Heavy hydrocarbon resources: their production and the ......Summary • the world needs energy, and...
Transcript of Heavy hydrocarbon resources: their production and the ......Summary • the world needs energy, and...
Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO2 Footprint
Tony KovscekStanford UniversityEnergy Resources Engineeringemail:[email protected]
First, a little quiz …
Where does imported oil originate?Jan - Jul 2007
3 6 %
1 2 %9 %
9 %
7 %
6 %3 %
3 %4 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %0 % 4 %
Domestic Production
Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov
Where does imported oil originate?
36%
12%9%
9%
7%
6%3%
3%4%1%1%1%1%1%1%0% 4%
DomesticCanadaMexicoSaudi ArabiaVenezuelaNigeriaAlgeriaIraqAngolaColombiaKuwaitLibyaUnited KingdomEcuadorBrazilEquatorial GuineaOther
Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov
CanadaMexicoSaudiArabia
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Who has large proved oil reserves?Oil and Gas J., 2003
Reserve≠ResourceReserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology.
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Who has large proved oil reserves?Oil and Gas J., 2003
Today’s Presentation
• What has Canada got?– What is heavy oil?– What is heavy oil?– Why do you care about heavy oil?
• Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive– Alberta Canada Oil Sands– Kern River, CA
• CO2 foot print for heavy oil production– energy needed to produce heavy oil– implications for CO2 production
• Summary
Wha
t has
Can
ada
Got
?H
eavy
-Oil
Res
ourc
e
Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl
Canada 2732 Bbbl
USA-Continental 137 Bbbl
USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl
Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil
Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years
What is heavy oil?
• heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000 - 930 kg/m3)tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m3)
• rules of thumb -water 1 cP-100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C-100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C
• well productivity
J ~1
µoil
http
://w
ww.
sync
rude
.com
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1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150year
conservativepredictionbest prediction
actual data
Why do you care about heavy oil ?
2001
2020
World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.mill
ion
bbl/d
World oil consumption
Shell Global Scenarios to 2025,www.shell.com
Why do you care about heavy oil?Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell)
World Population
Heavy Oil Fills the GapHow do we recover heavy oil?
• Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive)• Secondary (water injection)• Tertiary
-steam injection-in-situ combustion-vapor extraction-electrical heating
• Strip mining
moredesirable?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Aurora Mine
Oil Sands Development
Syncrude:•Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep•North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep•Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep
http://www.syncrude.comopen-pit mine
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
http://www.syncrude.com
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
240-400 tonne capacity
http://www.syncrude.com
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
reject some solids,slurry and pipeline
http://www.syncrude.com
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
reject some solids,slurry and pipeline
extraction
Extraction:• hot water• NaOH• vigorous mixing• get about 75% of OBIP
http://www.syncrude.com
sand
bitumen
water
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
reject some solids,slurry and pipeline
extraction
separation
sand
bitumen
http://www.syncrude.com
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
reject some solids,slurry and pipeline
extraction
separation
pipeline to upgraderUpgrading and hydrotreating:• cracking (add H2 using CH4)• coking (carbon rejection)• S and N2 removal
http://www.syncrude.com
2 tonnes oil sand (basis)
open-pit mine
truck to a roll crusher
reject some solids,slurry and pipeline
extraction
separation
pipeline to upgrader
1 barrel of syncrude(1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m3)
• Light sweet crude •>1 MMbbl/day output total Canada (Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada)• 39% of Canadian oil production (2005) • 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude• Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/
Operating Costs and Oil ProductionSyncrude only
Oil and CO2 Production
2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel
220 lbs CO2 / bbl4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH4
http://www.syncrude.com
Prod
uctio
n
CO
2Em
issi
ons
0.4 tonne CO2/bbl940 lbs CO2/bblcrude
oil
Where will the natural gas come from?
Image source unknown
CO2 Implications
• By 2015, annual CO2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt
• By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year• Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is
about 500 Mt per year• Alternative to natural gas for
processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta
Kern River (Kern Co., CA)
Stanford
Bakersfield
99I-5
Bakersfield
0 16
58
MWSS
Buena Vista
Elk Hills
Lost Hills
N. B.
Cymric
SouthBelridge
miles
Kern River
Kern River• Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well.
Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs)• Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl• Producing interval: 500-1300 ft• Geology:
– Alternating sand and shale sequences– at least 7 major units– Dispersed silt in the sand zones
• Thickness: 30-90 ft net• Dip: 4 ° to the southwest
1
10
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1000
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0 100 200 300 400temperature (°F)
Viscosity(cP)
Why heat a heavy oil reservoir?Oil viscosity versus temperature
productivity ~ 1µoil
Steam Injection
acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html
http://www.bakersfield.com/static/special/oil100/graphics.asp
Oil-Steam Ratio (OSR)
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calculated OSR
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iver
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Tatums
OSR = (Voil)/(Vsteam)Vsteam is at 60°F
CO2 Footprint for Steam Injection
• practical range of OSR: 0.2 - 0.5• psteam = 250 psi, quality = 0.7• boiler efficiency = 90%
• 3.48 to 8.70 BTUoil / BTUsteam
• CO2 production: 84 to 210 lbs CO2 / bbl oil– steam is supplied by burning natural gas
0.4 tonne CO2/bbl940 lbs CO2/bblcrude
oil
Whose CO2 is this really?
• it’s a combined heat, power, and irrigation operation
Natural Gas
Statewide:• 2036.7 MWe
installed oilfield cogen capacity
• gas-fired• net electricity
into grid is sufficient for 1.5 million homes out of 11.5 million total
• 2004, 2005 Annual Report CalDOGGR
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Kern River Oil Field
US Patent 20060048770
Heavy-oil production of the future?
Summary• the world needs energy, and a portfolio of
options– conservation -nuclear– renewables -fossil fuels
• there are plenty of heavy hydrocarbons to meet world oil demand, but extraction is difficult, more expensive than conventional sources, and may leave a greater environmental footprint
• process integration (polygeneration) and in-situ processes reduce footprint: 110 lbs/bbl (Kern River) versus 220 lbs/bbl (Syncrude) Not well to gas pump, just crude production
CO2 Management: Kaya IdentityA form of Paul Ehrlich’s IPAT IdentityA result of dimensional analysis
CO2 Emissions = (Population)(GDP/person)
(Energy/GDP)(CO2/energy)
per nation, city, etc.
carbon intensityenergy intensity
standard of living
“Kaya Identity”: Kaya, Y, Energy Conversion and Management, 36, 375-380, 1995..
What are our options?CO2 Emissions = (Population)
(GDP/person)(Energy/GDP)
(CO2/energy)• Control population• Reduce standard of living (GDP/person)• Energy intensity (i.e., efficiency)• Carbon Intensity
=>There are no first order solutions
CO2 Emissions = (Population)(GDP/person)
(Energy/GDP)(CO2/energy)
(CO2 emitted/CO2)
Carbon Sequestration
Some questions:• Is it a green energy technology?• Is it sustainable?• Is it a technology in competition with
renewables?
Summary• Resource/World Production = 240 years• Heavy-oil recovery technologies do exist• Oil Production–CO2 generation
• not well to gas pump numbers– Kern River 110 lbs per barrel, but this is CHP
(whose CO2 is it?)– Syncrude: 220 lbs per barrel
• Geological sequestration is a CO2 mitigation option