Heavy Equipment (Construction) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/31/2019 Heavy Equipment (Construction) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Heavy equipment vehicles of various

types parking near a highway

construction site

Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators

and other heavy equipment vehicles

parking near a quarry in Israel.

Bulldozer, excavators and other heavy

equipment vehicles parking near a

quarry.

Heavy equipment (construction)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Further information: Equipment (disambiguation)

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for

executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork

operations. They are also known as, construction equipment, construction

plant, earth movers, engineering vehicles, or simply equipment. Theyusually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure,

power train, control and information.[1] Heavy equipment functions through

the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force

applied and force exerted is multiplied.[2] Currently most equipment use

hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.

Contents

1 History1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel

2 Types3 Images4 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools5 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks6 Structure7 Powertrain8 Control and Information9 Equipment operators

9.1 Operator training10 Equipment cost

10.1 Operating cost11 Models12 Notable Manufacturers13 See also14 References15 External links

History

Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles

JCB 3CX backhoe

loader

A wheeled bulldozer in

an open pit coal mine

A portable engine; a

precursor to modern

engineering vehicles

An early gasoline-

powered tractor

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave

vy equipment (construction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)

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descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatiseDe architectura. The pile driver was

invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam, to diesel

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power.

With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new

engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into

a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th

century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene, ethanol and

gasoline engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases

replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift.

Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first

mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from 1901. Tracks became

extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery

such as the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are

bucket-wheel excavators, built from the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel -

moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which

material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a

draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basketand masses of menwere used

to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and ignorant to place solid

building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging,

raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now,

were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of

that time."[3]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.

Types

These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. See List of Heavy Equipment

Equivalents to compare products between manufacturer. Some contractors place numbers on the side of their

equipment corresponding to the category - Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number that usually corresponds to

the number purchased.

Track-type

Agricultural tractorsAir-trackBulldozer

Track skidderTrack-type tractors

(Bulldozer)Tractor

Military engineeringvehicles

Grader

Grader

SkidSteer

Skid steer loader

Excavator

Compact excavator

Dragline excavatorDredgingExcavator (wheel)Excavator (bagger,digger)Front shovelReclaimerSteam shovelSuction excavatorTrencher (machine)Yarder

Backhoe

Backhoe loader,

Backhoe

Timber

Feller buncher

HarvesterSkidderTrack harvesterWheel forwarderWheel skidder

PipeLayer

Pipelayer

Scraper

Fresno scraperScraper

Wheel tractor-scraper

Mining

Construction &

mining tractorConstruction &mining trucks

Articulated

Articulated hauler

Articulated truckWater wagon

Compactor

Wheel dozers soilcompactors

Soil stabilizer

Loader


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Loader

Skip loader (skippy)Wheel loader (front

loader, integratedtool carrier)

Track Loader

Track loader

Material Handler

Aerial work platform/ Lift tableBoomtruckCherry pickerCraneForkliftKnuckleboom loader

(trailer mount) &

Knuckleboom loader(trailer mount)

Telescopic handlers

Paving

Asphalt paver

Asphalt plantCold planerConcrete batch plantCure rigPneumatic tirecompactorRoller (road roller orroller compactor)Slipform paverVibratory compactor,Compactor

Stomper:concrete

drop hammer

Underground

RoadheaderTunnel boringmachine

Underground miningequipment

Hydromatic Tool

Ballast tamperAttachmentsDrilling machinePile driverRotary tiller(rototiller, rotovator)

Venturi-mixer

Highway

Dump truckHighway 10 yardrear dumpHighway bottom

dump (stiff), pup(belly train), tripleHighway end dumpand side dumpHighway transfer,Transfer trainHighwaytransit-mixerLowboy (trailer)Street sweeper

Images

The Caterpillar D10Nbulldozer evolved from

tracked-type tractors

and is characterized bya steel blade attached to

the front that is used topush other equipment

and constructionmaterials, such as,

earth.

Normally the bucket ispulled toward the

excavator to excavate

material. Theuncommon "thumb"

attachment on thisCaterpillar enables

'grabbing' objects, forexample, during

demolition.

The wheel trencherMARAIS SMC 200 R.

Iron bar reinforcedfoundation piles are

driven with a drilling

machine, concretepump, mixer-truck,

and a specialized augerthat allows pumping

concrete through itsaxis while withdrawn.

Wheel loader

Grader (plowing snow

here)

Landfill compactor

(tamping tip)

A wheeled front loader

tractor equipped with a

large bucket elevated

by hydraulic rams.


