Heat Flow Calorimetry and Others Thermal Technics Applied in … 2019/Talks for...
Transcript of Heat Flow Calorimetry and Others Thermal Technics Applied in … 2019/Talks for...
armasuisseScience and TechnologyarmasuisseScience and Technology
Heat Flow Calorimetry and Others Thermal Technics Applied in the Ammunition Surveillance and Shelf Life Prediction
A. Sarbach, P. Folly, B. Roduit, C. Luyet, M. Hartmann 15.05.2019
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
2VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
2
Examples of ammunition
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
3VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
3
Samples - preparation• Propellants in ammunition
Pyrotechnic PropellantExplosive
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
4VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
4
Samples - preparation• Propellant in an missile
http://lazysupply.co/tow-missile-diagram.html
Pyrotechnic PropellantExplosive
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
5VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
5
Multi temperature ageing procedure
Sealed Aluminum bag
Propellant
Oven at constant temperature
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
6VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
6
Techniques of analysis - Thermal
High Flow Calorimetry (STANAG 4582)
Typical Heat Flow Calorimetry results 10.6 days at 80C
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
7VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
7
Techniques of analysis - Thermal
Vacuum stability test (STANAG 4556)
Typical VST results 40 h @ 90C
Volume of Released Gas per 5.001 g of Sample = 11.399 ml
Raw Data Smoothed Data Linear Regression Quadratic Regression
Time (min)2,4002,2002,0001,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008006004002000
Gas
Pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
8VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
8
Sparse experimental data
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
9VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
9
Sparse experimental data
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
10VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
10
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
11VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
11
Commonly applied kinetic models
Reaction modelsf(alpha)
S-shaped model:
(1-)n m
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
12VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
12
Reaction rate
Arrhenius
11)1(1exp 11
mn
TREA
dtd
S-shaped-model approach
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
13VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
13
Akaike & Bayesian Information Criteria
Model selection: Akaike & Bayesian Information Criteria (AIC & BIC)
Method for comparing models based on information theory:
(I) Can be used to compare two (or more) models(II) Takes into account not only the quality of fit such as the
sum of residual squares, but also the number of points and model parameters
(III) Determines which model is more likely to be correct and quantify how much more likely (regression parameter ‘w’)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
14VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
14
Statistical results (AIC & BIC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
15VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
15
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
16VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
16
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
17VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
17
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
18VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
18
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
19VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
19
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
20VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
20
Gas evolution (VST) test
verification
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
21VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
21
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
22VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
22
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
23VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
23
Gas evolution (VST) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
24VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
24
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
25VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
25
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
26VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
26
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
27VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
27
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
28VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
28
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
29VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
29
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
30VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
30
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
31VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
31
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
32VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
32
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
33VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
33
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
34VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
34
Heat evolution (HFC) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
35VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
35
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
36VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
36
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
37VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
37
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
38VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
38
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
39VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
39
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
40VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
40
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
41VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
41
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
42VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
42
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
43VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
43
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
44VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
44
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
45VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
45
Pressure firing (PF) test
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
46VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
46
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
47VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
47
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
48VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
48
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
49VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
49
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
50VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
50
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
51VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
51
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
52VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
52
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
53VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
53
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
54VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
54
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
55VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
55
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
56VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
56
Stabilizer depletion test (HPLC)
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
57VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
57
70C
Stabilizer depletion (HPLC)Simulated change of the stabilizer content at different temperatures
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
58VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
58
35C70C
Stabilizer depletion (HPLC)Simulated change of the stabilizer content at different temperatures
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
59VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
59
Stabilizer depletion (HPLC)
70C 35C
acceptable limit (0.2 mass %)
11.8 days at 70Ccorresponds to
10.7 years at 35C
Simulated change of the stabilizer content at different temperatures
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
60VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
60
TTT diagram
HPLC
(70C, 11.8 days)
(35C, 10.7years)
11.8 days at 70Ccorresponds to
10.7 years at 35C
Temperature – Time – Transformation (TTT) diagramPresented dependencies depict the equivalent time-temperature points for which
the aging progress is the same.
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
61VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
61
HFCVSTHPLC
PF
SAFE
UNSAFE
TTT diagramTemperature – Time – Transformation (TTT) diagram
for the 4 limits of propellant properties calculated from the best kinetic model.
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
62VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
62
Propellant properties reaching limits
First limit
Second limit Third limit
Fourth limit
VSTPF
HPLC HFC
Propellant properties
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
63VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
63
Conclusion• If you want to make a good life time prediction of
propellants you need to perform • a stabilizer depletion test• a thermal stability test
• You also need to know the storage conditions and the start values of your powder.
• The security issues between safety and reliability are linked but the consequences are not identical.
• Without these information your prediction would only be a rough estimation.
VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAHSTK 2019
INTERN
64VBS / armasuisse / S+T / SAH
INTERN
64
Thank-you for your attention
Questions ?