DEFINING IN-DEMAND OCCUPATIONS A Case Study of Collaboration Between ACSET and LMISI.
Health Occupations The Cell. Definitions Anatomy Study of form & structure of organism Physiology...
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Transcript of Health Occupations The Cell. Definitions Anatomy Study of form & structure of organism Physiology...
Health Occupations
The Cell
Definitions
AnatomyStudy of form & structure of organism
PhysiologyStudy of processes of living organisms, why & how they work
Pathophysiology Study of how disease occurs & responses of living organisms to disease processes
Protoplasm
Basic substance of life Makes up all living things Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur,
nitrogen, phosphorus Unique combo we call life Forms the basic unit of structure in all
living things – the cell
The Cell Microscopic Carries on all functions of life Building block of the body Functions
– Takes in food and oxygen– Produces heat & energy– Moves & adapts to the environment– Eliminates wastes– Performs special functions– Reproduces to create new, identical cells
Cell Parts
Cell Membrane –– Outer protective covering– Semi permeable
• Allows certain substances in & out• Prevents other substances from leaving or
entering
Cell Membrane
Cell Parts
Cytoplasm– Jelly like fluid inside cell that surrounds cell parts– Water, proteins, lipids, CHO, minerals, salts– Site for all chemical reactions in cell– Contains organelles
• Cell structures that help cell function• nucleus, mitochrondria, ribosomes, liposomes,
centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Cell Parts - Organelles
Nucleus– Brains of the cell– Controls cell activities– Directs reproduction
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Parts - Organelles
Nucleolus– Inside nucleus– Important for reproduction– Manufactures ribosomes
• RNA – ribonucleic acid & protein• Move from nucleus to cytoplams• Aids in protein synthesis (production)• Can exist freely or as attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Cell Parts - Organelles Chromatin
– Inside nucleus– Make up of DNA
• Deoxynucleic acid & protein
– During reproduction• Chromatin condenses & forms chromosomes• Human has 46 or 23 pairs• Chromosomes
– 100,000 genes with inherited characteristics– Gene
» Specific & unique code of about 1,000 DNA pairs that carry coding for exact cell duplication
» Can be used for identification because each sequence is unique
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Cell Parts - Organelles
Centrosome– Located in cytoplasm near nucleus– Contains 2 centrioles– During mitosis (cell division), centrioles
separate– Cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between
centrioles & attach to chromosomes• Creates an even division of chromosomes in
the 2 new cells
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Cell Parts – Organelles
Mitochondria– Rod-shaped– Furnaces or power houses of cells– Break down CHO, proteins, fats– Produce ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate• Cell’s major energy source
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Cell Parts - Organelles
Golgi Apparatus– Stack of membrane layers– Produces, stores, packages secretions for
discharge from cell– Salivary, gastric, pancreatic cells have
many golgi apparatus
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Cell Parts - Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– Fine network of tubular structures– Allows for transport of materials in & out of
nucleus– Aids in synthesis & storage of proteins– Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
• Has ribosomes, sites for protein production
– Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum• No ribosomes, not present in every cell• Assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, &
drug detoxification
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Rough ER Smooth ER
Cell Parts - Organelles
Lysosomes– Oval or round bodies in cytoplasm– Contain digestive enzymes that digest and
destroy• Old cells• Bacteria• Foreign materials
– Important function of immune system
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Rough ER Smooth ERLysosome
Cell Parts – Organelles
Pinocytic vessels– Pocket like folds in cell membrane– Allow large molecules like fats & proteins to
enter cell– When molecules are inside, folds close to
form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Rough ER Smooth ERLysosome
Pinocytic vessel
Cell Parts - Organelles
Vacuole– Closet or storage place of cell– May be empty or full– Looks like bubble in cytoplasm
Cell MembraneCytoplasm
Nucleus
NucleolusRibosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Rough ER Smooth ERLysosome
Pinocytic vessel
Vacuole
Homeostasis
Tendency of a cell to maintain a state of balance
Molecules pass in & out of cell to do this Cells constantly adjust these to maintain
balance– Fluids– Temperature– Oxygen– Electrolytes– Nutrients
Electrolytes
Compounds made of charged particles or ions Conduct electrical current in water or
cytoplasm + charge = cation (acid) Na++, K+, Mg++, H+ - charge = anion (base) HCO3, HPO4, C, SO4) pH measures how much acid/base is present
– Each tissue has own normal pH– If pH is not maintained, cell doesn’t function right
Cellular reproduction
Mitosis – Most cells– Divides into 2 identical cells– Asexual– Continuous reproduction
• Skin, blood, intestines
– Every few years• Muscle
– Never• Spinal cord, nervous cells, brain cells
Mitosis
1. DNA molecules duplicate themselve2. Centrioles separate & a spindle forms
between them3. Duplicated chromosomes line up along
center of spindle4. Chromosomes separate5. Two nuclei form as cell separates6. Each new cell has the full number of
chromosomes
Meiosis
Process by which sex cells divide Uses 2 separate cell divisions to
produce 4 new cells Ova – female cells Spermatozoa – male cells Chromosome number decreases to 23
(1/2 of mitosis) before division
Meiosis
When ova & sperm join, form a zygote (new cell) with 46 chromosomes (23 from ova & 23 from sperm)
After zygote forms, rapid mitosis occurs 4-5 days, becomes blastocyst which contains
embryonic stem cells– Stem cells have ability to transform into any
specialized cell & perform functions– Controversy – can stem cells cure diseases like DM,
Parkinson’s disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, heart disease?
Heredity Passing on of genetic information that determines
individual characteristics Determines physical appearance, blood type, gender Genes
– Contain heredity info in cell– Made up of DNA forming chromosomes– 50-100,000 genes on each chromosome determining
general human & individual traits– Dominant gene – characteristic appears when only 1 gene
is inherited– Recessive gene – trait only appears when gene is present
on both chromosomes
Abnormal genes Cause many inherited, hereditary, or genetic
disorders Described as CONGENITAL or CONDITION
rather than contagious or disease Some disorders affect only 1 body part, others
affect entire systems Disorders include – clubfoot, cleft lip/palate, cystic
fibrosis, Down’s syndrome, Huntington’s chorea, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Neural tube defect, Neurofibromatosis, PKU, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease