Urban Heat Island and Mitigation Strategies at City and Building
Heat and the city
description
Transcript of Heat and the city
Heat and the City
David Hawkey University of Edinburgh
Overview
• What is district heating? • Where has district heating developed in the
past, and how? • How is district heating being developed in the
UK today?
Swedish DH sources
Ericson, K., 2009. Introduction and development of the Swedish district heating systems http://www.res-h-policy.eu/downloads/Swedish_district_heating_case-study_(D5)_final.pdf
Energy system integration
• c
Operational flexibility and balancing
District heating characteristics
• High cost infrastructure / low cost commodity – Heat density
• Long lifespan of pipes / low rate of return – Commitment
• Economies of scope – Diversity / scale
• Natural monopoly – Trust
International comparison
Danish and Swedish development
• Post war experiments exploiting heavy / light oil price difference
• Oil crisis led to national policies which placed responsibilities on local government
• Embedded in wider systems of municipal service provision (including electricity)
• Swedish house building programme • Danish power to compel connection • Heat networks regulated • Learning networks and technology development
Local Authorities • Have strategic, long term view of area plus social
responsibilities • Democratic oversight mitigates subscribers’
perceptions of monopoly risk • Planning policy can encourage connection and shape
heat supply/demand patterns • Control large heat demand on own estate • Accept low (social) rates of return, but financially
constrained • Cross-subsidy? • DH cuts across traditional departmental divisions
District heating in the UK
• Relative fragmentation of local government – Transfer of functions to other organisations – (Legacy of) central control
• Shift from local government provision to enabling • No “problem owner” at present • Voluntaristic development model: political
commitment and extensive negotiation of relationships
• Diverse business models and economic evaluations
Where have we seen development?
• Tendency towards single organisation projects
• Sustainable City initiatives build local relationships even if project development appears slow
• Scottish Community Energy Network secured 60% of CEP – Built local capacity and confidence
• Aberdeen Heat and Power – exploration of commercial supply
£0
£200,000
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2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005
Community energy programme
AverageScottishGrant
Average nonScottish grant
Link up later? I think where it gets complicated … is if you then wanted to sell heat onto a municipal network… The university is never going to want to put itself in a position where we need to shut off
heat to our biomedical research facility because legally we’re obliged to heat social housing up the road. …. Some intermediary, [the] City Council,
needs to sit in the middle. But … they’re not really in the business of
being that intermediary.
• Development of small schemes for later integration
• Connecting infrastructure vs multiple energy centres
• Technical compatibility issues recognised
• Organisational/commercial challenges more challenging
Current policy approaches
• Heat Networks Partnership / Heat Networks Delivery Unit – Support project development / common resources
• Centralised heat mapping • Channelling finance but commercial rates • Place / technology neutral policies • Industry-led consumer protection code • Scottish govt DH targets (becoming “problem
owner”?)
Conclusions
• Diversity and flexibility in how heat networks are configured – Socially shaped – Greater impact of larger integrated systems
• Governance arrangements in UK differ from European DH countries’
• Diversity in development models but most small scale with uncertain prospects for growth