Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

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Heat Transfer Course 2 nd level –Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Branch Power Mechanics Techniques Department Mosul Technical Institute Northern Technical University اعداد: م. احمدسل ابراهيم باتقدم الحرارة المنتقالذ علم استا ا( متقاعد) ح من قبل نق: م. م. ر محمود احمدنما ا مهندس تقني منتصر عبد محمدعملينب اللجا ا: محمد يحيىحكام ا

Transcript of Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Page 1: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat Transfer Course2nd level –Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Branch

Power Mechanics Techniques DepartmentMosul Technical Institute

Northern Technical University

:اعداد

باسل ابراهيم احمد.م

(متقاعد)استاذ علم انتقال الحرارة المتقدم

:نقح من قبل

انمار محمود احمد. م.م

مهندس تقني منتصر عبد محمد

:الجانب العملي

احكام محمد يحيى

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HEAT TRANSFER 1 الحرارهانتقال

2nd AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

القدرةميكانيكقسم

يدفرع التكييفوالتبر

2018-2019 * Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 1

Anmmar
Sticky Note
MigrationConfirmed set by Anmmar
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INTRODUCTIONمقدمة

• Heat can be transferred from hot (high

• temperature )to cold (lower temperature) positions .

• Heat transfer methods :

• 1- Conduction; happens in solid bodies and in high viscosity liquids by the following onedimensional steady state equation :

• Q= -k *A*dt/dx …….. Fourier’s Law فوريرقانون

لحرارةا انيمكن تنتقل من ساخن مرتفعةحرارةدرجة

بارد اقلحرارةدرجةمناطق

الحرارةانتقالانواعاوطرق

لتوصيلا يحدث اللزوجةذاتالسوائلوالصلبةالاجسامف

العالية

باتجاهالانتقالمعادلةدرجاتبثبوتوواحد

زمنياالحرارة

لىا

1

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• Where: انحيث

• Q is heat transferred w

• k is thermal conductivity of the material w/m ⁰c

• A is area normal to the heat direction m²

• dt is the differential (very small) of temperature

⁰c

• dx is the differential of distance m

2

واتالمنتقلةالحرارة

للمادةالحراريالتوصيلمعامل

الحرارةاتجاهعلىالعموديةالمساحة

الحرارةلدرجةالتفاضليجداالصغيرلتغيرا

التيجداالصغيرةالتفاضليةالمسافة

الحرارهتقطعها

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2- Convection الحراريالحملتيارات

• Convection happens between solid body surface and fluid when there is a temperature difference and can be calculated by the following equation:

• Q=h*A*∆t

• Q is heat transferred w

• h is heat transfer coefficient w/m² c

• A is the area normal to heat direction m²

• ∆t is the temperature difference

• between surface and fluid ⁰c

• الحراريالحملتياراتوصلبسطحبي تحدث فرقوجودعندمائع

ف يمكنوالحرارةدرجات

للمعادلةوفقاحسابهالتالية

• المنتقلهالحرارة

• الحرارةانتقالمعامل

• لاتجاهالعموديةالمساحهالحرارةانتقال

• بي الحرارةدرجاتفرقالمائعوالسطح

3

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3 – Heat radiation الحراريالاشعاع• Heat radiation can be transferred through vacuum and

transparent medias (air, clear water and glass) .radiation can be calculated by the following equation :

• Q = σ *ϵ*A *(T₁⁴ -T₂⁴)

• Where

• Q is heat transferred by radiation w

• σ is Stefan-Boltzman constant =5.67*10⁻⁸ w/m² K⁴

• ϵ is the body emissivity ( =1 for black bodies )

• A is body surface area m²

• T₁ is the absolute hot body temperature =⁰c+273 K

• T₂ is the absolute cold body temperature =⁰c+273 K

واغالفر خلالينتقلالاشعاع•اءالهو مثلالشفافةالاجسام

ويحسبالزجاجوالماءوالمعادلةحسب

يالاشعاعالمنتقلةالحرارة•

مان-ستيفنثابت• بولت

مللجسالحراريةالانبعاثية•السوداءللاسطح 1=

للجسمالسطحيةالمساحة•

مللجسالمطلقةالحرارةدرجة•الساخن

مللجسالمطلقةالحرارةدرجة•للاشعاعالمستلمالبارد

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Tutorial (examples)❑ 300 watt Electrical heater of an area (A) 0.1m² and temperature (t1)

=200 c is in contact to a metal of same area and has a thickness (X) =

0.01m. The outer surface temperature (t2) 195 c. Calculate the thermal

conductivity (K).

❑ Answer:

❑ Q= - K*A* Δt /X

❑ Q = 300 watt , A= 0.1m² , t1 =200 c , t2 = 195 c , X = 0.01m

❑ 300= - K*0.1*(195-200)/0.01 = - K*0.1* -5/0.01 = K*0.1*5/0.01

❑ 300 = 50 *K

❑ K=300/50 =6 w/m. c

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Example❑ 300 watt Electrical heater of an area (A) 0.1m² and temperature =200 c

is in contact to air at temperature 25 c. Find out heat transfer coefficient (h).

❑ Answer:❑ Q= h*A*Δt

❑ Q= 300 watt , A= 0.1m² , Δt= 200 – 25

❑ الفرق الاصغرناقصالاعلىالدرجةايموجبيكونانيجبالحرارةدرجاتف

❑ 300 = h*0.1*175

❑ h =300/17.5 = 17.142w/m². c

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Example❑ Electrical heater of an area (A) 0.1m² and temperature =200 c has an

emissivity (ϵ) =0.8 and is in contact to air at temperature 25 c. Calculate the heat radiation.

❑ Answer:❑ Q = σ *ϵ*A *(T₁⁴ -T₂⁴)

❑ σ = 5.67*10⁻⁸ w/m² K⁴ , ϵ = 0.8 , A=0.1m²

❑ T1= 200+273 =473K مطلقةالىالمئويهالدرجهلتحويل

❑ T2 =25+273 =298K

❑ Q= 5.67*10⁻⁸ * 0.8 *0.1* (473⁴ - 298⁴)

❑ = 0.4536*10⁻⁸ * (50054665441 – 7886150416 )

❑ = 0.4536*10⁻⁸ * ( 500*10⁸ -78.8* 10⁸ )

❑ Q = 0.4536*10⁻⁸ *10⁸ *(500-78.8)= 191.05 watt

* 8Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem

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Heat conduction in a plane wall التوصيل

المستويةالجدرانف

From Fourier’s Law and after integration

Q= -k *A*∆t/x

Q= -k *A*(t2 –t1)/x

as t2 is less than t1

Q= k *A*(t1 –t2)/xQ is the total heat transferred by conduction w

q=Q/A is the heat flux w/m²

q= (t1 –t2)/(x/k) = (t1 –t2)/Rx/k is thermal resistance ( R) m² ⁰c/w

x is the wall thickness m

5

t1

t2

x

Q

فوريرمعادلةتكاملبعد

الحرارةدرجة

عالية

الحرارةدرجة

الابتدائيةمناقلالنهائيةالحرارةدرجةلانمنخفضة

المنتقلةالكليةالحرارةايجادمعادلة

مربعمترلكلالحرارة

المستويةللجدرانالحراريةالمقاومة

الجدارسمكاوثخن

* Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 9

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Example

• Calculate the heat flux and the total heat transferred from a brick plane wall having width = 7m and height = 6m thermal conductivity = 0.6 w/m ⁰c

• with inner temperature of 16⁰c and outer temperature of 6 ⁰c and wall thickness =0.3m .

• Answer :• Wall area (A) =6*7 =42m²

• t1 = 16 ⁰c المرتفعةالحرارةدرجةنختار

• t2 = 6 ⁰c المنخفضةالحرارةدرجة

• Heat flux = q= (t1 –t2)/(x/k)

• Wall thickness x= 0.3 m

• Thermal conductivity K =0.6 w/m⁰c

• q= (t1 –t2)/(x/k)

• = (16-6)/(0.3/0.6) = 20 w/m²

• the total heat transferred (Q)

• Q =q*A =20 * 42 =840 w

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مربعمترلكلالحرارةبحسابالخاصةالمعادلة

خلالبالتوصيلالمنتقلةالكليةالحرارة

المستويالجدار

احسب مستويطابوقجدار

عرض ارتفاع

مربعمترلكلالموصلةالحرارة

الداخليهالخارجية

* Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 10

الكليهالموصلهالحراره

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EXAMPLE AND HOME WORK

• 1- Find out the temperature (t) at a distance of 0.1m from the previous wall high temperature (16⁰c) surface .

• Answer:• q= (t1 –t)/(x/k) = 20 w/m²

• 20 = (16- t) /(0.1/ o.6) = (16- t) *6

• then t = 16 -20/6 =16 -3.33 = 12.67 ⁰c

• 2- Calculate at what distance from the previous hot surface wall the temperature is 10⁰c . Ans.(x=0.18m)

• 3- Heat can be transferred from ----------to------positions .

• 4- Temperature is taken in------- for calculating conduction heat transfer.

• 5- Convection happens between ----- and -------when there is a -------.

بعدعلىالحرارةدرجةاوجد•0.1m من)السابقللجدار

(الساخنالسطح

16⁰cحرارتهدرجةالذي

وصيلبالتالمنتقلةالحرارةكميةحسابهاتمقدوثابتة

السطحعنالبعداحسبالمذكورللجدارالساخندرجةفيهتكونالذي

10⁰cالحرارة

الموجودةالفراغاتاكملف

التاليةالجمل

7

* Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 11

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Heat conduction through composite plane wall الجدرانخلالالموصلهالحراره

المركبةالمستوية

• For Three layers composite plane wall there will be three thermal resistance .

• R1 =x1/k1 x1 k1 x2 k2 x3 k3

• R2= x2/k2

• R3 =x3/k3

• Total wall thermal resistance

• ∑ R= R1+R2+R3

• q= (t1-t4) / ∑ R• الحراريهالمقاوماتمجموع

• Where

• x1,x2 and x3 are the layers

• thicknesses t1 t2 t3 t4

• k1,k2 and k3 are the layers thermal conductivities

• t1,t2 t3 and t4 are temperature at each layer surface

• t1 is the highest temperature

• Q= q*A

المركبالمستويللجدار•توجدطبقاتثلاثمن

حراريةمقاوماتثلاث

=الكليةالحراريةالمقاومة•مجموع

المقاومات

الحرارية

طبقةكلسمك

لكلالحراريالتوصيلمعاملطبقة

طبقةلكلالسطححرارةدرجةةالطبقوجهعندحراربةدرجةاعلى

الاولى

الموصلهالكليةالحرارة

* Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 12

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Example: A composite plane wall has an inner layer thickness of(x₁) 0.025m with (k₁) thermal conductivity =3.1w/m⁰c,the intermediate layer has 0.2m

thickness and thermal conductivity 5w/m⁰c .the thickness of outer layer =0.03m and thermal conductivity =4.5w/m⁰c.for inner temperature was 25⁰c and outer temperature =2⁰c. Find out total heat conduction (Q) if wall width

