nature, Introduction to end of §249 (Miller translation pp. 1-22) [B2918.E5 Mil or Pet - m, r]

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Taylor (1975) ch. 3 secs. 1-6, reprinted as Taylor’s Hegel and Modern Society, ch. 1 secs. 1-6 [B 2948 Tay - 4s, m]

Westphal, K. (1989) ch. 10*Wartenberg, T. (1993) ‘Hegel’s idealism: the logic of

conceptuality’, in Beiser ed.Houlgate, S. (1991) Freedom, Truth and History, pp. 69-74, 176-181 [B 2948 Hou - 2s, r]

The ‘non-metaphysical’ interpretation of Hegel:(The view that Hegel’s system makes no claims about reality as it is independently of us, only about our ways of conceiving it)

Hartmann, K. (1972) ‘Hegel: a non-metaphysical view’, in MacIntyre ed., also in Stern ed. vol. 3

Beiser, F.C. (1995) ‘Hegel, a non-metaphysician? A polemic’, Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 32 (effective attack on Hartmann and his followers) [rph]

Pippin, R.B. (1980) ‘The rose and the owl: some remarks on the theory-practice problem in Hegel’, Independent Journal of Philosophy 3 [rph]

Essay questions:1. Judging by the role and place of religion in the

Phenomenology of Spirit, is it fair to call Hegel a religious thinker?

2. What role does religion play in the overall narrative /argument of the Phenomenology of Spirit?

3. Does the Phenomenology tacitly assume from the start what it sets out to prove?

4. Assess the significance of the chapter ‘Absolute Knowing’ in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, with respect to the method of speculative philosophy.

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Structured Reading List

General Secondary Reading

The following commentaries on the Phenomenology of Spirit (or on parts of it) are representative of a broad range of interpretations of Hegel. I would recommend that you read at least one from this list.

Flay, J.C. (1984) Hegel’s Quest for Certainty [B2948 Fla - r] (pb) (an epistemological reading with an excellent and highly scholarly set of footnotes – refer to these for further references)

Forster, M. (1998) Hegel’s Idea of a Phenomenology of Spirit (idiosyncratic historical interpretation.)

Harris, H.S. (1997) Hegel’s Ladder, 2 volumes [B 2929 Har - m] (a gargantuan interpretation of the Phenomenology, far too expensive to buy, but useful as a reference source on particular sections of the book, has a 70-page bibliography on the Phenomenology)

Hyppolite, J. [1946] Genesis and Structure of Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ (pb in US) [B 2929 Hyp - 2s, r] (a classic and highly influential commentary on the Phenomenology, but tends to repeat Hegel’s own formulations rather than explain them)

+Norman, R. (1976) Hegel’s Phenomenology [B 2929 Nor - 8s, r] (a good short introductory guide, especially good on the Introduction)

Solomon, R. (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel: A Study of G.W.F. Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ [B 2929 Sol - 3s, r] (pb) (provides useful historical contextualisation and attempts to translate Hegel into the language of contemporary Anglo-American philosophical concerns, but has a tendentiously relativist interpretation of the Phenomenology)

+*Stewart, J. ed. (1998) The Phenomenology of Spirit Reader [B2929 Phe - m, s] (pb) (a collection of essays, some very good, others less so, on sections of the Phenomenology, with a good bibliography)

Westphal, M. (1979) History and Truth in Hegel’s Phenomenology [B 2929 Wes - r] (pb) (a very useful source for identifying the targets of Hegel’s arguments, which are often unclear)

The following focus on particular parts of the Phenomenology:

Gadamer, H.-G. [1966] Hegel’s Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies [B 2949.D5 Gad - 2s, m] (pb) (essays on the early part of the Phenomenology)

Heidegger, M. [1930-31] Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit [B 2929 Hei - r] (pb) (an insightful but dense reading of the Preface and chs. 1-3)

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Heidegger, M. [1950] Hegel’s Concept of Experience [B 3279.H48 H43 - m] (a paragraph-by-paragraph commentary on the Introduction)

Kainz Howard P. Hegel’s Phenomenology Part 1: Analysis and Commentary: University of Alabama Press 1976

*Westphal, K (1989) Hegel’s Epistemological Realism [B 2929 Wes - r] (on the Introduction and the method of the Phenomenology)

The following are interpretations of Hegel’s philosophy as a whole, with parts on the Phenomenology

*Beiser, F. (1993) The Cambridge Companion to Hegel [B 2948 Cam - 4s, m] (pb) (a collection of introductory essays on Hegel’s philosophy)

