Heart of Heart of DarknessDarknessAn Brief Look at Conrad’s Life and An Brief Look at Conrad’s Life and

Works, Themes, and Motifs in Works, Themes, and Motifs in Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness and and Apocalypse Apocalypse

NowNow

Joseph Conrad’s LifeJoseph Conrad’s Life Born Josef Teodore Konrad Nalecz Born Josef Teodore Konrad Nalecz

Korzeniowski, in Podolia, Ukraine, in Korzeniowski, in Podolia, Ukraine, in 1857. 1857.

Conrad's father had studied law and Conrad's father had studied law and languages at St Petersburg University languages at St Petersburg University and wrote radical poems and plays. and wrote radical poems and plays.

His father and mother, Apollo and Ewa, His father and mother, Apollo and Ewa, were political activists. They were were political activists. They were imprisoned 7 months and eventually imprisoned 7 months and eventually deported to Vologdadeported to Vologda

Conrad’s mother died of pneumonia in Conrad’s mother died of pneumonia in 1865.1865.

Joseph Conrad’s LifeJoseph Conrad’s Life Apollo tried to educate his son himself; he Apollo tried to educate his son himself; he

introduced him to the work of Dickens, James introduced him to the work of Dickens, James Fennimore Cooper, and Captain Marryat in Fennimore Cooper, and Captain Marryat in either Polish or French translations. either Polish or French translations.

His father died of tuberculosis, and his funeral His father died of tuberculosis, and his funeral was attended by a thousand admirers.was attended by a thousand admirers.

Conrad was raised by his uncle.Conrad was raised by his uncle. Conrad was disobedient student.Conrad was disobedient student. In 1874, Conrad went to Marseilles France and In 1874, Conrad went to Marseilles France and

joined the Merchant Navy.joined the Merchant Navy. Gun running for the Spanish and a love affair led Gun running for the Spanish and a love affair led

to a suicide attempt.to a suicide attempt.

Joseph Conrad’s LifeJoseph Conrad’s Life Conrad eventually became a Conrad eventually became a

British merchant sailor and British merchant sailor and eventually a master mariner and eventually a master mariner and citizen in 1886.citizen in 1886.

He traveled widely in the east.He traveled widely in the east. He took on a stint as a steamer He took on a stint as a steamer

captain (1890) in the Congo, but captain (1890) in the Congo, but became ill within three months became ill within three months and had to leave.and had to leave.

In 1896, he married Jessie In 1896, he married Jessie George a typist from Peckham.George a typist from Peckham.

Conrad retired from sailing and Conrad retired from sailing and took up writing full time.took up writing full time.

Writing took a physical and Writing took a physical and emotional toll on Conrad. The emotional toll on Conrad. The experience was drainingexperience was draining

Joseph Conrad’s WorksJoseph Conrad’s Works Amayer’s FollyAmayer’s Folly (1895) (1895) Lord JimLord Jim (1900) (1900) Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness

(1902)(1902) Nostromo Nostromo (1904)(1904) Under Western EyesUnder Western Eyes

(1910)(1910) ChanceChance (1914) (1914)

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Background Background After a long stint in the east ended, After a long stint in the east ended,

Conrad had trouble finding a new position. Conrad had trouble finding a new position. With the help of a relative in Brussels, he With the help of a relative in Brussels, he

was hired as captain of a steamer for a was hired as captain of a steamer for a Belgian trading company.Belgian trading company.

Conrad had always dreamed of sailing the Conrad had always dreamed of sailing the Congo.Congo.

Conrad had to leave early for the job Conrad had to leave early for the job because the previous captain was killed in because the previous captain was killed in a trivial quarrel.a trivial quarrel.

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Background Background While traveling from Boma (at the mouth) to the While traveling from Boma (at the mouth) to the

company station at Matadi he met Roger Casement who company station at Matadi he met Roger Casement who told Conrad stories of the harsh treatment of Africans.told Conrad stories of the harsh treatment of Africans.

Conrad saw some of the most shocking and depraved Conrad saw some of the most shocking and depraved examples of human corruption he’d ever witnessed. He examples of human corruption he’d ever witnessed. He was disgusted by the ill treatment of the natives, the was disgusted by the ill treatment of the natives, the scrabble for loot, the terrible heat, and the lack of water. scrabble for loot, the terrible heat, and the lack of water.

He saw human skeletons of bodies left to rot - many He saw human skeletons of bodies left to rot - many were bodies of men from the chain gangs building the were bodies of men from the chain gangs building the railroads. railroads.

He found his ship was damaged.He found his ship was damaged. Dysentery was rampant as was malaria; Conrad had to Dysentery was rampant as was malaria; Conrad had to

terminate his contract due to illness and never fully terminate his contract due to illness and never fully recovered.recovered.

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness is Conrad’s most widely read novel. is Conrad’s most widely read novel.One reason is that it lends itself to wide range of One reason is that it lends itself to wide range of interpretations.interpretations.It can be read as…..It can be read as…..

1. autobiography: The account of a journey up the1. autobiography: The account of a journey up the Congo river that Conrad undertook in the early 1890’s.Congo river that Conrad undertook in the early 1890’s. 2. anticolonialism: An exposition of the brutality of 2. anticolonialism: An exposition of the brutality of Belgian colonial rule.Belgian colonial rule. 3. myth: An ( Arthurian) quest3. myth: An ( Arthurian) quest 4. classical or Norse mythology4. classical or Norse mythology 5. psychology or psychoanalysis: A journey into the5. psychology or psychoanalysis: A journey into the Self.Self.(and as a picture of the American involvement in the (and as a picture of the American involvement in the Vietnam War)Vietnam War)

AutobiographyAutobiography

• Conrad did, in fact, go up the Congo River in 1890.Conrad did, in fact, go up the Congo River in 1890.• Like Marlow in the novel, he got the job to go to the Like Marlow in the novel, he got the job to go to the Congo through his aunt. Congo through his aunt.• Like Marlow, he did not get along with the manager.Like Marlow, he did not get along with the manager.• Like Marlow, he was sent to pick up an agent.Like Marlow, he was sent to pick up an agent.• Like Marlow, he fell ill and nearly died.Like Marlow, he fell ill and nearly died.

AnticolonialismAnticolonialism

• ““The conquest of the earth, which mostly means theThe conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different taking it away from those who have a different complexion or lightly flatter noses than ourselves, iscomplexion or lightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much.”not a pretty thing when you look into it too much.”• In an essay, Conrad calls the colonial exploitation of In an essay, Conrad calls the colonial exploitation of the Congo, “the vilest scramble for loot that ever the Congo, “the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience…”disfigured the history of human conscience…”

Conrad aboutConrad about colonialismcolonialism:

MythMyth•In the King Arthur myths, a knight in shining armorIn the King Arthur myths, a knight in shining armor goes on a quest. Typically a quest for the holy grail.goes on a quest. Typically a quest for the holy grail.

•The quest usually involves a number of trials. Some ofThe quest usually involves a number of trials. Some of those are physical, but the toughest tests are usuallythose are physical, but the toughest tests are usually spiritual, a test of moral fibre or personal integrity.spiritual, a test of moral fibre or personal integrity.

•The trials do not necessarily lead to wealth and fame, The trials do not necessarily lead to wealth and fame, but equally often to insight and humility.but equally often to insight and humility.

Mythology: Classical and NorseMythology: Classical and NorseThere are a number of references to Greek and Norse There are a number of references to Greek and Norse Mythology and to the Mythology and to the IliadIliad, the , the Odyssey,Odyssey, and the and the AeneidAeneid::

•The women in the Brussels office => Fates or NornesThe women in the Brussels office => Fates or Nornes•The Sepuchral city => Descent into the underworldThe Sepuchral city => Descent into the underworld (Odyssey and Aeneid)(Odyssey and Aeneid)•The river => Styx, Lethe (Rivers in the underworld)The river => Styx, Lethe (Rivers in the underworld)•The dying Negroes => The lifeless shadows in theThe dying Negroes => The lifeless shadows in the underworldunderworld•The journey itself => the journeys of Odysseus andThe journey itself => the journeys of Odysseus and AeneasAeneas

•The novel has repeatedly been compared to Dante’sThe novel has repeatedly been compared to Dante’sDivine Comedy.Divine Comedy.

•Dante also undertakes a journey to the underworld, to the Dante also undertakes a journey to the underworld, to the Christian Hell.Christian Hell.

•Other parallels:Other parallels:•The river = snake = temptationThe river = snake = temptation•The dying Negroes = souls in limboThe dying Negroes = souls in limbo•The Inner Station = the inner sanctum of Hell, InfernoThe Inner Station = the inner sanctum of Hell, Inferno

Christian MythologyChristian Mythology

Psychology and Psychoanalysis

More than 20 years before Freud published his tripartite division of the mind into Superego, Ego, and Id, Conrad seems to use similar ideas:

superego

ego

id

‘the policeman’ (p. 85)

‘your own innate strength’ (p.85)‘..he was hollow at the core’ (97)

‘powers of darkness’ (p. 85) ‘But the wilderness had found him out early… and the whisper had proved irresistibly fascinating’ (p. 97)

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Narrative Narrative StructureStructure

Framed NarrativeFramed Narrative Narrator beginsNarrator begins Marlow takes overMarlow takes over Narrator breaks in occasionallyNarrator breaks in occasionally

Marlow is Conrad’s alter-ego; he shows up in some of Marlow is Conrad’s alter-ego; he shows up in some of Conrad’s other works including “Youth: A Narrative” and Conrad’s other works including “Youth: A Narrative” and Lord Jim.Lord Jim.

Marlow recounts his tale while he is on a small vessel on Marlow recounts his tale while he is on a small vessel on the Thames with some drinking buddies who are ex-the Thames with some drinking buddies who are ex-merchant seamen. As he recounts his story the group merchant seamen. As he recounts his story the group sits in an all-encompassing darkness and pass around sits in an all-encompassing darkness and pass around the bottle.the bottle.

Varied InterpretationsVaried Interpretations Many different interpretations of this books exist.Many different interpretations of this books exist. Some see it as an attack on colonialism and a criticism Some see it as an attack on colonialism and a criticism

of racial exploitation. of racial exploitation. Some see Kurtz as the embodiment of all the evil and Some see Kurtz as the embodiment of all the evil and

horror of capitalist society. horror of capitalist society. Others view it as a portrayal of one man’s journey into Others view it as a portrayal of one man’s journey into

the primitive unconscious where the only means of the primitive unconscious where the only means of escaping the blandness of everyday life is by self escaping the blandness of everyday life is by self degradation. degradation.

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Themes & Motifs Themes & Motifs DarknessDarkness

Primitive Impulses (Kurtz, previous captain, etc.)Primitive Impulses (Kurtz, previous captain, etc.) Cruelty of Man (Kurtz and Company)Cruelty of Man (Kurtz and Company) Immorality/Amorality (Kurtz)Immorality/Amorality (Kurtz)

Lies/Hypocrisy (Marlow chooses Kurtz’s evil versus Lies/Hypocrisy (Marlow chooses Kurtz’s evil versus Company’s hypocritical evil)Company’s hypocritical evil)

Imperialization/Colonization (Belgian Company)Imperialization/Colonization (Belgian Company) Cruelty of ManCruelty of Man GreedGreed Exploitation of PeopleExploitation of People

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Themes & Motifs Themes & Motifs

Role of WomenRole of Women Civilization exploitive of womenCivilization exploitive of women Civilization as a binding and Civilization as a binding and

self-perpetuating forceself-perpetuating force Physical connected to Physical connected to

PsychologicalPsychological Barriers (fog, thick forest, Barriers (fog, thick forest,

etc.)etc.) Rivers (connection to past, Rivers (connection to past,

parallels time and journey)parallels time and journey)

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Paul O’Prey: "It is an irony that the 'failures' of Paul O’Prey: "It is an irony that the 'failures' of

Marlow and Kurtz are paralleled by a Marlow and Kurtz are paralleled by a corresponding failure of Conrad's technique--corresponding failure of Conrad's technique--brilliant though it is--as the vast abstract brilliant though it is--as the vast abstract darkness he imagines exceeds his capacity to darkness he imagines exceeds his capacity to analyze and dramatize it, and the very inability to analyze and dramatize it, and the very inability to portray the story's central subject, the portray the story's central subject, the 'unimaginable', the 'impenetratable' (evil, 'unimaginable', the 'impenetratable' (evil, emptiness, mystery or whatever) becomes a emptiness, mystery or whatever) becomes a central theme." central theme."

