"WILDLIFE BIOLOGY OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS IN THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS"
Healthy people, animals and ecosystems for global food and nutritional security
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Transcript of Healthy people, animals and ecosystems for global food and nutritional security
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Healthy people, animals and ecosystems for global food and nutritional security
5th biennial conference of the International Association for Ecology and Health
Montreal, Canada, 11−15 August 2014
Jimmy Smith Director General ILRI
With Delia Grace Fred Unger Hung Nguyen Purvi Mehta Bernard Bett Shirley Tarawali
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The argument
• Finding ways to better feed and nourish a population of some 10 billion people by 2050 daunts today’s agricultural scientists, livestock scientists in particular
• We need to produce much more animal-source foods and more sustainably − without hurting our environment or threatening public health
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The argument (2)
• The health of people, animals and ecologies depend utterly on each other − and in ways we only partially yet understand
• Feeding our growing world sustainably requires breaking down walls between the livestock, health, environmental sectors
• Failure to use holistic approaches will fail to find win-win-win solutions for all three sectors
• Disaster in any one sector impinges on the others
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Some definitions
• Food security ‘All people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food prefer-ences for an active and healthy life’ − WHO 1996
• As commonly used, > ‘food security’ = food quantity > ‘nutritional security’ = food quality
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Food security and livestock production
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Is global food security and sustainable food production possible?
How will the world feed itself sustainably by the time the population stabilizes about 2050?
• 60% more food than is produced now will be needed
• 75% of this must come from producing more food from the same amount of land
• The higher production must be achieved while reducing poverty and addressing environmental, social and health concerns
• This greater production will have to be achieved with temperatures that may be 2−4 degrees warmer than today’s
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Gains in meat consumption in developing countries are outpacing those of developed
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1980 1990 2002 2015 2030
Mill
ion m
etr
ic t
onnes
developing
developed
FAO 2006
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FAO 2012
Based on anticipated changes in absolute tonnes of product from 2000 to 2030
Percentage growth in demand for livestock products: 2000−2030
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Huge increases over 2005/7 amounts of cereals, dairy and meat will be needed by 2050
From 2bn−3bn tonnes cereals each year
From 664m−1bn tonnes dairy each year
From 258m−460m tonnes meat each year
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Much of the world’s livestock food comes from small mixed farms in developing countries
Herrero et al. 2009
Developing-country mixed crop-livestock systems, most of them smallholders, supply much of the world’s livestock products
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What’s special about animal/smallholder food?
• 90% of animal products are produced and consumed in the same country or region
• Most are produced by smallholders
• Over 70% of livestock products are sold ‘informally’
• 500 million smallholders produce 80% of the developing world’s food
• 43% of the agricultural workforce is female
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Various sources: BMGF, FAO and ILRI
Smallholders still dominate livestock production in many countries
Region (definition of ‘smallholder’)
% production by smallholder livestock farms
Beef Chicken meat
Sheep/goat meat
Milk Pork Eggs
East Africa (≤ 6 milking animals)
60-90
Bangladesh (< 3ha land)
65 77 78 65 77
India (< 2ha land)
75 92 92 69 71
Vietnam (small scale)
80
Philippines (backyard)
50 35
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Smallholder livestock keepers are competitive
East African dairy • 1 million Kenyan smallholders keep Africa’s largest dairy herd • Ugandans are the world’s lowest-cost milk producers
Vietnam pig industry • 95% of production is by producers with less than 100 pigs • Industrial pig production could grow to meet
no more than 12% of national supply in the next 10 years
IFCN, Omiti et al. 2004, ILRI 2012
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Strong growth in developing-country crop-livestock systems presents opportunities
• Of the world’s almost 1 billion smallholder livestock producers, it’s expected that: ﹣One-third will find alternate livelihoods ﹣One-third may or may not remain part of
the transformation of the livestock sector ﹣One-third will succeed at market-oriented
livestock livelihoods
• The coming transitions and consolidations of today’s smallholder crop-livestock systems present opportunities to increase food production while benefiting the environment, socio-economic equity and human health
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Healthy people, animals and ecosystems
• Our health depends on our food and nutritional security
• Our food and nutritional security (as well as our health) in turn depends on the health of our animals and our agro-ecosystems
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The diverse ‘health’ aspects of food security
Food and
nutritional
security
Healthy
people
Healthy
animals
Healthy
eco-
systems
Balanced human diets
Food waste reduced
Judicious use of natural resources
Minimal pollution
Food safe for human consumption
Zoonotic diseases stopped or controlled
More productive animals
More animal- source foods
Environmental services protected
Food waste reduced
Reduced use of natural resources
Reduced GHG emissions per unit of commodity
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Healthy people
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Nutritional divides among 7 billion people today
hungrypeople
vulnerabletofoodinsecurity
inadequatediets
overconsumers
balanceddiets
Malnutrition is costly. FAO estimates the costs of malnutrition
to be as high as US$3.5 trillion a year
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The double burden: hunger & obesity
• 2.1 billion people suffer from over-weight or obesity
• Two-thirds of obese people live in poor countries
• No country has had significant decreases in obesity in the last 33 years
Underweight females Overweight females
Ethiopia
Nigeria
South Africa
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The ‘Goldilocks approach’ to animal-source foods
Not too little
Not too much
Just right!
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As countries get rich, more food is wasted
• Worldwide 1/3 of food, worth $1 trillion, is lost or wasted • Half the food wasted in rich countries is fit for human consumption
FAO 2011
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Healthy animals
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Steinfeld et al. 2006
Big productivity gaps, largely due to poor animal health, persist between rich and poor countries
Some developing-country regions have gaps of up to 430% in milk
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A few major diseases cause most losses in Africa and South Asia
Estimates from BMGF
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bill
ion
$ lo
st y
earl
y
South Asia
Africa
NB: No data exists for PPR in South Asia but it is known to be widespread in the region
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Food safety in developing countries
• Most milk, meat and eggs are sold in informal markets
• Women predominate food processing & sale
• Most food in wet markets had high levels of standards
• Food-borne disease is a major cause of diarrhea
0 50 100
Lower resp. infect.
HIV/AIDS
Diarrheal diseases
Stroke
Ischaemic heart disease
Malaria
Preterm birth comp.
Tuberculosis
Birth asphysia
Protein/energy malnut.
Deaths per 100,000 population
Top 10 causes of death in low income countries (2012)
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Most (75%) emerging diseases come from animals
ILRI report to DFID: Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, 2012
Emerging zoonotic disease events, 1940−2012
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Almost all losses are in developing countries
A deadly dozen zoonotic diseases each year kill 2.2 million people and sicken 2.4 billion
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Annual deaths from all zoonoses Annual deaths from single-agent zoonoses
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Greatest burden of zoonoses falls on one billion poor livestock keepers
Map by ILRI, from original in a report to DFID: Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, 2012
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Period Cost
(conservative estimates)
6 outbreaks excluding SARS − Nipah virus (Malaysia) − West Nile fever (USA) − HPAI (Asia, Europe) − BSE (US) − Rift Valley fever (Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia) − BSE (UK) costs 1997−09 only
1998−2009 38.7
SARS
2002−2004 41.5
Total over 12 years 1998−2009
80.2
Costs of emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks (US$ billion)
World Bank 2012
Giving an annual average of US$6.7 billion
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199
8
2007
Diseases from poor countries threaten global industries (ASF & $150 billion world pork)
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Healthy ecosystems
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Livestock and ecosystem health
• Livestock emit greenhouse gases but improving production efficiencies is key to reducing their C footprints
• Livestock feed can compete with staple crops and biofuels for water and other natural resources but – Pastures can help store carbon – Animals in smallholder systems consume crop wastes
and natural pasture, not grain
• Manure can pollute land and water but is an important source of organic matter for soil fertility
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As much as half of the agricultural GHG emissions come from animals
Herrero et al. 2013
GHG per kg of animal protein produced varies hugely: Big opportunities to mitigate
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A global water crisis
• 2 billion people lack access
• Demand is growing; freshwater is getting scarcer
• 70% of total freshwater use is for agriculture, of which 31% is for livestock
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Ten science
contributions
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Option 1: Balance consumption of animal-source foods
• Ensure undernourished (poor) people have regular access to modest quantities of animal-source foods for their nutrition and health
• Help over-nourished (rich) people whose health is at risk to reduce their consumption of animal-source foods
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Option 2: Reduce food waste
• Reduce waste of perishable milk, meat and egg products (mostly from farm to market)
• Find safe ways to utilize foods contaminated by aflatoxins as animal feed
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Option 3: Make animal-source foods safer and fairer
• Simple and cheap interventions can lead to substantial improvements in food safety
• Branding & certification of milk vendors in Kenya led to improved milk safety & saves the national economy $33 million per year
• Training butchers in Nigeria led to better standards: Cost = $9 per butcher Savings = $780 per butcher per year from reduced cost of illness among consumers
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Option 4: Employ One-Health approaches to control zoonoses
• Control zoonoses in animal hosts - Median benefit to cost ratio = 4:1
• Make timely responses to zoonotic outbreaks − Can reduce costs by 90%
Adapted from IOM 2009
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Option 5: Improve the health of farm animals
• Better control animal diseases, which cause 1/3 of the productivity gaps in developing countries losses worth 37% of the livestock sector value
• Ensure that unhealthy livestock do not make for unsafe livestock foods in the markets
1 of 4 calves & lambs and 7 of 10 chickens, die from disease each year in Africa
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Vaccines save lives of animals that both increase food security and reduce poverty
Option 6: Develop and improve livestock vaccines
An bodytechnologies
Vaccinetechnologies
Cellulartechnologies
Diagnos ctechnologies
Genomictechnologies
Contagio
usb
ovin
e
pleu
ropneu
monia
EastCoastfe
ver
African
swinefever
Consor aforresearch&productdevelopmentandcapacitydevelopment
PrivatesectorGALVmedCRPsNARSInter-govagencies
Improvedvaccinesanddiagnos ctools
Pested
esp
esru
minants
RiValleyfe
ver
Infec ousdiseaseresearch:basic&applied
ILVAC–avaccinepla orm
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Option 7: Provide innovations & incentives for managing disease
• Develop and test technologies • Build on local capacity
Novel lateral flow assays for cysticercosis
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Option 8: Improve the efficiency/productivity of smallholders
Improve livestock efficiency to produce more product per unit of input − land, water, labour, capital − and causing less environmental harm
More livestock foods mean more food and better nutrition for the poor
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Developing countries can mitigate GHG emissions without moving to industrial grain-fed systems:
e.g. through improved efficiencies such as better feeds and feeding systems
Option 9: Provide improved feeds for fewer GHG
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Option 10: Provide improved feed that uses less water
30% reduction in water needed for 1 litre of milk by improving sorghum stalk digestibility by 5%
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ILRI use of Ecohealth Approaches: Examples
Predicting the risk of H7N9 infections
in live poultry markets in China(Nature Communications 2014)
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Conclusions
• More food, especially animal-source food, must be produced in new ways that don’t harm our health or environment
• Human, animal and ecological health are inextricably linked and together form a foundation for food and nutritional security
• Research is needed not only to produce new knowledge and technologies but also to join up diverse disciplinary and sector expertise in new kinds of productive partnerships