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Reconditioned

Caterpillar 825G Soil

Compactor

Folded conveyor on a

tracked grinder

Military engineering vehicles

The militarizedCaterpillar D9 armored

bulldozer allows for

earthmoving projects ina combat environment.In the picture: IDF

Caterpillar D9R.

Military scraper

PiPz Dachs armouredengineering vehicle of

the German Army

(2008)

Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

augerbackhoebale spearbroombulldozer bladeclam shell bucketcold plane

demolition shearsequipment bucketexcavator bucketforks

grapplehydraulic hammer,

hoe ramhydraulics

hydraulic tiltingbucket (4-in-1)

landscape tillermaterial handling

armmechanical

pulverizer, crusher

multi processorpavement removal

bucketpile driver

power take-off(PTO)

quick couplerrake

ripperrotating grab

sheep's foot

compactorskeleton bucket

snow blowerstump grinder

stump shearthumb

tiltrotatortrencher

vibratory platecompactor

wheel saw

Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

see caterpillar tracks

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment

have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility

is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper

selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of

off-the-road tires, transportfor earthmoving machines, workfor slow moving earth moving machines, and load and

carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover,

G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread


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types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction

project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Structure

"This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements, and allows the

machine to travel over uneven ground. The machines frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled

equipment are the major parts of this system."[1]

Powertrain

internal combustionenginetransmission

steering (trackedequipment)

brakes

Control and Information

"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other

systems and provide information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the

equipment."[1]

Equipment operators

* see Heavy equipment operator

Operator training

The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained.

The Association of Equipment Manufacturers provides effective safety training materials for operators of roughterrain forklifts and operators of industrial and agricultural mowers.

The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools provides American national certification for heavy

equipment operator

In the USA haul trucks are typically operated by Teamsters, who they are included on this page as equipment but

have a differing apprenticeship and education system (http://www.nctat.org/ClassListings.asp) .

Currently there is not an international association of heavy equipment schools.

Equipment cost

[4]

purchase expensesalvage value

tax savings fromdepreciation

major repairs and

overhaulsproperty taxes

insurance

storage

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is

constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy

& Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future

N = equipment useful life (years)

example:

N = 5


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and Dn = Annual depreciation amount

Dn =purchase price / N

Book value (BV) in yearm

BVm =purchase price - (m x Dn)

purchase price = $350,000

m = 3 years from now

BV3 = $350,000 - ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are

as follows:[5]

F.O.G.fuel

lubricants, lube oils,filters (oil, air, fuel,

hydraulic), and grease

repairs

repair partsrepair labor

tires

3rd party service contractreplacement of high-wear items

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repairor a minor repair. A major

repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal

maintenance. Major repairs are charged to the equipment, and minor repairs are charged to the job. It is advantageous

for projects to classify all repairs as major, while the equipment department will desire to classify all repairs as

"minor" and charge the work to a job.

Models

Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models ofheavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to

prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and

NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable Manufacturers

Atlas CopcoBharat Earth Movers Limited (India)

Bobcat CompanyCASECaterpillar Inc.Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant - ChTZCNH GlobalDeere & CompanyDemagDoosan GroupDoosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo HeavyIndustries & Machinery) - including Solar brandDORMASHFiat-Allis

Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd.Hyundai Heavy IndustriesIngersoll RandJCB

Kubota

KobelcoKomatsu

Liebherr GroupMadill

MARAISNavistar International Corporation

NCKNew Holland

TerexTrack Marshall

Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)Poclain

RototiltSANY Group Company Ltd.

ST KineticsTakeuchi Manufacturing

Volvo Construction EquipmentWacker Neuson


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Zoomlion[6]

See also

Construction equipment theft

Ritchie wiki (http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page)

References

^abc

C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006) (http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet

/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCEMD4000132000009000976000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)

1.

^ "Machine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 May 2008, 20:01 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 May 2008

.

2.

^ William R. Haycraft "History of Construction Equipment" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management /

Volume 137 / Issue 10, Accepted 14 February 2011; published online 15 September 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061

/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374

3.

^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN

0-07-232176-8, 2002.

4.

^ Bartholomew, S.H. Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000

5.

^ "Zoomlion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion) . En.wikipedia.org.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

6.

External links

Constructionequipment.com (http://www.constructionequipment.com)Earthmoving in Perth Western Australia (http://www.earthmoving-perth.com.au)Heavy Equipment Aftermarket parts (http://www.semspares.com)

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Categories: Geotechnical engineering Engineering vehicles Construction equipment

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