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MODULE 3 Diseases and Health Problems A Visit to the Doctor Keping Fit. Promoting Healthy Way of Life Modern Medical Science Leisure and Sports

Discussion

1. Read the following quotation and discuss it.

Health is above wealth.

It is a sum of money in the bank, which will support you, economically spent. But you spend foolishly and draw on the principal. This diminishes the income, and you draw larger and larger drafts until you become bankrupt. Overeating , overworking, every imprudence is a draft on life which health cashes and charges at a thousand percent interest. Every abuse of health hastens death!

F.G.Welch

2. Here is a list of controversial statements about medical care.For each one, discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Think also what the consequences of the idea would be.

The State should pay for all medical care. There should be no private medical care.

Heart transplants should be stopped. They are rarely successful, and the money could be better spent on other things.

The tax on cigarettes should be increased to pay for the health care needed by smokers.

Health care should be reduced for people over 65.People who are very ill should have the right to decide if they want to

die.Doctors should always give patients all the information about their

illness and chances of recovery.

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Diseases and Health Problems

1. What are your symptoms? Study the material that follows to enlarge your vocabulary.

Rash bruise lump spots a black eye

I've got a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature / a stomach ache / chest pains/ earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / spots / a bruise on my leg / a black eye / a lump on my arm / indigestion / diarrhoea / painful joints / blisters / sunburn.

I feel sick / dizzy / breathless / shivery / faint / particularly bad at night.I am depressed / constipated / tired all the time.I've lost my appetite / voice; I can't sleep, my nose itches and my leg

hurts.

What do doctors do?

They take your temperature, listen to your chest, look in your ears, examine you, take your blood pressure, ask you some questions and weigh and measure you before sending you to the hospital for further tests.

What's the diagnosis?

You've got flu / chickenpox / mumps / pneumonia / rheumatism / an ulcer / a virus / a bug something that's going round.You've broken your wrist and sprained / dislocated your ankle. You're pregnant / a hypochondriac. He died of lung cancer / a heart attack / a brain haemorrhage / AIDS.

What does the doctor prescribe?

Take one three times a day after meals.Take a teaspoonful last thing at night.Rub a little on before going to bed each night.

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We'll get the nurse to put a bandage on.You'll need to have some injections before you go.I'll ask the surgeon when he can fit you in for an operation.You'll have to have your leg put in plaster.I think you should have total bed rest for a week.What might the doctor ask you?

What would you say if the doctor asked you the following questions?

Do you have health insurance? Have you ever had any operations? Are you taking any medication? Are you allergic to anything?

2. Match the diseases with their symptoms.

1. flu swollen glands in front of ear, earache or pain on eating2. pneumonia burning pain in abdomen, pain or nausea after eating3. rheumatism rash starting on body, slightly raised temperature4. chickenpox dry cough, high fever, chest pain, rapid breathing5. mumps headache, aching muscles, fever, cough, sneezing6. an ulcer swollen, painful joints, stiffness, limited movement

3. What does the doctor or nurse use the following things for?

Example: stethoscope for listening to a patient's chest.

1 thermometer 2 scales 3 tape measure 4 scalpel

4. Look at the above mentioned statements. Which do you think the doctor said to each of the following patients?

1. Anne with bad sunburn. 5. Jo who's broken her leg.

2. John who's off to the Tropics. 6. Paul with flu.

3. Liz with a bad cough. 7. Sam who needs his appendix out.

4. Rose suffering from exhaustion. 8. Alf who's sprained his wrist.

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5. Complete the following table.

noun adjective verb

………………………… breathless …………………………

………………………… faint …………………………

………………………… shivery …………………………

………………………… dislocated …………………………

ache treatment

……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

………………………… swollen …………………………

6. What medical problems might you have if...

1. you wear shoes that rub? 7. you eat too fast?2. you smoke a lot? 8. you play football?3. you go skiing? 9. you stay too long in the sun?4. you eat food you're allergic to? 10. you run unusually fast for a bus?5. you eat food that is bad? 11. a mosquito bites you?6. you get wet on a cold day? 12. you think you're ill all the time?

7. Think of some of the illnesses you (or members of your family or friends) have had. What were the symptoms and what did the doctor prescribe?

Follow-up: Look at the health page of a magazine or newspaper. Make a note of any new vocabulary on the theme that you find there. Look in your medicine cabinet at home, at or work. Can you name everything that you find there?

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Health: illness and disease

A. Common problems

She's sneezing.

She's coughing.

She's got a a sore throat.

She's blowing her nose

She's got a temperature.

What's the matter?

I've got a cold

I've got flu (U) (more serious than a cold)

I've got hay fever (U)

How do you know? (the symptoms) a sore throat, sneezing, a cough

symptoms for a cold + aching muscles and a temperature, e.g. 39.5

sneezing, runny nose, sore eyes

Cause of illness

a virus

a virus

allergic reaction to pollen from grass

often food, or a virus

many e.g. food, alcohol

too much alcohol

I've got diarrhoea (U)

I feel sick

I've got a hangover

I keep going to the toilet

I want to vomit (= be sick)

headache, feeling sick

Note: For these illnesses, you can either buy something from the chemist, or go to your doctor, who may give you a prescription (= a piece of paper with an order for some medicine) that you get from the chemist.

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B. Aches and pains

Nouns: We only use ache with the following: I've got toothache (U), a stomach-ache, backache (U), earache (U) and a headache. For other parts of the body we use pain, e.g. I woke up in the night with a terrible pain in my chest.

Verbs: You can use ache for some things, e.g. my back aches; but hurt is more common to describe real pain, and it can be used with or without a direct object:She hurt her foot when she jumped off the bus and fell over, (also injured here) orShe hurt herself when she jumped off the bus and fell over.I hit my leg against the table and it really hurts. (= gives me a terrible pain)

Adjectives: The only common adjective is painful (≠ painless):I had an injection yesterday and it was very painful.A: Did it hurt when you had your filling? (= when the dentist fills a hole/cavity in the tooth) . B: No, it was painlessC. Serious illnesses

Doctors believe smoking is the major cause of lung cancer.He had a heart attack and died almost immediately.Hepatitis is a liver disease.Asthma (chest illness causing breathing problems) has become more common.

Note: Illness and disease are often used in the same way, but disease is used for a serious condition caused by an infection e.g. a liver disease. Illness is a more general word.

8. Write down the main symptom or symptoms for these conditions.1. a cold:……………………………………………………………… 2. flu:…………………………………………………………………. 3. hay fever:………………………………………………………….. 4. a hangover:………………………………………………………… 5. diarrhoea:………………………………………………………….. 6. asthma:……………………………………………………………..

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9. Look at the underlined letters in these pairs of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? Look at the examples first.

Examples: ache pain same constipated stomach different

1 disease diarrhoea 4 virus illness2 chemist ache 5 flu muscle3 hurt allergic 6 cough enough

10. Look at the pictures and write what happened in the space below. Use the active vocabulary.

I had …………………………………………………………………………………

11. Fill the gaps with a suitable word.

1. I hit my hand on the desk and it really …………… .2. They say she died of a heart …………… .3. She had some apples that weren't ready to eat and now she's got stomache- ………….. .4. I've got this terrible ………….. in my neck from sleeping in the wrong position.5. He died of ………… cancer even though he never smoked a cigarette in his life.6. I went to the doctor, and she gave me a …………. for some tablets.7. Pollution makes her ………….. worse and it's difficult for her to breathe.8. There are different forms of hepatitis; one is a more serious ………… than the other.9. I hurt ………….. when I fell off that chair.10. My back …………. from sitting at that computer all day.

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12. Have you had any aches and pains recently? Make a list of the illnesses you have had. Are there any other illnesses you have had or still have? If so, find the name for it/them in English.

13. Translate the following phrasal verbs and verb-preposition collocations for health and illness

I'm fighting off a cold at the moment. (trying to get rid of).Marge isn't in today; she's gone down with flu. (has caught, usually a non-serious illness).I won't be going today. I've come down with a dreadful cold. (with I we say come down not go down)I had a virus last week, but I got over it quite quickly. (got better/recovered)My sister's recovering from a major operation. (getting better: used for more serious illnesses)Harry suffers from hay fever and sneezes a lot if he is near grass or flowers. (used for more long-term problems)He died of / from lung cancer. (Not: He died with lung cancer.)

14. Read the text below and find words in the text which mean the following:

1. doctor who looks after people's general health: GP means general practitioner2. choose private healthcare3. large centre with several doctors and kinds of services4. general expression for all of the services offered by hospitals, clinics, dentists, opticians, etc.5. tax paid by most adults which covers the costs of healthcare for everyone6. British name for the service that covers hospitals, clinics, dentists, etc7. charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a pharmacy8. small centre with just two or three doctors

“In Britain, healthcare is paid for through taxes and national insurance payments taken directly from wages and salaries. The government decides how much will be spent on the National Health Service, but a lot of people feel they do not spend enough. Hospital treatment and visits to a family doctor (or GP) at a surgery or clinic are free, but there is a prescription charge. Dentists and opticians charge fees. Private healthcare is available

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and a large number of insurance schemes exist to enable people to 'go private'.

15. Translate into English:

лікуватись приватно; державне страхування; плата за прописані ліки; державна служба охорони здоров’я; аптека, ліки; сімейний лікар.

16. Learn the following:

Here are some serious illnesses, with the word-stress underlined. Make sure you know the stress-pattern when learning longer words or phrases. It is a good idea to make a note of it.diabetes: disease where the body does not properly absorb sugar and starchbronchitis: inflammation in the breathing system, causing you to coughheart disease: serious illness connected with the heart which can lead to a heart attackskin cancer / lung cancer / breast cancer: harmful tumours in those areasTB (or tuberculosis): infectious disease in the lungsc ho lera: an intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking waterhepatitis: inflammation of the livertyphoid: fever, with red spots on the chest and abdomenheart attack/failure: when the heart fails

17. Which is the odd one out in each group, in terms of the main word stress? Use a dictionary if you are not sure about the words.

EXAMPLE : tablets medicine prescription (answer: prescription; stress on second syllable)

1 diabetes bronchitis cholera2 heart attack sore throat lung cancer3 hepatitis typhoid tuberculosis4 illness disease sickness5 consultant doctor surgeon6 hospital ambulance transfusion7 heart disease surgery TB

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18. Which of these collocations are normal, and which are not normal? Correct the inappropriate ones.

1. Her mother died with skin cancer.2. Is there a prescription price in your country?3. In Britain, national security is a separate tax from income tax.4. Healthcare is the biggest item in the nation's budget.5. Are there insurance societies for private healthcare in your country?6. Private dentists charge very high fees.7. She suffers of a severe allergy and can't be in a smoky room.

19. Sort these everyday phrasal verbs and expressions connected withn health and illness into two groups, depending on whether they have positive or negative meanings with regard to health. Use a dictionary if necessary.

be poorly feel a bit under the weather

be over the worst fight off

be on the mend be back on one's feet again

get over come down with

Now fill the gaps using the expressions above.

EXAMPLE [Nurse to visitor in a hospital] 'I'm sorry, Mr Pickering is rather ....poorly..........today and we're not allowing visitors.’

1. [Someone speaking to a colleague just returned to work after an illness] 'Hello, Frank, good to see you ................................................................... .’

2. [Person ringing their place of work] 'Jo, I won't be in today, I've .................................................................................... a cold.’

3. [Person in hospital, just beginning to get better, talking to a visitor] 'Oh, I'm OK. I'm ........................................... ...................................... now. I still feel bad, but I should be out within a week or so.’

4. [Parent to a child with a cold] 'Don't worry, darling. Everyone has a cold now and then. You'll.................................................................................... it.’

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5. [Someone to their partner, who is worried about them] 'Don't worry. It's nothing serious. I'm just feeling ...................................................................., that's all.’

6. [Someone ringing a workmate] 'I'm trying to ............................................ the flu, but nothing seems to help. I don't think I'll be in work tomorrow.’

7. Hilary was quite ill last week, but she's ..................................................... now and should be back at work next week.

20. Translate the sentences with minor ailments and ways of talking about minor problems:

Note that hurt is different from ache:My arm hurts where I banged it against the car door. [gives pain caused by an injury]My wrists ache from too much typing at the computer.

The fixed expression (the usual) aches and pains is often used to refer in a non-serious way to minor problems.A: How've you been keeping recently, Mona?B: Oh fine, you know, just the usual aches and pains.

The fixed expression cuts and bruises can refer to minor injuries.A: I hear you fell off your bicycle. Are you all right?B: Yeah, fine, just a few cuts and bruises, nothing serious.

Some other kinds of physical discomfort:My hand is stinging since I touched that plant. [sudden, burning pain]My head is throbbing. [beating with pain]

I have a stiff neck from turning round to look at the computer screen all day. I'll have to move the monitor to a better position. [pain and difficulty in moving your neck round]I feel a bit dizzy. I think I should sit down. [a feeling that you are spinning round and can't balance]She was a bit feverish this morning, so I told her to stay in bed. [with a high temperature]I had a terrible nauseous feeling after taking the medicine, but it passed. [feeling that you want to vomit]He was trembling all over; I knew it must be something serious. [shaking]My nose is all bunged up today with this horrible cold. [blocked]

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Other informal expressions that mean 'not well, but not seriously ill':

You look a bit off-colour today. Are you all right?I was feeling a bit under the weather, so I stayed home that day.I'm just feeling a bit out of sorts, it's nothing to worry about. I'll be fine tomorrow.

21.What do you know about alternative medicine? Learn the new words and use them in the sentences of your own.

Nowadays a lot of people prefer alternative medicine (different from typical western systems). For example:

acupuncture chiropractic herbal medicine

homeopathy : taking tiny amounts of poisonous substancesaromatherapy: using aromatic oils and massage

Listening

22. Listen to the radio programme about holistic medicine.Comprehension check

1.Complete the chart with some of the differences between Western and holistic medicine.

Western medicine Holistic medicine

2. What are the three success stories discussed on the programme?3. What were the patients suffering from?4. What is the system that Glenna Gillingham is trying to set up?5. Why, in her opinion, is holistic medicine becoming more popular?

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What do you think?

1. Do you agree with Miss Gillingham that we are becoming more health conscious? 2. Have your own attitudes to health care changed at all?3. What else would you like to know about acupuncture?

23. Why would you be given the following to help make you better? What do you do with it?

Example a plaster It keeps the wound clean, so that itheals more quickly.You put a plaster on a cut or a graze

a course of antibiotics a plaster cast a bandage a sling antiseptic cream a pain killer cough medicine antihistamine sleeping tablets a crutch

24. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

Acupuncture

by Mike Rayner

"The person who takes medicine must recover twice, once from the disease and once from the medicine."

William Osler, M.D

"If all the medicine in the world were thrown into the sea, it would be bad for the fish and good for humanity" O.W. Holmes, (Professor of Medicine Harvard University)

Alternative medicine has become much more popular in the West in recent years. It seems that people are becoming increasingly worried about the side effects of drugs, and are turning to treatments such as homeopathy, osteopathy, yoga, reflexology and acupuncture to complement, or sometimes even replace, Western medicine.

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http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/magazine/magazine_home_alternative_medicine.html#vocab




An event in my life three or four years ago made me examine my own attitudes towards alternative medicine. After suffering from insomnia for a few months, I was feeling mentally and physically exhausted. A trip to my GP, and attempts at self-medication with nightly doses of Guinness and whisky, failed to bring any relief from my condition. My friend Tony, who was studying acupuncture at a college near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist. Since I have a healthy fear of needles from waiting in line for vaccinations in gloomy school corridors, I was reluctant to take his advice, but by this time I was so tired that I was prepared to try almost anything.

I made an appointment with the only acupuncturist in my area, and after another nearly sleepless night, turned up at his room in the local alternative health centre the following morning. After taking my pulse, looking at my tongue, and asking a few questions about my diet and lifestyle, the acupuncturist correctly deduced that I was worn-out (I found this extremely impressive since he hadn’t asked me why I had come to see him.) He then inserted a needle in my right foot between my first and second toe, and, despite my anxiety, I fell asleep immediately. At the time I considered the whole experience to be close to a miracle.

What is acupuncture?

Acupuncture is based on the idea that energy flows through the human body along 12 lines or meridians. These meridians end up at organs in the body, and illness is the result of a blockage of the energy flow to these organs. To remove the blockage, an acupuncturist inserts very fine needles into the body at points along the meridians. This stimulates the flow of energy, and restores the patient’s health.

What is the history of acupuncture?

Traditional Chinese medicine has been practised for around 3000 years in the Far East, but is relatively recent in the West, and acupuncture only really became well-known in the West in the 1970s as people began to travel more frequently between the two areas of the world.

A significant event in the history of acupuncture came in 1971, when a journalist from the New York Times had his appendix removed in China, when on a trip to the country with Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State for the USA. Surgeons used acupuncture to deaden the pain of the operation, which greatly impressed Kissinger.

Although at first doctors in the West were often sceptical of the medical value of acupuncture, in the last few years it has become more established

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as an alternative to Western medical treatments, since clinical tests have shown that acupuncture is effective for a number of conditions.

What can acupuncture be used to treat?

In the Far East acupuncture is used to treat a wide range of complaints, and is also used as a preventative medicine, since it is thought to increase the body’s resistance to infection. In the West, the treatment is often used to relieve headaches, dental pain, back pain, and arthritis, and to treat depression, asthma, stress, high blood pressure and anxiety.

Who uses acupuncture?

Since acupuncture is known to be effective against pain, it is not surprising that many sportspeople have experimented with acupuncture when fighting injury. Martina Hingis, the famous tennis player, had a wrist injury cured through treatment, and English Premier Division football club Bolton Wanderers employ an acupuncturist to keep their squad in good physical condition. While in Korea for the World Cup in 2002, soojichim, a Korean form of acupuncture, was very popular with the German football team.

Cherie Blair, a well-known human rights lawyer, and the wife of the British Prime Minister, was recently spotted wearing an acupuncture needle in her ear, suggesting that she uses the treatment to cope with stress. The Queen of England is also interested in acupuncture, although she doesn’t use the treatment herself – she and many of her family rely on another alternative medical treatment, homeopathy, to keep them healthy.

What are the risks? Finally, if you do decide to visit an acupuncturist, it is important that you check that they are qualified and registered to practise acupuncture. In the past some people have experienced allergic reactions, broken needles and even punctured lungs while being treated, although this is very uncommon.

25. Transcribe the following words to avoid possiblemispronunciation and miscommunication in future:

acupuncture; acupuncturist; homeopathy; osteopathy; insomnia; vaccinations; pulse; to deaden; arthritis; asthma; punctured.

26. Match the words with their definitions:1. allergic (adj.) a) to make something less painful or less strong

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2. dental (adj) b) appendixes a small tube-shaped part inside the body below the stomach

3. homeopathy (n) c) relating to teeth4. vaccination (n) d) a way of treating illnesses using very small

amounts of natural substances 5. deaden (adj) e) an illness which causes the parts of the body

where bones meet to become painful and often big6. arthritis (n) f) a medical condition which makes breathing

difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked

7. asthma (n) g) abbreviation for general practitioner: a doctor who sees people in the local area and treats illnesses that do not need a hospital visit

8. clinical (adj) h) when you find it difficult to sleep9. insomnia (n) i) the treatment of injuries to bones and muscles

using pressure and movement10. GP (n) j) relating to medical treatment and tests11. appendix (n) k) caused by an allergy12. miracle (n) l) having an important effect or influence, especially

on what will happen in the future13. preventive (also preventative) (adj):

m) something that is very surprising or difficult to believe.

14. puncture n) preventive action is intended to stop something before it happens.

15. significant (adj) o) to make a hole in something.16. osteopathy (n) p) a substance which contains a harmless form of a

virus or bacterium (= extremely small organism), and which is given to a person or animal to prevent them from getting the disease which the virus or bacterium causes.

17. worn-out(adj.) q) another effect that a drug has on your body in addition to the main effect for which the doctor has given you the drug.

18. side effect (n) r) a treatment in which your feet are rubbed and pressed in a special way in order to improve blood flow and help you relax.

19. reflexology (n): s) very tired because you have been working hard

27. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

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1. She was feeling out of the weather and a bit fevering so she took the day off.2. I felt really off my colour yesterday and my head was throwing, so I took a tablet.3. I felt a bit off the sorts and seemed to have more pains and aches than usual.4. My arms are hurting after carrying that heavy suitcase of yours.

28. What do we call the type of alternative medicine which...

1. uses herbs and other natural plants?2. uses oils which smell nice and are rubbed into your body?3. uses needles to stick into specific parts of your body?4. uses tiny amounts of substances which cause the illness the doctor is trying to cure?

29. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. I was feeling quite as if I had a high temperature.2. The drugs always gave her a feeling that she wanted to vomit.3. I felt as if my head was spinning and went and lay down for an hour.4. My nose was blocked so I got a spray from the chemist.5. I got a pain in my neck from driving a long time in an awkward position.6. Joanna was shaking and looked unwell, so I asked her if she needed help.

30. Complete these sentences with words from the box. Use a dictionary if necessary.

dosage prescription allergic to

medication symptoms vaccinations sick note

1. I can't take penicillin; I'm ................................................... it.2. Before you take those pills, read the label to see what the correct ....................is.3. I'm going abroad next month so I have to get the necessary ..................... .4. If you consult a new doctor you should tell him or her if you are already on any…………..................... .5. Did the doctor give you a ................................................... ? Do you want me to take it to the chemist's for you?

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6. I told the doctor my ..................................................., but I don't think she was listening.7. The doctor gave me a ................................................... for my employer. I was off work for two weeks.

31. Here are four pictures of things to do with health and medicine. Can you match them with the labels?

32. Read these extracts from a leaflet contained in a packet of headache pills.

Translate into Ukrainian:

If your answer to any of the following questions is YES, then you should tell a doctor or pharmacist before taking these pills.• Are you pregnant or breastfeeding?• Are you sensitive to any of the ingredients in these pills?• Do you suffer from liver, kidney or heart problems?• Do you suffer from haemophilia [problems with your blood not clotting1 properly]?• Are you taking any other medicines -particularly for blood pressure, anticoagulants for thinning the blood, antidepressants, cortico-steroids, anti-epileptic drugs?• Are you asthmatic?• Are you suffering from dehydration2?• Do you suffer from or have you suffered from a stomach ulcer3?

WARNING:

a) donate bloodb) have physiotherapy

c) get contact lensesd) have a filling

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DO NOT EXCEED THE STATED DOSE

Medicines may cause unwanted side effects4 in some people. If, after taking this medicine for the first time, you have an asthma attack or bronchiospasm (difficulty in breathing), gastro-intestinal haemorrhage (vomiting of blood or passing of dark, tarry stools5), stop taking these pills and consult a doctor or pharmacist.

1 forming a partly solid lump2 not having enough water in your body 3 painful infected area on the skin or inside your body4 unwanted effects in addition to the intended one5 medical term for (formal) excrement or (informal, childish) pooh

33. Translate the sentences. Learn the medical metaphors:

Problems and bad situations in society or other aspects of people's lives are often talked about as if they were illnesses.

The word symptom is often used when talking about problems in society.

The current spate of car thefts is a symptom of a deeper underlying problem.

This behaviour is symptomatic of his general lack of self-confidence.The causes of a problem can be diagnosed and the outlook for a

situation can also be referred to as the prognosis in the same way as we talk about the prognosis of an illness [how experts expect it to develop].

Here are some other examples of medical metaphors:

an ailing organisation [one that has a lot of problems]. The economy has been ailing for some time, but it is hoped that the new government will improve things.a rash of burglaries [a number of similar things happening at the same time]World Cup fever election fever [great excitement] at fever pitch to reach fever pitch [a point of very high intensity]With a week to go before Anne's wedding, preparations had reached fever pitch.Experts in the history of the area take a rather jaundiced view of the likely success of the peace talks. [unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experiences] to carry the scars of / be scarred by [be permanently affected by a negative experience]

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I'm afraid that children will always be scarred by having experienced war at so young age.