=4m and wall height =3m

• x1=0.025 x2=0.2 x3=0.3m• To find layers thermal resistance

• R₁=x₁/k₁=0.025/3.1=0.008m² ⁰c/w

• R₂=x₂/k2=0.2/5=0.04m² ⁰c/w

• R₃=x₃/k₃=0.03/4.5=0.066m² ⁰c/w

• q = (t₁ -t₄)/∑ R

• q = (25 – 2)/(0.008+0.04+0.066)

• q =23/0.114 =201.75 w/m²

• Q=q*A=201.75*(4*3) = 2421 w

الجدارنرسم•

والسمكنثبت•التوصيلمعاملطبقةلكل

المقاوماتنحسب•ةطبقلكلالحرارية

درجةنستخدم•t₁المرتفعةالحرارة

معالمعادلةنطبق•فرقانملاحظةالحرارةدرجاتموجب

مساحةه 3*4•الجدار

الارتفاع*العرض)

k2k1 k3

t1 t2 t3 t4

وسطي

* 13Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem

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* 14

Q1: A-Calculate the heat flux(q) and the total heat transferred from a brick plane wall has

area (A)=10m2 thermal conductivity(k) = 0.6 w/m ⁰c with inner temperature of(t1)=26⁰c

and outer temperature of(t2)= 6 ⁰c and wall thickness(x) =0.2m .

B-Radiation can be calculated by the following equation: -------

Q2: A- Heat can be transferred from ----------to------ positions.

B- Temperature is taken in------- for calculating conduction heat transfer.

Q3: A composite plane wall has inner layer thickness of(x₁) 0.035m with (k₁) thermal

conductivity =3w/m⁰c. Outer layer Thickness (x2) =0.04m and thermal conductivity (k2)

=5w/m⁰c.for inner temperature (t1) = 35⁰c and outer temperature (t3) =2⁰c find out heat

conduction flux (q).

المقدمهوالحراريالتوصيلعناسئله

Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem

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* 15

Q4: A brick plane wall of thermal conductivity (k) = 0.6 w/m ⁰c with inner temperature of

(t1) = 24⁰c and an outer temperature (t2) of 3⁰c and wall thickness (x) =0.3m. Calculate:

A- The conduction heat flux (q).

B- The total heat transferred (Q) for wall area (A) =12m2 .

Q5: Complete the following sentences:

A; The unit of thermal resistance for cylindrical walls is --------.

B; Convection can be calculated by the following equation ----------.

C; Conduction happens in --------.

D; Heat radiation is calculated by the equation -------------.

Q6: A furnace has an inside surface temperature (t1) = 400⁰C and outer steel shield

temperature (t3) of 50⁰c. The furnace is to be constructed by Firebrick of thermal

conductivity (k1) =1 w/m.⁰c), thickness (x1) =0.08m and steel shield thickness (x2) of 0.01m

(k2 =63w/m.⁰c). Find out heat conducted (q) and the intermediate temperature (t2).

المقدمهوالحراريالتوصيلعناسئله

Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem

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HEAT TRANSFER 2 الحرارهانتقال

2nd AIR CONDITIONING AND REFREGERATION

القدرةميكانيكقسم

يدفرع التكييفوالتبر

* Mosul tech. Institute Basil Ibraheem 1

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How to find the intermediate temperatures t₂and t₃ الطبقاتبينالحرارةدرجاتنجدكيف

* 2Mosul tech.inst

• Example: A composite plane wall has inner layer thickness of (x₁) 0.025m with thermal conductivity(k₁) =3.1w/m⁰c, the intermediate layer has thickness (x2) = 0.2m and thermal conductivity(k2) 5w/m⁰c .The thickness of outer layer(x3) =0.03m and thermal conductivity(k3) =4.5w/m⁰c.For inner temperature was (t1) 25⁰c and outer temperature (t4) =2⁰c. Find out 1- The conduction heat flux (q) 2- the intermediate temperatures (t2) and (t3).

• t1

t4

Composite plane wall

مركبجدارمستوي

اوجد find out

الموصلهالحراره (q)

بي الحرارةدرجاتو ,البينية )الطبقاتintermediate)

t2 &t3

t2t3

R1 R2 R3

qt1 t2 t3 t4

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Answer الجواب• R₁=x₁/k₁=0.025/3.1=0.008m² ⁰c/w

• R₂=x₂/k2=0.2/5=0.04m² ⁰c/w

• R₃=x₃/k₃=0.03/4.5=0.066m² ⁰c/w

• q = (t₁ -t₄)/∑ R

• q = (25 – 2)/(0.008+0.04+0.066)

• q =23/0.114 =201.75 w/m²

• q= (t₁ -t₂)/R₁

• 201.75= (25 –t₂)/0.008

• 201.75*0.008 -25 = -t₂

• -23.386 = -t₂ t₂ =23.386⁰c• q=(t₁ - t₃ )/(R₁ + R₂)

• 201.75=(25-t₃)/(0.008+.04)

• 201.75 *0.048=25-t₃

• 9.684 -25 = -t₃

• -15.316= -t₃

• Then t₃ =15.316⁰c

الحراريةالمقاوماتنحسب

بالتوصيلالحراريالفيضاحسب (q)

• الثلاثخلالالموصلةمرب عمب لكلالحرارةخلالالموصلةالحرارةتساويحراريةمقاوماتدرجاتفرقاستخدماذاالواحدةالمقاومة

المقاومةلهذهالحرارة

• الثانيةالحرارةدرجةلايجاد t₂

• الاولىالمقاومةنستخدم

• ب الطرفي نض *-1

• نستخدمالثالثةالحرارةدرجةلايجادالثانيةوالاولىالمقاومةمجموع

• المعادلةترتيببعد

• ب الطرفي نض *-1

* 3Mosul tech.inst R1 R2 R3

qt1 t2 t3 t4

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Conduction through cylindrical walls(pipes) خلالالحراريالتوصيل

الاسطوانيةالجدران (الانابيب)• Thermal resistance of cylindrical

(pipes) walls is :

• R=ln(r₂/r₁) /2*π*k*L• Where:

• ln is the natural logarithm

• r₂ is the outer pipe radius m

• r₁ is the inner pipe radius m

• π =22/7=3.142

• k is the pipe thermal conductivity

• w/m⁰c

• L is the pipe length m

• Total heat conducted through pipe is: Q= (t₁ - t₂)/R W

• t₁ is the high temperature ⁰c• t₂ is the lower temperature ⁰c

• الاسطوانيةللجدرانالحراريةالمقاومة

• الطبيع للاساسلوغاريتم

• الخارجر القطرنصف

• الداخل القطرنصف

• دائرةايقطرومحيطبي الثابتهالنسبة

• الانبوبلمادةالتوصيلمعامل

• الانبوبطول

• الكليةالحرارة

• العاليةالحرارةدرجة r₁

r₂k

L

* 4Mosul tech.inst basil ibraheem

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Example : Calculate the heat transferred through a steel pipe with thermal conductivity of 63 w/m⁰c , inner radius =0.1m and outer radius of 0.12m if the pipe length is 20m and inner temperature=60⁰c and outer one is 50⁰c.

• k=63w/m⁰c , r₁=0.1m , r₂=0.12m

• L=20m , t₁=60⁰c , t₂=50⁰c

• Thermal resistance=R=ln(r₂/r₁) /2*π*k*L

• R= ln(0.12/0.1)/2*π*63*20

• R=0.182/7920=2.29e-5 ⁰c/w

• Q=(t₁-t₂)/R

• Q= (60-50)/2.29*10⁻⁵ =436681 w• Home work : calculate the heat loss for similar in dimensions copper

pipe (k=398 w/m⁰c) and same inner and outer temperatures. Ans . :(2673831w)

• Thermal resistance of cylindrical (pipes) walls is-----------

• The unit of Thermal resistance of cylindrical (pipes) walls is --------

• Total heat conducted through pipe can be calculated by the equation ---------

• نبوبلا نحاسبنفسوالابعاد

الفرقنفس

درجاتفالحرارة

* 5Mosul tech.inst

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* 6Mosul tech.inst

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Conduction through Composite cylindrical walls المركبةالاسطوانيةالجدرانخلالالتوصيل

• Inner pipe thermal resistance R₁

• R₁=ln(r₂/r₁)/2*π*k₁*L

• Outer pipe thermal resistance R₂

• R₂=ln(r₃/r₂)/2*π*k₂*L

• Where:

• r₂ is inner pipe outer radius الخارجر القطرنصفالداخل للانبوب

• r₁ is inner pipe inner radius الداخل القطرنصفالداخل للانبوب

• r₃ is the outer radius of outer pipe نصفالخارجر للانبوبالخارجر القطر

• k₁ is thermal conductivity of inner pipe الداخل للانبوبالحراريالتوصيلمعامل

• k₂ is thermal conductivity of outer pipe الخارجر للانبوبالحراريالتوصيلمعامل

• Outer pipe

• Inner pipe

• Q=(t₁-t₃)/(R₁+R₂)• t₁ is the high temperature

• t₃ is the lower temperature

r₁

r₂

r₃

L

* 7Mosul tech.inst

R1 R2

qt1 t2 t3

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Example: calculate the conduction heat transfer (Q) from a steel pipe (k₁=64w/m⁰c) has inner radius(r₁) of 0.02m and outer radius (r₂)=0.022m.The pipe was covered with insulation material glass wool (k₂= 0.04w/m⁰c)the outer insulating pipe radius =0.07m .The steel inside surface temperature=80⁰c and outside cover temperature =25⁰c .The pipe length (L)=60m

• Ans:

• R₁ =ln(r₂/r₁)/2*π*k₁*L

• R₁ =ln(O.O22/0.02)/2π*64*60

• =0.095/2*3.142*64*60

• = 3.95*10⁻⁶ ⁰c/w

• R₂= ln(r₃/r₂)/2*π*k₂*L

• = ln(0.07/0.022)/2*3.142*0.04*60

• =1.157/15.079

• =0.076 ⁰c/w

• Q= (t₁-t₃)/(R₁+R₂)

• Q=(80-25)/(3.95*10⁻⁶ + 0.076)

• Q=55/0.076003=723.64w

• انبوبي السؤالهذاف

• ساخنسائللنقلالفولاذمنالداخل

• العزللاغراضزجاجبصوفمغطىالحراري

• الانبوبالعازلالغطاءيشكل الثان

• الداخل قطرهنصف القطرنصف = للانبوبالخارجر

المعدن

• Home work: Find out the intermediate temperature (t₂) for the previous example.

• السابقالاسلوبنفس الجدرانمثالف

الحرارةكميةنأخذالمستوية 723• الاولىالمقاومةمع

• الحرارةدرجةو 80

مغلفزجاجصوفعازلةمادة

عازلسطح

غطاء

* 8Mosul tech.inst

زجاجصوف

Page 25: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Insulating materials (Insulation)للحرارةالعازلةالمواد

• Insulating materials are used to decrease heatconduction and thus decrease surface temperatures. a gas, like air, can be a good insulator if it can be kept from moving when it is

heated or cooled. A vacuum is an excellent

insulator

• the engineering approach to insulation is the addition of a low-conducting material to the surface…

• Insulation materials types:• 1-alumina-silica thermal conductivities in the

range of 0.1–0.2 W/m⁰c

• 2-glass fibers insulation thermal conductivities can range from about 0.03–0.06 W/m⁰c

• 3-polyurethane, is light in weight, shows a very low thermal conductivity (about 0.02 W/m⁰c)

بهذاوالحراريالتوصيللتقليلتستخدمالعازلةالمواد•اعتبارهيمكنالهواءمثلالغاز.السطححرارةدرجةتقل

الحركةمنمنعاذاعازلاجيدا يدالتبر والتسخي حالةف

ممتازعازلالفراغيعتبر •

ذاتمادةاضافةهوالعازلهالمادةمنالهندس الهدف•الخسائرلتقليل)السطحالىقليلحراريتوصيلمعامل كماالسطححرارةدرجةوتقليلالحرارية

بخارالوالماءنقلحالةف

خلال انابيب منظومات المبادلات الحرارية والمراجل الساخنبيق البخارية ومحطات توليد الطاقة الحرارية وكذلك نجد هذا التط

يد وتكييف الهواء من خلا مجال منظومات التبر ل عزل الهندس ف

يد او التدفئة وكذلك من خلال الانابيب الناقلة لموائع التبر الابنية والمنشأت المراد تكييفها او

يدها او استخدامات العوازل ف تبر

مجالات هندسة تكييف الهواء و يد تدفئتها او تثليجها اي ف التبر

.الواسعة الاستخدام

المستخدمةالانواع•

سيليكا-الومينا•

س)الزجاجيةالالياف• (كلاس فايبر

صيلتو معامليظهروالوزنبخفةيمتازالبوليوريثي •جداقليلحراري

* 9Mosul tech.inst

Page 26: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Tab

le o

f th

erm

al

con

du

ctiv

ity

MaterialThermal conductivity(cal/sec)/(cm2 C/cm)

Thermal conductivity(W/m .⁰c)*

Diamond ... 1000

Silver 1.01 406.0

Copper 0.99 385.0

Gold ... 314

Brass ... 109.0

Aluminum 0.50 205.0

Iron 0.163 79.5

Steel ... 50.2

Lead 0.083 34.7

Mercury ... 8.3

Ice 0.005 1.6

Glass,ordinary 0.0025 0.8

Concrete 0.002 0.8

Fiberglass 0.00015 0.04

Brick,insulating ... 0.15

Brick, red ... 0.6

Cork board 0.00011 0.04

Wool felt 0.0001 0.04* 10Mosul tech.inst

Page 27: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat Transfer by Convection2nd air-conditioning branch

اعذاد

تاسم اتزاهى احذ

اار يحىد احذ

يرصز عثذ محمد

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Page 28: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat transfer by convectionارقال انحزارج

تراراخ انحم

Convection

تارات الحمل

Free convection (natural)

تارات الحمل الحراري

نتجة )الطبع(اختلاف الكثافة

Forced convection

تارات حمل جبرة

بواسطة المراوح او المضخات

• The aim of studying convection is : دراسة الهدف من

• How to find heat transfer coefficient (h)كفة اجاد معامل انتمال الحرارة

• Heat transfer coefficient(h) depends onعتمد معامل الانتمال على

• surface shape شكل السطح افم عمودي

اسطوان

• ,temperature T,درجة الحرارة

• fluid density ρ كثافة المائع,

• Thermal conductivity k التوصل معامل

الحراري للمائع

• Fluid viscosity μ لزوجة المائع

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3

Heat convection

Natural or Free Heat

ConvectionForced Heat Convection (fan moved air or pump moved water)

free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 30: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Free (natural) convectiondimensionless groups انجايع انلاتعذح انلاسيح

نحساب يعايم ارقال انحزارج تانحم انحز• 1- Grashof number (Gr)• The ratio of buoyancy and viscous force.• Gr=ρ² *L³ *g *β *∆t/첕 ρ is fluid density kg/m³ • L is the height for vertical wall m• or average of width (a)and length (b) for horizontal

wall =(a+b)/2

• g =9.8m/s²• β is thermal expansion coefficient for

gases =1/Tf K⁻ᶦ

• Tf film temperature is the average of surface and fluid temperatures =(Ts+T∞ )/2 K

• ∆t is the temperature difference of surface and fluid = Ts-T∞ or T∞ -Ts

• μ is the fluid viscosity kg/m.s

• ( بدون وحدات)اهم المجامع اللابعدةهو عدد كراشوف و الذي مثل النسبة

نتجة لاختلاف درجة )بن لوة الطوفان .و لوة الناتجة عن اللزوجة ( الحرارة

• كثافة المائع عند درجة حرارة (المعدل)

• الارتفاع ف حالة الاسطج العمودة

• او معدل الطول و العرض للاسطح الافمة

• التعجل الارض

• معامل التمدد الحجم للمائع

• مملوب معدل درجة =وهو للغازات الحرارة المطلمة المتاخمة

• درجة = درجة الحرارة المتاخمة المطلمةدرجة حرارة +حرارة السطح المطلمة

2(/المائع المطلمة

• الفرق الموجب بن درجة حرارة السطح و المائع

• لزوجة المائع عند درجة حرارة المعدل

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Example: find out Grashof number (Gr) for air having temperature (t∞)=25⁰c with vertical wall of

temp.(ts)=100⁰c if wall height =3m• Tf =(Ts+T∞ )/2 • Ts=100+273=373k• T∞ =25+273=298k• Tf =(373+298)/2=335.5k • β=1/335.5=0.0029 K⁻ᶦ• Gr= ρ² *L³ *g *β *∆t/첕 ρ = 0.995kg/m³ FROM AIR TABLE• μ = 208.2*10⁻⁷kg/m.s FROM AIR TABLE at

350K the nearest value to 335.5K• ∆t=373-298= 75K= 75⁰C• Gr= 0.995² *3³ *9.8 *0.0029 *75 /(208.2*10⁻⁷)²• 56.97/ 0.000000000433= 131427052795=13*10¹⁰

• FOR Gr ˃ 10⁹ the flow is turbulent

• احسب درجة الحرارة المطلمة المتاخمة

• = معامل التمدد الحجم مملوب الدرجة المطلمة المتاخمة

• لاجاد عدد كراشوف• تؤخذ الكثافةمن جدول

خصائص الهواءعند درجة حرارة مماربة لدرجة الحرارة المطلمة المتاخمة وكذلن بالنسبة للزوجة

• اذا كان عدد كراشوف اكثر من

• 10⁹ • فهذا عن ان حركة المائع

اضطرابة

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T Temp.

(K)

ρdensity

(kg/m3)

Cp

specific heat

(kJ/Kg.K)

μviscosity

(10-7kg/m.s)

K thermal

conductivity

(10-3W/m.K)

Pr Prandtlnumber

100 3.5562 1.032 71.1 9.34 0.786

150 2.3364 1.012 103.4 13.8 0.758

200 1.7458 1.007 132.5 18.1 0.737

250 1.3947 1.006 159.6 22.3 0.72

300 1.1614 1.007 184.6 26.3 0.707

350 0.995 1.009 208.2 30.0 0.700

400 0.8711 1.014 230.1 33.8 0.690

450 0.7740 1.021 250.7 37.3 0.686

500 0.6964 1.030 270.1 40.7 0.684

Thermo physical properties of airالهواء

6free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 33: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

T Temp.

(K)

ρdensity

(kg/m3)

Cp

specific heat

(kJ/Kg.K)

μviscosity

(kg .m/s)

k thermal

conductivity

(W/m.K)

Pr Prandtlnumber

βvolume

expansion coefficient

(10-4/K)

260 908 1.76 12.23 0.149 144500 7

280 896 1.83 2.17 0.146 27200 7

300 884 1.91 0.486 0.144 6450 7

320 872 1.99 0.141 0.141 1990 7

340 860 2.08 0.053 0.139 795 7

360 848 2.16 0.025 0.137 395 7

380 836 2.25 0.014 0.136 230 7

400 824 2.34 0.009 0.134 155 7

Thermo physical properties of engine oil زت المحركات

7free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 34: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

2-Prandtl number (Pr)

• Prandtl number (Pr): is ratio between

momentum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity

• Pr =μ *cp /k

• cp is specific heat at constant pressure at fluid

film temperature Tf

J/kg.⁰c

• عذد تزاذذم ثم انسثح ت الارشار

اناشء ي انعشو انحزك و الارشار

انحزاري

• انحزارج انىعح تثثىخ انضغظ و

ذؤخذ هذ انخاصح ي انجذاول عذ

درجح انحزارج انراخح

8free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 35: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Example: Calculate Prandtl number(Pr) for the previous exampleاحسة عذد تزاذذم نهثال انساتك

• Ans.:

• Pr =μ *cp /k

• μ = 208.2*10⁻⁷kg/m.s FROM AIR TABLE at 350K the nearest

value to 335.5K

• Cp= 1.009kJ/kg⁰c =1009J/kg⁰c FROM AIR TABLE at 350K

the nearest value to 335.5K

• k= 30.0*10⁻³ w/m⁰c

• Pr = 208.2*10⁻⁷ *1009 / 30.0*10⁻³ = 0.700246

• Home work: find out Gr and Pr for the same previous conditions but with

engine oil احسة عذدي كزاشىف و تزاذذم نفس انضزوف انساتقح ونك انجذار انعىدي يلايس نشد

(يغطس)انحزك

• 340=لاحظ عذ اخذ انخىاص نشد انحزكاخ ا درجح انحزارج انراخح انقزثح

• يعايم انرذد انحج يعطى ف انجذول لا انائع ف انحانح انسائهح

9free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 36: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

النسبة بن الانتمال الحراري

بتارات الحمل و التوصل

لنفس المائع

=عدد نسلت

معامل انتمال الحرارة

معامل التوصل الحراري

ؤخذ من الجدول

معادلات )من التجارب

(تجاربة

ثوابت تجاربة

للجدران العمودة

هذه ثوابت المعادلة

التجاربة لمدى

(براندتل*كراشوف)

How to calculate heat transfer coefficient (h)

• 3-Nusselt number (Nu) : is the ratio between total heat transfer by convection and the estimated conductive heat transfer.

• Nu=h*L/k• Then : HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (h) is

• h=Nu*k/L

• k is fluid thermal conductivity at Tf (FROM TABLE)

• From experiments (empirical formula)

• Nu= c *(Gr*Pr)ⁿ

• c & n are experimental constants

• For vertical wall

• Nu= 0.15 *(Gr*Pr)⁰῾³³ for Gr*Pr 10⁷ to 10¹¹

10free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst.2/27/2020

Page 37: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Example: Find out the heat transfer coefficient for the vertical wall described in the previous example then calculate the heat transferred by

free convection for wall area of 9 m²

• Ans.

• Gr=13*10¹⁰

• Pr = 0.700246

• Gr*Pr= 91031980000= 9.1*10¹⁰

• Nu= 0.15 *(Gr*Pr)⁰῾³³

• Nu= 0.15 *(9.1*10¹⁰)⁰῾³³

• Nu= 0.15*4135= 620.2

• h=Nu*k/L

• h=620.2* 30.0*10⁻³/3

• h=18.79/3 = 6.26 w/m².⁰c

• Q=h*A*∆t

• Q= 6.26* 9* (100 – 25) = 4228 w

• Home work:

• Find out heat transfer coefficient (h) for a horizontal plate (3m length,4m width) exposed from the top to air at temperature =25⁰c and the plate temperature =100⁰c.

• Note: ( Nu= 0.27*(Gr*Pr)⁰²⁵ )

• احسب معامل انتمال الحرارة لصفحة

• متر 4متر و عرضها 3طولها

• معرضة من الاعلى لهواء

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Page 38: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Empirical formulas for free convection calculations

Surface (Gr.Pr) C n

Vertical Plates/Cylinders10 4 to 10 9 0.59 0.25

10 9 to 10 12 0.13 0.33

Horizontal Pipes 10 3 to 10 9 0.53 0.25

Horizontal Plates Heated

Face up

or Cooled Face Down

10 5 to 2 x 10 7 0.54 0.25

2 x10 7 to 3 x10 10 0.14 0.33

Horizontal Plates

Heated Face down or

Cooled Face up

3 x10 5 to 3 x10 10 0.27 0.25

free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst. 122/27/2020

Page 39: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Forced convection for flow inside pipesذاراخ انحم انجثزي ف حانح انرذفك داخم الااتة

• Reynolds number (Re) : Ratio between inertial and viscous forces. النسبة بن لوةالزخم و لوة اللزوجة

• Re= V*ρ*D/μ• Where• V is fluid velocity m/s السرعة • ρ is fluid density at fluid temperature (t∞) kg/m³• D is the pipe diameter (in case of pipes) m • is the flat plate length ( in case of flat plates)• μ is the fluid viscosity at (t∞) kg/m.s

• The following empirical equations can be used for finding forced convection heat transfer coefficient (h) for flow inside pipes

• Nu= 0.023*Re⁰∙⁸ *Pr⁰∙⁴ when pipe surface temperature (ts) ˃ fluid temp. t∞)

• Nu= 0.023*Re⁰∙⁸ *Pr⁰∙³ if ts ˂ t∞ ( cooling)

2/27/2020 13forced convection mosul technical institute

Page 40: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Calculate heat transfer coefficient (h) for air flowing inside pipe has diameter (D)=0.1m and temperature (ts) of 40⁰c .the air

temperature(t∞) =20⁰c and velocity(V) =3m/s

• Ans.

• velocity(V) =3m/s , diameter (D)=0.1m , air temperature(t∞) =20⁰c FROM AIR PROPERTIES TABLES AT T∞ =20+273 =293 K ≈300 K

• ρ= 1.1614 kg/m³ , μ = 184.6 * 10-7 kg/m.s , Pr= 0.707, k= 26.3* 10-3 w/m.c

• Re=V*ρ *D/μ =3 * 1.1614 * 0.1/ 184.6 * 10-7

• = 18874.3

• Nu= 0.023*Re⁰∙⁸ *Pr⁰∙⁴ pipe surface temperature (ts=40⁰c) ˃ fluid temp. t∞=20⁰c)

• Nu= 0.023 * 18874.3 ⁰∙⁸ * 0.707 ⁰∙⁴

• = 0.023 * 2634.4 * 0.8704 = 52.7

• Nu = h*D/k

• h=Nu*k/D = 52.7 * 26.3* 10-3 / 0.1 = 13.8 w/m².c

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The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for plane walls انعايم انكه لارقال انحزارج

• Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) takes into account the combined effect of both convection and conduction as follows: المعامل الكلي لانتقال

الحرارة أخذ بنظر الاعتبار التأثر المتحد للحمل و التوصل الحراري و ساوي

• (=التوصل و الحمل الحراري)مملوب مجموع المماومات

• U=1/(1/hᵢ+x₁/k₁+ x₂/k₂+1/hₒ) x₁/k₁ x₂/k₂

• hᵢ inner heat transfer coefficient w/m².⁰c

• x₁ wall first layer thickness m 1/hᵢ 1/hₒ

• k₁ wall first layer thermal conductivity w/m.⁰c

• x₂ is the wall second wall thickness m

• k₂ wall 2nd layer thermal conductivity w/m.⁰c

• hₒ outer heat transfer coefficient w/m².⁰c

• U overall heat transfer coefficient w/m².⁰c

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institute 15

Page 42: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

A- Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)for a plane wall has 1st layer thickness(x₁) =0.2m with thermal conductivity(k₁) =3.5 w/ m.⁰c ,2nd layer thickness(x₂) =0.025m , thermal cond. (k₂) =2.3 w/m.⁰c

if inner heat transfer coefficient (hᵢ=5.2w/m².⁰c) and outer heat transfer coefficient (hₒ= 35w/m².⁰c)

• Ans.

• U=1/(1/hᵢ+x₁/k₁+ x₂/k₂+1/hₒ)• 1/hᵢ = 1/5.2 = 0.19 m².⁰c/w (حم حزاري)انقاويح انحزارح انذاخهح

• x₁/k₁ = 0.2/3.5=0.057 m².⁰c/w الاونى نهطثقح انقاويح انحزارح رجح انرىصم

• x₂/k₂ = 0.025/2.3=0.01 m².⁰c/w

• 1/hₒ= 1/35=0.028 m².⁰c/w

• U=1/(0.19+0.057+0.01+0.028)=1/0.285=3.5 w/m².⁰c

• B- calculate the transferred heat from the previous wall for inner room temperature =25⁰c,outer ambient temp.= 0⁰c and wall area of 12 m²

