HEARTBZT 214

(ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY)NURUL FARHANA BINTI

ISMAIL116703

ZOOLOGY

Heart of FISH , REPTILE & HUMAN

Diagram of Heart Of Fish

Description of Heart of FISH

•In fish the heart consist of 2 chambers ( Atrium & Ventrical )•Have NO Septum•The mood of circulation : Blood passes only once through the heart to supply once to the body.•Single circulation•Nature of blood : Only venous blood passes through the heart•Efficiency : It is LESS efficient as gill capillaries slow down the blood flow so the body receives blood at LOW pressure which DECREASE the rate of oxygen supply to the body cell

Diagram of Heart of Reptile

Description of Heart of Reptile

•All reptiles have a three-chambered heart consisted of ONE Atria and TWO Ventricles•Have INCOMPLETE Septum•Mode of circulation : The blood is pumped into the heart to the right atrium which then flows into the ventricle to be transported into the lungs. The blood coming from the lungs enter the left atrium into the same ventricle. •Nature of blood : Blood mixing in the ventricle depends on the physiological state and species of the reptile (due to incomplete septum)•Double Circulation•Efficiency : A thin membrane that divides the ventricle into two for MORE circulatory efficiency.

Diagram of Heart of Human

Description of Heart of Human

•In human there are 2 Atria & 2 completely divided Ventricals•Have COMPLETE Septum•Mode of circulation : Blood passes TWICE through the heart to supply once to the body•Nature of blood : Left side of heart receives and pump oxygen- rich blood while right side of heart receive and pump oxygen- poor blood•Double circulation•Efficiency : It is MORE efficient as blood flow at HIGHER pressure especially in birds and mammal also human, which INCREASE the rate of oxygen supply to the cell and also rapid removal of waste from them.

Similarities between Fish, Reptile & Human’s

Heart• All have chambers• All have Atriums and Ventricles• The role of the heart is to pump

oxygen-rich blood to every living cell in the body.

Hematocyte = Blood Cell• Blood transports materials around the body and

protects against disease. • It consists of cells, solutes and liquid.• Blood is pumped away from the heart at high pressure

in arteries and returns to the heart at low pressure in veins.

• Blood contains plasma, a liquid that contains dissolved substances, cells and cell fragments.

• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): which transport oxygen• White blood cells (Leukocytes): which protect against

disease• Platelets (Thrombocytes) : which help the blood to clot

• Blood contains plasma, a liquid that contains dissolved substances, cells and cell fragments. 

Red Blood Cell

Feature Reason

Small size Lets red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries

Flattened disc shape Provides a large surface area, allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen

Containshaemoglobin Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest

of the body

Does not contain a nucleus Increases amount of space inside the cell for haemoglobin

The table explains how the structure of a red blood cell is adapted to its function :

Plasma • Plasma transports dissolved substances around

the body, including:

i. Hormones

ii. Antibodies

iii. Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins

iv. Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea