Health Related IssuesHealth Related Issues

Health Related IssuesHealth Related Issues

1. Sleep problems

2. Elimination problems

3. Chronic Illnesses

1. Sleep problems

2. Elimination problems

3. Chronic Illnesses

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

• The Regulatory Functions of Sleep– main activity of brain in first years – essential for brain development– deprivation impairs functioning of the prefrontal

cortex, leading to • decreased concentration• diminished ability to control basic drives, impulses, and

emotions

• The Regulatory Functions of Sleep– main activity of brain in first years – essential for brain development– deprivation impairs functioning of the prefrontal

cortex, leading to • decreased concentration• diminished ability to control basic drives, impulses, and

emotions

Sleep Disorders (cont.)Sleep Disorders (cont.)

• Maturational Changes– change over the course of maturation– adolescents often chronically sleep-deprived

• Maturational Changes– change over the course of maturation– adolescents often chronically sleep-deprived

DyssomniasDyssomnias

• Disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep

• Quite common in childhood

• See chart in book (next slide)

• Disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep

• Quite common in childhood

• See chart in book (next slide)

Table 12.1 DyssomniasTable 12.1 Dyssomnias

ParasomniasParasomnias

• Disorders in which behavioral or physiological events intrude upon ongoing sleep

• Common afflictions of early to mid-childhood; children typically grow out of them

• Partial wakings during various sleep cycles

• Disorders in which behavioral or physiological events intrude upon ongoing sleep

• Common afflictions of early to mid-childhood; children typically grow out of them

• Partial wakings during various sleep cycles

Parasomnnias Parasomnnias

1. Sleep terrors • Following stage IV sleep; early in night• Early childhood: crying, sobbing, thrashing, not

able to comfort• fatigue

• Later childhood/adolesc.: screaming, panic, fear, possible wild running

• Psychological factors usually relevant

2. Nightmares- scary dreams; REM sleep; early morning

• Often reflect normal emotional struggles3. Sleepwalking – see sleep terror

1. Sleep terrors • Following stage IV sleep; early in night• Early childhood: crying, sobbing, thrashing, not

able to comfort• fatigue

• Later childhood/adolesc.: screaming, panic, fear, possible wild running

• Psychological factors usually relevant

2. Nightmares- scary dreams; REM sleep; early morning

• Often reflect normal emotional struggles3. Sleepwalking – see sleep terror

Table 12.2 ParasomniasTable 12.2 Parasomnias

Reid et al. - QuizReid et al. - Quiz

• A friend has a 2 year old that won’t go to sleep at night by himself. Your friend has to lie in bed with him until he finally falls asleep, then she sneaks out of the room, hoping that he will not wake up. If he does wake up, she has to go through the whole process again. She is quite tired and frustrated. What would you suggest she do? Be as specific as possible. Why do you suggest what you suggest?

• A friend has a 2 year old that won’t go to sleep at night by himself. Your friend has to lie in bed with him until he finally falls asleep, then she sneaks out of the room, hoping that he will not wake up. If he does wake up, she has to go through the whole process again. She is quite tired and frustrated. What would you suggest she do? Be as specific as possible. Why do you suggest what you suggest?

Sleep Disorders (cont.)Sleep Disorders (cont.)

• Treatment– Sleep hygiene– behavioral interventions – Night Terrors/Sleepwalking– Nightmares:

• Provide comfort• Reduce stress

• Treatment– Sleep hygiene– behavioral interventions – Night Terrors/Sleepwalking– Nightmares:

• Provide comfort• Reduce stress

Elimination DisordersElimination Disorders

• Enuresis– involuntary discharge of urine

• twice a week for three months or • accompanied by significant distress or

impairment, • 5 years old

– Ratio or girls/boys night/day– Primary/secondary

• Enuresis– involuntary discharge of urine

• twice a week for three months or • accompanied by significant distress or

impairment, • 5 years old

– Ratio or girls/boys night/day– Primary/secondary

Elimination Disorders (cont.)Elimination Disorders (cont.)

• Enuresis – Causes

• deficiency of antidiuretic hormone • genetic predisposition • immature signaling mechanism

– treatments • behavioral training methods• Bell and pad alarm• medication

• Enuresis – Causes

• deficiency of antidiuretic hormone • genetic predisposition • immature signaling mechanism

– treatments • behavioral training methods• Bell and pad alarm• medication

Elimination Disorders (cont.)Elimination Disorders (cont.)

• Encopresis– passage of feces into inappropriate places

• once per month for 3 months • at least 4 years old

– 2 subtypes: • with or without constipation and overflow

incontinence

– primary or secondary– psychological problems likely result from,

rather than cause it

• Encopresis– passage of feces into inappropriate places

• once per month for 3 months • at least 4 years old

– 2 subtypes: • with or without constipation and overflow

incontinence

– primary or secondary– psychological problems likely result from,

rather than cause it

Elimination Disorders (cont.)Elimination Disorders (cont.)

• Encopresis (cont.)– causes

• untreated constipation• abnormal defecation dynamics

• Encopresis (cont.)– causes

• untreated constipation• abnormal defecation dynamics

Chronic Childhood IllnessChronic Childhood Illness

• persists for more than 3 months or requires hospitalization for more than 1 month

• DSM-IV categories have limited applicability to children

• Adjustment Disorder

• persists for more than 3 months or requires hospitalization for more than 1 month

• DSM-IV categories have limited applicability to children

• Adjustment Disorder

Chronic illnesses Chronic illnesses

• Affect 10% to 20% of child population

• Asthma most common

• Low incidence of psychological problems but some increased risk of psychological adjustment difficulties

• Affect 10% to 20% of child population

• Asthma most common

• Low incidence of psychological problems but some increased risk of psychological adjustment difficulties

Factors affecting adjustmentFactors affecting adjustment

• Parental stress and adjustment

• Family resources

• Social support

• Illness conditions: severity, prognosis, ability to function

• Parental stress and adjustment

• Family resources

• Social support

• Illness conditions: severity, prognosis, ability to function

InterventionsInterventions

• Problem focused coping for family

• Reduce stress

• Coping skills for pain/procedure management

• Problem focused coping for family

• Reduce stress

• Coping skills for pain/procedure management

Table 12.3 Estimated Population Prevalence of Selected Chronic Diseases and Conditions in Children, Ages 0-20 in the United States