HearingHearing

►Stimulus: sound wavesStimulus: sound waves►Damaged when sound >85 decibels.Damaged when sound >85 decibels.►Stereo-audition.Stereo-audition.►Amplitude = loudness;Amplitude = loudness;

frequency = pitchfrequency = pitch►Activity – find a partner…Activity – find a partner…

Locate sound.Locate sound.

HearingHearing P. 157

TouchTouch

Four sensations:Four sensations: Pressure, warmth, cold, and painPressure, warmth, cold, and pain

Gate Control TheoryGate Control Theory – only one – only one sensation at a time: pain travels on sensation at a time: pain travels on smaller fibers, other sensations on smaller fibers, other sensations on larger fibers – action in large fibers larger fibers – action in large fibers blocks action in the small.blocks action in the small.

Good Pain? Tells you when something Good Pain? Tells you when something is wrong.is wrong.

PainPain

Some people born with reduced Some people born with reduced ability to feel pain – cannot detect ability to feel pain – cannot detect hunger, broken bones, fever…hunger, broken bones, fever…

Blocking Pain:Blocking Pain: Mind over matter (meditation, Lamaze)Mind over matter (meditation, Lamaze) Acupuncture and counterstimulationAcupuncture and counterstimulation Medication (blocks pain transmission)Medication (blocks pain transmission) Endorphins (Endogenous Morphine)Endorphins (Endogenous Morphine)

Other TactileOther Tactile

KinesthesisKinesthesis – knowing where our – knowing where our body parts are: visually cued; body parts are: visually cued; knowing how to get where we want knowing how to get where we want to be/do what we want.to be/do what we want.

Vestibular SenseVestibular Sense – monitors body – monitors body movements and balance: based in movements and balance: based in semicircular canals in ear.semicircular canals in ear.

SmellSmell

Very basic; primitive sense close to brainVery basic; primitive sense close to brain Pheromones??Pheromones?? Smells connected to memory, and are Smells connected to memory, and are

powerful.powerful. Smell based on chemical processes; Smell based on chemical processes;

sniffing circulates more air through nose.sniffing circulates more air through nose.

Taste

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Flavor = smell + taste

>200 taste buds that each respond to chemicals in food.

Taste diminishes with age, smoking, and alcohol use.

Movie: “Tasters and Supertasters”.

Perception

How do we organize and interpret out sensations so that they become meaningful perceptions? Gestalt (German: whole, form):

Gestalt psychologists provided compelling examples of gestalt perception and described principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions. The whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Figure and GroundFigure and Ground Figure – any object we perceive

as distinct from its surroundings. Ground – the surroundings. Perceptual Set:

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

FOLK, CROAK SOAK; what do we call the white of an egg?

Perceptual Adaptation – brain’s accommodating changed sensory input to make it normal. (As in the upside down glasses.)

Figure and ground are dynamic, so what was part of the ground can become the figure, and the old figure becomes part of the ground.

Perception Grouping - rules our mind follows to bring

order and form to sensations. Proximity – we group nearby features together. Similarity – we group similar features together. Continuity – we perceive smooth continuous

patterns. Connectedness – we perceive uniform/linked

stimuli as single units. Closure – we fill in gaps to perceive a whole

object.

Closure

• Perceptual Constancy:– Perceiving objects as

unchanging even as their properties are changing.

• Shape Constancy – – perceiving an object as perceiving an object as being the same while the being the same while the image on the retina is image on the retina is changing shape.changing shape.

• Size-Distance Relationship – given a – given a distance and size of distance and size of retinal image we infer the retinal image we infer the size of a stimulus.size of a stimulus.

• Size Constancy – we perceive objects as having a constant size though our distance from them varies.

• Lightness Constancy – we perceive an object as having a constant lightness while its illumination varies.

Binocular Vision

• Retinal Disparity – eyes receive different images because of their separation; when the brain compares the two images it receives an important cue as to the relative distance of objects.

• Convergence – neuromuscular cue caused by the eyes’ greater inward turn to see closer objects.

Monocular Vision

• Relative Size – if we assume two objects are the same size, then we perceive the smaller of the two as farther away.

• Interposition – if one object blocks the view of another we perceive it as closer.

• Relative Height – we perceive objects higher in our visual field as farther away.

• Relative Motion (motion parallax) – as we move objects that are stable may appear to move.

• Linear Perspective – parallel lines appear to converge with distance.

• Light and Shadow – dimmer objects seem farther away.

ESP• Perception without

sensation– Do dreams tell the future?

(Next week, sleep and dreams.)

– Precognition – tellin’ the future.

– Telepathy – mind to mind communication.

– Clairvoyance – perceiving remote events.

• A reproducible ESP phenomenon has never been discovered, nor has anyone produced any individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability.

ReferencesReferences http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/distance/sci122/Prograhttp://honolulu.hawaii.edu/distance/sci122/Progra

ms/p3/vase&bach.htmlms/p3/vase&bach.html intropsych.mcmaster.ca/.../ 1a3/S_P/lec2-3.htm Myers, D. (2005). Myers, D. (2005). Exploring PsychologyExploring Psychology (6 (6thth ed.). ed.).

New York: Worth Publishers.New York: Worth Publishers. Myers, D. (2005). Myers, D. (2005). Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM:

To Accompany David G. Myers Exploring To Accompany David G. Myers Exploring Psychology, 6Psychology, 6thth ed. ed. [Computer Software]. New [Computer Software]. New York: Worth Publishers.York: Worth Publishers. CH05_illustration (D:\PowerPoints\Illustration PPTs)CH05_illustration (D:\PowerPoints\Illustration PPTs) Ch5 (D:\PowerPoints\Lecture PPTs)Ch5 (D:\PowerPoints\Lecture PPTs)

www.cartoonstock.com/directory/t/telepathy.asp www.eyetec.net/group3/M11S1.htmwww.eyetec.net/group3/M11S1.htm www.wesleyan.edu/wesmaps/course0304/psyc22www.wesleyan.edu/wesmaps/course0304/psyc22

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