James Guetti complains that Marlow "never gets James Guetti complains that Marlow "never gets below the surface" and is "denied the final self-below the surface" and is "denied the final self-knowledge that Kurtz had."knowledge that Kurtz had."

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Conrad, writing in 1922, responds to similar criticism: Conrad, writing in 1922, responds to similar criticism:

"Explicitness, my dear fellow, is fatal to the glamour of all "Explicitness, my dear fellow, is fatal to the glamour of all artistic work, robbing it of all suggestiveness, destroying all artistic work, robbing it of all suggestiveness, destroying all illusion. You seem to believe in literalness and explicitness, in illusion. You seem to believe in literalness and explicitness, in facts and in expression. Yet nothing is more clear than the facts and in expression. Yet nothing is more clear than the utter insignificance of explicit statement and also its power to utter insignificance of explicit statement and also its power to call attention away from things that matter in the region of art." call attention away from things that matter in the region of art."

Marlowe, the narrator, describes how difficult conveying a Marlowe, the narrator, describes how difficult conveying a story is: "Do you see the story? Do you see anything? It story is: "Do you see the story? Do you see anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream--making a vain seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream--making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible, which is the very essence of being captured by the incredible, which is the very essence of dream . . .No, it is impossible; it is impossible to convey the dream . . .No, it is impossible; it is impossible to convey the life-sensation of any given epoch of one's existence--that life-sensation of any given epoch of one's existence--that which makes its truth, its meaning-- its subtle and penetrating which makes its truth, its meaning-- its subtle and penetrating essence. It is impossible. We live, as we dream--alone . . ." essence. It is impossible. We live, as we dream--alone . . ."

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Marxist: You can see Marxist: You can see Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness as a as a

depiction of, and an attack upon, colonialism in depiction of, and an attack upon, colonialism in general, and, more specifically, the particularly general, and, more specifically, the particularly brutal form colonialism took in the Belgian brutal form colonialism took in the Belgian Congo. Congo. the mistreatment of the Africans the mistreatment of the Africans the greed of the so-called "pilgrims" the greed of the so-called "pilgrims" the broken idealism of Kurtzthe broken idealism of Kurtz the French man-of-war lobbing shells into the jungle the French man-of-war lobbing shells into the jungle the grove of death which Marlow stumbles uponthe grove of death which Marlow stumbles upon the little note that Kurtz appends to his noble-minded the little note that Kurtz appends to his noble-minded

essay on The Suppression of Savage Customsessay on The Suppression of Savage Customs the importance of ivory to the economics of the the importance of ivory to the economics of the

system system

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Sociological/Cultural: Conrad was also Sociological/Cultural: Conrad was also

apparently interested in a more general apparently interested in a more general sociological investigation of those who conquer sociological investigation of those who conquer and those who are conquered and the and those who are conquered and the complicated interplay between them. complicated interplay between them. Marlow's invocation of the Roman conquest of Britain Marlow's invocation of the Roman conquest of Britain cultural ambiguity of those Africans who have taken cultural ambiguity of those Africans who have taken

on some of the ways of the Europeans on some of the ways of the Europeans the ways in which the wilderness tends to strip away the ways in which the wilderness tends to strip away

the civility of the Europeans and brutalize them the civility of the Europeans and brutalize them Conrad is not impartial and scientifically detached Conrad is not impartial and scientifically detached

from these things, and he even has a bit of fun with from these things, and he even has a bit of fun with such impartiality in his depiction of the doctor who such impartiality in his depiction of the doctor who tells Marlow that people who go out to Africa become tells Marlow that people who go out to Africa become "scientifically interesting.""scientifically interesting."