2/27/2020forced convection Mosul technical

institute 16

Page 43: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat exchangers انثادلاخ انحزارح

the purpose of heat exchanger is the transfer of energy (heat) between two

fluids (hot to cold) انهذف ي انثادلاخ انحزارح هى قم اي انحزارج ي يائع انى اخز

• Heat exchanger types

• 2-Shell and tube heat exchangers (parallel, counter and cross flow)2/27/2020

forced convection Mosul technical institute 17

1-Compact heat

exchangers

Page 44: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat exchanger (shell and tube) calculationsحساتاخ يثادلاخ انغلاف و الاثىب

2/27/2020 forced convection mosul technical institute 18

th1 th2

1 2

tc2

tc1

Counter flow shell and tube heat

exchanger الجران المعاكس

Q = mh * cph* (th1-th2) = mc* cpc * (tc1-tc2) = U*A * LMTD

الحرارة المنتملة wتدفك المائع

kg/sالساخن الحرارة النوعة للمائع

الساخن J/kg.cبن دخول و مغادرة (موجب)فرق درجات الحرارة

المائع الساخن c

(نفس التعارف)المائع البارد

Page 45: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Temperature distribution in counter and parallel flow heat exchangers ذىسع درجاخ انحزارج ف انثادلاخ انرىاسح و انرعاكسح انرذفك

2/27/2020forced convection Mosul

technical institute19

1

Area المساحة او

الطول

1 2

Area المساحة او

الطول

1 2

Parallel flow

متوازي التدفك

Counter flow

متعاكس التدفك

Temperature

درجة الحرارة

Page 46: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTDانرىسط انهىغارر نفزق درجاخ انحزارج

• LMTD = (∆t1 -∆t2)/ ln(∆t1/∆t2)

• Example : calculate LMTD for a counter flow heat exchanger

• having cold fluid enters at 20⁰c and leaves at 25⁰c

• and hot fluid enters at 70⁰c ,leaves at 55⁰c.

∆t1 =70-25 =45⁰c

• ∆t2=55-20= 35⁰c

2/27/2020forced convection Mosul

technical institute 20

1 2

70⁰c 55⁰c

20⁰c

25⁰c

Page 47: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

• LMTD= (45-35)/ln (45/35)

• = 10/ 0.251

• = 39.84⁰c

• Example: find out LMTD for the previous heat exchanger if the flow is parallel.

• 25⁰c

• 70⁰c 55⁰c

• 20⁰c

• ∆t1 =70-20=50⁰c ∆t2=55-25=30⁰c

• LMTD= (50-30)/ln(50/30)=20/ 0.51 = 39.1⁰c2/27/2020 forced convection mosul technical institute 21

Page 48: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

HOME WORK

• Question: Parallel flow heat exchanger has hot side fluid cph=

6000j/kg.⁰c inlet temperature th1=80⁰c,outlet temperature th2=58⁰c with a flow rate mh = 1kg/sec. the cold side fluid specific heat cpc=4200j/kg.⁰c ,flow rate mc =0.6 kg/s, inlet temperature tc1=2⁰c .

• A- calculate LMTD .

• B- calculate heat exchanger area if the overall heat transfer coefficient U =300w/m².⁰c

• C –if the pipe diameter =0.03m find out the heat exchanger length.

• Question : repeat the above question for counter flow heat exchanger .

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Page 49: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Heat transfer in extended surface (fins)ارقال انحزارج ف الاسطح انرذج انشعاف

2/27/2020forced convection Mosul

technical institute23

Q=√(h*p*k*Aь)*(tь-t∞)

معامل انتمال الحرارة

(الزعنفة)محط السطح

معامل التوصل للزعنفة

مساحة لاعدة الزعنفة

فرق درجات الحرارة بن لاعدة الزعنفة و المحط

الحرارة المنتملة

Page 50: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

Example: Calculate the heat transferred through rectangular fin has thickness(t)=0.001m and width (w) of 0.05m ,fin metal

thermal conductivity (k) =64w/m.⁰c heat transfer coefficient (h)=5w/m².⁰c , fin base temperature (tь)=180⁰c and

atmospheric temperature(t∞)=20⁰c.

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technical institute24

Ans.

Fin base area (Aь)= w*t =0.05*0.001 =0.00005 m²

Fin perimeter (p)= (w+t)*2 =(0.05+0.001)*2 =0.102 m

Heat transfer by the fin (Q) =√(h*p*k*Aь) *(tь-t∞)

=√5*0.102*64*0.00005 *(180-20)

= 0.04 *160

=6.46 watt

Page 51: Heat Transfer Course 2 level Air Conditioning and ...

HOME WORK• Q: A- Calculate Grashof number (Gr) for air at temperature (t∞) = 25 oc surrounding a

vertical wall of height (L) =2m and surface temperature (ts) =29 oc.

• B- For calculation of free convection in horizontal walls L= ---------.

• Q: Find out heat transfer coefficient (h) if Grashof number (Gr)=1010 , Prandtl number Pr= 0.69, thermal conductivity (k)= 33.8*10 -3w/moc and height (L)= 2m. If

• (Nu= 0.13 *(Gr*Pr) 0.33)

• Q: Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for a plane wall which has 1st layer thickness(x₁) =0.2m, thermal conductivity (k₁) =3.5 w/ m.⁰c . The 2nd layer thickness (x2) =0.025m, thermal conductivity (k₂) =2.3 w/m.⁰c if inner heat transfer coefficient (hi=5.2w/m².⁰c) and outer heat transfer coefficient (ho= 35w/m².⁰c).

• Q: Calculate Nusselt number for air at temperature =27oc flowing inside pipe of diameter (D) =0.3m at a velocity (v)=10m/sec if the empirical formula for this forced convection case is: Nu= 0.023*Re⁰∙⁸ *Pr⁰∙⁴

2/27/2020 free conv. MOSUL Tech. Inst. 25