*Inwood, M. (1992) A Hegel Dictionary [B 2901 Inw - s, m] (pb) (a very useful reference book for the difficulties of Hegel’s terminology and its sources, with an excellent introductory essay)

Inwood, M. ed. (1985) Hegel, Oxford Readings in Philosophy [B 2948 Inw - s, m] (an analytical collection of essays, not to be confused with the large book of the same title written by Inwood himself)

MacIntyre, A. ed. (1972) Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays (a very good collection of essays)

*Pippin, R.B. (1989) Hegel’s Idealism [B 2948 Pip - r] (pb) (a very Kantian reading, probably the most influential interpretation of Hegel at present)

Soll, I. (1969) An Introduction to Hegel’s Metaphysics [B 2949.M5 Sol - r] (exemplary for its clear-headed way of writing about Hegel)

Stern, R. ed. (1993) G.W.F. Hegel: Critical Assessments, 4 volumes [B 2948 Heg - m(r)] (an encyclopaedic collection of reprinted essays; volume 3 is on the Phenomenology and the Logic)

*Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel [B 2948 Tay - 6s, m] (a ‘metaphysical’ interpretation of Hegel that dominated Anglo-American readings of Hegel until fairly recently)

Select General Bibliography of Works about Hegel in English

Benjamin J. The Shadow of the Other, Routledge, London, 1998.

Beiser F.C. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (Cambridge: C.U.P. 1993)

Bradley F.H. Ethical Studies (Oxford O.U.P. 1927)

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Browning G. ed. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit: A Reappraisal Kluwer, 1997.

A Brudner "Constitutional Monarchy as the Divine Regime: Hegel's Theory of the Just State", History of Political Thought, 2 (1981), 119-40.

Judith Butler Antigone’s Claim (New York, Columbia University Press, 2000)

Caird E Hegel (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1883)

D’Hondt J. Hegel and His Time: Berlin, 1818-31 (Peterborough Ont.: Broadview Press, 1988) Very readable account of this period of Hegel's life, concerned to defend him against the charge that he was politically reactionary.

E. Fackenheim ‘On the Actuality of the Rational and the Rationality of the Actual’ in Review of Metaphysics 89 (1969) 690-98. Reprinted in J. Stewart ed. (1996) pp. 42-5.

Finlayson J.G ‘Conflict and Reconciliation in Hegel’s Theory of Tragedy’, Journal of the History of Philosophy XXXVII, July, 1999, pp. 493-530

Flay, J.C. Hegel’s Quest for Certainty (1984) [B2948 Fla - r] (pb) (an epistemological reading with an excellent and highly scholarly set of footnotes – refer to these for further references)

Forster, M. Hegel and scepticism, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard U.P., 1989

Forster, M (1998) Hegel’s Idea of a Phenomenology of Spirit

Forster M. N. ‘Hegel’s Dialectical Method’ in Beiser 1993: 130-70

Franco P Hegel’s Philosophy of Freedom (New Haven, Yale University Press)

Gadamer, H.-G. [1966] Hegel’s Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies

Geuss R Morality Culture History (Cambridge CUP, 1999)

E. Gombrich In Search of Cultural History (Oxford, OUP 1969)

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J. Habermas Theory and Practice [1971] (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988)

The Theoretical Discourse of Modernity:Twelve Lectures, tr. F Lawrence, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987)

Hardimon M O Hegel’s Social Philosophy: The Project of Reconciliation (Cambridge. C.U.P. 1994)

Harris, H.S. (1997) Hegel’s Ladder, 2 volumes [B 2929 Har - m] (a massive lifetime’s worth of idiosyncratic scholarship. Useful reference source on particular sections of the book, has a 70-page bibliography on the Phenomenology.

Harris, H.S. (1977) ‘Hegel and the French Revolution’, Clio 7, pp. 5-18

Hinchman, L.P. (1984) Hegel’s Critique of the Enlightenment

Houlgate S ed. The Hegel Reader, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998)

Houlgate S. Freedom, Truth and History. An Introduction to Hegel's Philosophy. (1991) A good introduction. Everyone will gain from chs. 1 and 3, on history and on politics; ch 2 on philosophy is harder; chs 4 and 5 are on art and religion.

Hyppolite, J. Genesis and Structure of Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ (pb in US) [B 2929 Hyp - 2s, r] (a classic and highly influential commentary on the Phenomenology, but tends to repeat Hegel’s own formulations rather than explain them) [1946]

Inwood M. Hegel (Oxford: O.U.P. 1985)A Hegel Dictionary (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992)

Luce Irigaray Speculum of the Other Woman Ithaca Cornell U.P. 1985

Kaufman W “The Hegel Myth and its Method”, Philosophical Review, 60 (1951) 459-86. Reprinted in his From

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Shakespeare to Existentialism (title in England: The Owl and the Nightingale); and in his collection cited next; and in A C MacIntyre (ed.), Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays and in Stewart, ed., The Hegel Myths and Legends. Spirited counter-attack on Popper (below).

Kelly G A “Notes on Hegel's ‘Lordship and Bondage’”, Review of Metaphysics, 19 (1966), also in MacIntyre (above, Kaufman), and in Kelly's Hegel's Retreat from Eleusis and in O'Neill, ed., Hegel's Dialectic of Desire and Recognition. Outstanding discussion of a key passage and interpretations of it.

A. Kojeve Introduction to the Reading of Hegel, esp. ch. 1 and in O'Neill, ed., Hegel's Dialectic of Desire and Recognition. Possibly the most famous (and misleading) interpretation of possibly the most famous segment of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, the Dialectic of master and Slave. Read Kelly as antidote.

Lamb D. Hegel (Aldershot: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 1998)

H Lottenbach & S "Hegel's Critique of Kant in the Philosophy of Right", Kant- Studien,

Tenenbaum 86 (1995), 211-30.

MacIntyre A C (ed.), Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays, New York Doubleday, 1972.

H Marcuse Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory. Comprehensive account of Hegel's philosophy and of its development by others.

McCarney J. Hegel on History (London: Routledge 2000)

Mills P Jagentowicz ‘Hegel’s Antigone’ in Mills P Jagentowicz Feminist Interpretations of G.W.F.Hegel Pennsylvania: Penn. State University Press, 1996

+Norman, R. Hegel’s Phenomenology (1976) [B 2929 Nor - 8s, r] (a good short introductory guide, especially good on the Introduction)

O’Malley, Algozin Hegel and the History of Philosophy The Hague, Nijhoff, 1974,

and Weiss eds pp. 109-125.

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John O'Neill, (ed.) Hegel's Dialectic of Desire and Recognition: Texts and Commentary (1996). On Master/Slave: collects the main Hegel texts and many commentaries - see especially Kojeve and Kelly.

F. Neuhouser Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory, Harvard U. P., 2000.

Nusser, K. [1970] ‘The French Revolution in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, in Stewart ed. (1998)

A Patten Hegel’s Idea of Freedom (1999). Includes chapters on Hegel on social contract theory, and on his justification of private property, as well as being a full discussion of what he means by “freedom”.

T Pinkard 'Freedom and Social Categories in Hegel's Ethics', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol 47 (1986/7), pp 209-32. A version of this article appears as ch.7 of his Hegel's Dialectic : the Explanation of Possibility. Reprinted in R Stern, ed., G W F Hegel: Critical Assessments vol. IV. Links together 'recognition', Hegel's criticism of Kant, and the main ideas of the Philosophy of Right. Not easy, but written clearly and if you work through it carefully you learn a lot, including some of Hegel's key terms.

Pinkard, T. Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason (1994) [B 2929 Pin - s, r] (pb) (a tendentiously ‘communitarian’ interpretation, but good on Hegel’s historical references, and for pointers to secondary literature)

Pippin, R Hegel’s Idealism: The Satisfactions of Self-consciousness, Cambridge: CUP (1989)

Pippin R. Idealism as Modernism: Hegelian Variations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Pippin, R. (1997) ‘Hegel on historical meaning: for example, the Enlightenment’, Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 35

J P Plamenatz Man and Society, (Vol II, chs 3 and 4 in first edition, vol III chs 1 and 2 in Second) are a

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monograph on Hegel, notable for an attack on Hegel's philosophy and an attempt to rescue 'good parts' of Hegel's account of politics and society. Includes outline of Phenomenology

R Plant Hegel: An Introduction (2nd edn [1983] has two extra chapters) Very good thematic account. The strong emphasis on writings prior to our text makes it a good companion to it.

K R Popper The Open Society and its Enemies, vol II, ch 12 (and Addendum, sect 17 in 4th edn). The well-known attack (opposite view to Nicholson's in the lectures)

J Ritter Hegel and the French Revolution: Essays on the Philosophy of Right. Contains much useful material. Takes a moderately pro-Hegelian line.

Julian Roberts German Philosophy, ch 2. Largely the Phenomenology. Clear introductory account of the main philosophical ideas. Makes Hegel comprehensible without over- simplification.

Michael Rosen Hegel’s Dialectic and its Criticism Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982 [B 2949.D5 Ros]

Stanley Rosen G.W.F.Hegel: An Introduction to the Science of Wisdom. Yale U. P. 1974.

L.Siep

“Kant and Hegel on Peace and International Law”, in H.Robinson, ed., Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, vol. i, Pt i, pp. 259-72. Where do Kant and Hegel differ; and which of their ideas are still relevant?

P. Singer Hegel (Past Masters Series). Compressed and straightforward account of Hegel as a philosopher, with special emphasis on his political philosophy. Recommended as basic introduction.

Solomon, R. (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel: A Study of G.W.F. Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ [B 2929 Sol - 3s, r] (pb) (provides useful historical contextualisation and attempts to translate Hegel into the language of contemporary Anglo-American philosophical

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concerns, but has a tendentiously relativist interpretation of the Phenomenology)

R C Solomon Introducing the German Idealists: Mock Interviews with Kant, Hegel and Others. Mock indeed - Hegel interviewed on TV in 1820. Brief, intelligible and witty introduction to the basic features of his philosophy and political philosophy. And do not miss the "Viewer's Response" letter from Schopenhauer caustically calumniating Hegel.

L S Stepelevich (ed.) Hegel: Preface and Introduction to the Phenomenology of Mind [Spirit]. One of the key Hegel philosophical texts presented for beginners to tackle.

R Stern “Unity and Difference in Hegel's Political Philosophy”, Ratio, new series 2 (1989), pp. 75-88. Examines how Hegel combines individual differentiation of character with unification of particular wills into society through Civil Society.

R.Stern “G.W.F.Hegel”, in J.Teichman & G. White, eds, An Introduction to Early Modern Philosophy, pp. 18-37. A quick, clear introduction to the whole of Hegel’s system and to his approach to philosophy.

Stern, R. Hegel and the Phenomenology of Spirit, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook November 2001;

Stewart Jon ed. The Hegel Myths and Legends (1996). Articles defending Hegel against accusations that he is a totalitarian, or a Russian nationalist, or a war monger; that he thought history had ended; and so on. Do the defences work?

Stewart, J. ed. (1998) The Phenomenology of Spirit Reader [B2929 Phe - m, s] (pb) (a collection of essays, some very good, others less so, on sections of the Phenomenology, with a good bibliography)

C Taylor Hegel. Best full-length account of Hegel's philosophy as a whole. See in particular chs I, II, XIV-XVI and XX, ignore the rest unless you really are keen to get to the bottom of Hegel.

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C Taylor Hegel and Modern Society. Much shorter version of parts of the preceding,. If you like it, go on to his Hegel.

Verene, D.P.ed., Hegel’s Social and Political Thought.

W de Vries "Hegel's Logic and Philosophy of Mind", in R C Solomon and K M Higgins (eds.), The Age of German Idealism, pp. 216-53. Recommended for those wishing to (try to!) find out about the basics of Hegel's philosophy.

W H Walsh Hegelian Ethics. Also reprinted in W D Hudson, ed., New Studies in Ethics. Clear and incisive, gives best coverage of Part II of Philosophy of Right. Also sets out the essentials of Kant on morality

R B Ware "Hegel's Metaphilosophy and Historical Metamorphosis", History of Political Thought, 17 (1996), 253-79. Ignore the title! Ware explains why Hegel's philosophy does not mean that he must be conservative in politics.

Frederick G Weiss Hegel: the Essential Writings. Aims to introduce Hegel's philosophy to

(ed.) those new to him. Try ch. 1 (extract from Philosophy of Mind) and ch. 2 (extracts from Phenomenology of Spirit).

K Westphal

Westphal, M. (1979) History and Truth in Hegel’s Phenomenology [B 2929 Wes - r] (pb) (a very useful source for identifying the targets of Hegel’s arguments, which are often unclear)

Westphal, K. (1988) ‘Hegel’s solution to the dilemma of the criterion’, History of Philosophy Quarterly 5 [not in library], reprinted in Stewart ed. (1998)

R. R.Williams Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition (1997). In depth analysis of this central idea, with detailed discussion of The Philosophy of Right in Part Two.

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A W Wood Hegel's Ethical Thought (Cambridge: C.U.P. 1990). Good, basic, introductory textual guide to the Philosophy of Right.

A W Wood “Hegel's Ethics”, in F Beiser, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (1993), pp. 211-33. Good comprehensive introduction and overview.

Online Hegel Bibliography:

Chitty, A. (2001) ‘A Hegel Bibliography’ atwww.sussex.ac.uk/Units/philosophy/chitty/hegel.html

a bibliography on Hegel broken down into detailed topics, which can be used to supplement this reading list)

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