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Psychological/Psychoanalytical: Conrad goes out of his Psychological/Psychoanalytical: Conrad goes out of his

way to suggest that in some sense Marlow's journey is way to suggest that in some sense Marlow's journey is like a dream or a return to our primitive past--an like a dream or a return to our primitive past--an exploration of the dark recesses of the human mind. exploration of the dark recesses of the human mind. Apparent similarities to the psychological theories of Apparent similarities to the psychological theories of

Sigmund Freud in its suggestion that dreams are a Sigmund Freud in its suggestion that dreams are a clue to hidden areas of the mindclue to hidden areas of the mind

We are all primitive brutes and savages, capable of We are all primitive brutes and savages, capable of the most appalling wishes and the most horrifying the most appalling wishes and the most horrifying impulses (the Id).impulses (the Id).

We can make sense of the urge Marlow feels to leave We can make sense of the urge Marlow feels to leave his boat and join the natives for a savage whoop and his boat and join the natives for a savage whoop and holler.holler.

Notice that Marlow keeps insisting that Kurtz is a Notice that Marlow keeps insisting that Kurtz is a voice--a voice who seems to speak to him out of the voice--a voice who seems to speak to him out of the heart of the immense darkness.heart of the immense darkness.

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Religious: Religious: Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness as an as an

examination of various aspects of religion examination of various aspects of religion and religious practicesand religious practices examine the way Conrad plays with the examine the way Conrad plays with the

concept of pilgrims and pilgrimages concept of pilgrims and pilgrimages the role of Christian missionary concepts in the role of Christian missionary concepts in

the justifications of the colonialiststhe justifications of the colonialists the dark way in which Kurtz fulfills his own the dark way in which Kurtz fulfills his own

messianic ambitions by setting himself up as messianic ambitions by setting himself up as one of the local godsone of the local gods

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism Moral-Philosophical: Moral-Philosophical: Heart of Heart of

DarknessDarkness is preoccupied with is preoccupied with general questions about the nature general questions about the nature of good and evil, or civilization and of good and evil, or civilization and savagery savagery What saves Marlow from What saves Marlow from

becoming evil?becoming evil? Is Kurtz more or less evil than Is Kurtz more or less evil than

the pilgrims?the pilgrims? Why does Marlow associate lies Why does Marlow associate lies

with mortality?with mortality?

Review of CriticismReview of Criticism

Formulist: Formulist: Threes: There are three parts to the story, three Threes: There are three parts to the story, three

breaks in the story (1 in pt. 1 and 2 in pt. 2), and breaks in the story (1 in pt. 1 and 2 in pt. 2), and three central characters: the outside narrator, three central characters: the outside narrator, Marlow, and KurtzMarlow, and Kurtz

Contrasting images (dark and light, open and Contrasting images (dark and light, open and closed)closed)

Center to periphery: Kurtz->Marlow->Outside Center to periphery: Kurtz->Marlow->Outside Narrator->the readerNarrator->the reader

Are the answers to be found in the center or on Are the answers to be found in the center or on the periphery?the periphery?

ModernismModernism Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness was published in the Late Victorian-Early was published in the Late Victorian-Early

Modern Era but exhibits mostly modern traits:Modern Era but exhibits mostly modern traits: a distrust of abstractions as a way of delineating truth a distrust of abstractions as a way of delineating truth an interest in an exploration of the psychological an interest in an exploration of the psychological a belief in art as a separate and somewhat privileged kind of a belief in art as a separate and somewhat privileged kind of

human experience human experience a desire for transcendence mingled with a feeling that a desire for transcendence mingled with a feeling that

transcendence cannot be achieved transcendence cannot be achieved an awareness of primitiveness and savagery as the condition an awareness of primitiveness and savagery as the condition

upon which civilization is built, and therefore an interest in the upon which civilization is built, and therefore an interest in the experience and expressions of non-European peoples experience and expressions of non-European peoples

a skepticism that emerges from the notion that human ideas a skepticism that emerges from the notion that human ideas about the world seldom fit the complexity of the world itself, about the world seldom fit the complexity of the world itself, and thus a sense that multiplicity, ambiguity, and irony--in life and thus a sense that multiplicity, ambiguity, and irony--in life and in art--are the necessary responses of the intelligent mind and in art--are the necessary responses of the intelligent mind to the human condition. to the human condition.

ModernismModernism Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness was published in the Late Victorian-Early was published in the Late Victorian-Early

Modern Era but exhibits mostly modern traits:Modern Era but exhibits mostly modern traits: a distrust of abstractions as a way of delineating truth a distrust of abstractions as a way of delineating truth an interest in an exploration of the psychological an interest in an exploration of the psychological a belief in art as a separate and somewhat privileged kind of a belief in art as a separate and somewhat privileged kind of

human experience human experience a desire for transcendence mingled with a feeling that a desire for transcendence mingled with a feeling that

transcendence cannot be achieved transcendence cannot be achieved an awareness of primitiveness and savagery as the condition an awareness of primitiveness and savagery as the condition

upon which civilization is built, and therefore an interest in the upon which civilization is built, and therefore an interest in the experience and expressions of non-European peoples experience and expressions of non-European peoples

a skepticism that emerges from the notion that human ideas a skepticism that emerges from the notion that human ideas about the world seldom fit the complexity of the world itself, about the world seldom fit the complexity of the world itself, and thus a sense that multiplicity, ambiguity, and irony--in life and thus a sense that multiplicity, ambiguity, and irony--in life and in art--are the necessary responses of the intelligent mind and in art--are the necessary responses of the intelligent mind to the human condition. to the human condition.

Apocalypse NowApocalypse Now Apocalypse NowApocalypse Now is a film that is a film that

was directed by Francis Ford was directed by Francis Ford Coppola starring Martin Coppola starring Martin Sheen, Robert Duvall, and Sheen, Robert Duvall, and Marlon BrandoMarlon Brando

This film was based on This film was based on Conrad’s Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.Heart of Darkness.

Coppola takes the story to Coppola takes the story to Vietnam. Captain Willard Vietnam. Captain Willard (Marlow) is sent on a mission (Marlow) is sent on a mission to kill Colonel Kurtz who has to kill Colonel Kurtz who has gone renegade.gone renegade.

Apocalypse Now

Apocalypse Now• Apocalypse NowApocalypse Now is only loosely based on is only loosely based on Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness..

• However,However, the main plot and quite a few individual lines have been the main plot and quite a few individual lines have been

lifted directly from the novel.lifted directly from the novel.• Like the novel, it is a delving into the darkness of man’s heart.Like the novel, it is a delving into the darkness of man’s heart.• Like the novel, the film wants to penetrate all the way to the Like the novel, the film wants to penetrate all the way to the reptile brain.reptile brain.• Where the novel may be called anticolonialist, the film may be Where the novel may be called anticolonialist, the film may be seen as anti-war.seen as anti-war.• There is the same basic conflict of a technologically advanced There is the same basic conflict of a technologically advanced culture attempting to impose its will on a less developed people.culture attempting to impose its will on a less developed people.• If the novel questions ‘the white man’s burden’, the film If the novel questions ‘the white man’s burden’, the film questions the right of one country to impose its political system on questions the right of one country to impose its political system on another.another.

Other parallels between Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness

• Same basic plotSame basic plot: An man goes up a river in order to get : An man goes up a river in order to get another man who, in the process, takes on an ominous another man who, in the process, takes on an ominous significance.significance.

ANDAND

• The helmsman is killed by a spear.The helmsman is killed by a spear.• Kurtz’ camp is, in both versions, a vision of hell (in theKurtz’ camp is, in both versions, a vision of hell (in the novel some of the natives wear horns - in the film wenovel some of the natives wear horns - in the film we see them.)see them.)• Both Kurtzes are in opposition to their superiors.Both Kurtzes are in opposition to their superiors.• Both Kurtzes are extremely gifted.Both Kurtzes are extremely gifted.• Kurtz’s voice plays a major role in both works.Kurtz’s voice plays a major role in both works.

•Film: ”His voice really put the hook in me.” Film: ”His voice really put the hook in me.” •Novel: ”The man presented himself as a voice”.Novel: ”The man presented himself as a voice”.