34. Study the words and their definitions. Translate the examples into Ukrainian:

gene - a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it grows, and how it develops. People get their genes from their parents cholesterol - a chemical substance found in your blood. Too much cholesterol in your body may cause heart disease.rheumatism -a disease that makes your joints or muscles painful and stiffarthritis - a disease that causes the joints of your body to become swollen and very painfulendorphin - a chemical produced by your body that reduces pain and can make you feel happiervirus - a very small living thing that causes infectious illnessesheart attack 1. a sudden serious medical condition in which someone's heart stops working normally, causing them great painhave/suffer a heart attack2, give somebody/have a heart attack(informal) to make someone suddenly feel frightened, surprised, or shocked, or to suddenly feel this way - You almost gave me a heart attack there!psychotherapy - the treatment of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to someone and discussing their problems rather than giving them drugshormone - a chemical substance produced by your body that influences its growth, development, and conditionblood pressure - the force with which blood travels through your body

a) I could print out pictures of the insects' bodies, but I had lost their genes.So, what determines whether these genes are transcribed? But because genes are also selected in the environment provided by other genes in different species, arms races develop. One possibility is that there are master genes whose products control the activity of many others.

b) A separate report found similar cholesterol changes in female runners.If this is satisfactory then no further action is required, as the fasting cholesterol will be lower than the random determination. Limit cholesterol to 300 milligrams a day. Moreover, few patients, if any, have their cholesterol decreased to very low levels with drug treatment. Was that due to decreased amounts of cholesterol in the cancer cells?

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c) And there's a bit of rheumatism in my right shoulder and arm which is something of a nuisance. Arthritis and rheumatism are prominent crippling diseases. On the bathroom shelf, Alida's special salts for rheumatism were prominently displayed. A holiday on Exmoor in the course of that summer was dogged by her rheumatism.

d) Bee stings have been known to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis. Her problem was arthritis and degenerative diseases of the heart. One of our friends with the same type of arthritis has been helped by an occupational therapist. We speak of some one who is stiff-necked long before they may become crippled with arthritis.

e) Naltrexone keeps heroin from activating endorphin receptors, without activating them itself. They may also enhance endorphin release.

f) A cigarette smoker has two to three times the risk of having a heart attack than a nonsmoker. Bunn was released from trial during the summer after suffering a heart attack. It was Anderson who discovered Tilden dead of a heart attack in June of 1953. My boss is having some kind of heart attack.

g) In psychotherapy we began to discuss what Charles thought and felt about his life as a whole. She leaves her studio two mornings a week to drive in to the office in Rockland where she sees psychotherapy patients. The chapter concludes with some examples of how insights gained from psychotherapy can be useful in social work practice. These drugs can raise spirits enough to permit daily functioning and raise the motivation capacity for psychotherapy, too!

h) Antibiotics and hormones used in human drugs have been detected in drinking water and our rivers. Parents tend to blame their daughters' moody, erratic behavior on hormones, choice of friends or television-viewing habits. The blame-if you can really call it that-can be placed on their active adolescent hormones.

i) In contrast to a previous report, we found no significant inverse relations between birth weight and blood pressure. Lifting very heavy weights can also raise your blood pressure considerably for a short time.

35. Complete the word formation table. Use a dictionary if necessary.

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verb noun adjectivebreastfeed drug pregnantclot dehydration sensitive

ulcer effect

36. The medical words in the box below can also be used in a metaphorical way. Fill the gaps in the following text using these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Paralysed ailing fatal rash disease prognosis fever contagious

The country has been …................................................ (1) by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been …................................................ (2) for some time, but if today's action is prolonged it may prove …................................................ (3) to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, 'The country has been suffering from a …................................................ (4) of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was…................................................ (5) and one strike led to another. Things reached ….......................................... (6) pitch last week and we can only hope that this …................................................ (7) will come to an end soon.' The minister's …................................................ (8) is that things will only start to improve once people appreciate the seriousness of the situation.

37. Asking about Health Listen to the dialogues, read them. Ask about health using the phrases:

When an Englishman asks you about your health, he is probably only doing so out of politeness. Unless he knows you have been ill, he is certainly not expecting a detailed medical report, and will be most surprised if you give him one.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

A How's your father keeping?

Where's Tony this evening?

How's your brother these days?

I haven't seen Bob lately. How is he?

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B He's been off work for a day or two.

He's not feeling very well.

He hasn't been too well just recently.

As a matter of fact, he's laid up.1

A What's wrong with him?

Really? What's the trouble?

I'm sorry to hear that. What's the matter?

Oh dear! What's up with him?

B He's gone down with a cold.

I think he must have eaten something.

I think he's been over-working.

We don't know, but we're havin the doctor in tomorrow.

A Tell him I hope he soon feels better.

Give him my regards and tell him to take things easy.

I hope he soon gets over it.

Let me know if there's anything I can do.

B That's very kind of you. I'll pass it on.

Thank you very much. I'll tell him what you said.

Thank you. He'll be pleased to hear you asked after him.

Thanks very much. I'll tell him you inquired about him.

1laid up: il

38. Replace the underlined expressions with one of the metaphors. Make any other necessary changes.

1. Excitement grew extremely strong as the day of the final match dawned.2. Unfortunately, a number of our investments are weak at the moment.3. There has been a sudden large number of car thefts in our part of town.4. Unfortunately, she is still affected in a negative way by her divorce.5. Ralph's jealousy is a characteristic feature of a person with general low self-esteem.6. What do you think the prospects are for the peace talks?

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A Visit to the Doctor

1. Read the text and describe your last visit to the dentist.

AT THE DENTIST’S

Once I had had a toothache for several days, but I couldn’t pluck up courage to go to the dentist. As a matter of fact I went twice, but just as I got on his doorstep and was going to ring the bell the toothache seemed to have gone away, so I went home again. But at last I had to go back, and this time I rang the bell and was shown into the waiting-room.

There were a number of magazines there, and I had just got in the middle of an exciting story when the maid came in to say Mr. Puller was ready to see me - I’ll have to wait for the next toothache to finish the story.

Well, I went into the surgery (the room where a doctor or dentist gives advice or treatment) and he told me to sit in a chair that he could move up and down, backwards and forwards, and then he had a look at the inside of my mouth. He put a little mirror on a long handle inside my mouth and poked about for a while, then he looked serious and said. “Yes, I’m afraid we can’t save that one, it will have to come out.”I asked him to give me an injection. He filled a syringe with some medicine. I felt a little prick on the gum and then he injected the liquid. He did this in two or three places and waited for a minute or so.

My mouth felt rather dead. Then he took a pair of forceps, gripped the tooth, gave a twist, then a pull, and the tooth was out. I could see it and hear it but I couldn’t feel it. Then he said, “It’s all over. Spit in there and then wash your mouth out with this disinfectant”

2. Comprehensive questions:

1. Who did the man consult when he had a toothache?2. How did the dentist begin to examine a patient?3. How did the dentist prepare the patient for an injection?4. What did the dentist do to pull the tooth out?3. Language focus

Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use in situations of your own:

1. to pluck up one’s courage

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2. waiting-room 3. to poke about4. syringe5. to feel a prick on the gum6. forceps7. to grip8. to give a twist9. to spit1O. disinfectant

4. Choose the right form

1. Dentists recommend brushing teeth with a fluoride toothpaste to…… them from decay.a) arm b) defend c) guard d) protect

2. Have you got toothache? Your face looks ……a) big b) enlarged c) expanded d) swollen

3. I had to have two ….. when I went to the dentist last week.a) cavities b) fillings c) paddings d) refills

4. She always pays ….. visits to the dentist.a) customary b) habitual c) normal d) regular

5. The dentist told him to open his mouth ….. .a) broad b) greatly c) much d) wide

6. He ….. when the dentist touched the bad tooth.a) alarmed b) dreaded c) laughed d) winced

7. Robert is very ….. about the cost of his dental treatment.a) ashamed b) pained c) sorry d) worried

8. I'm ….. having to pay yet another visit to the dentist.a) afraid b) dreading c) frightened d) terrified

9. The ….. in one of my teeth has come out, so I'm going to the dentist.a) cover b) completion c) filling d) replacement

10. He made a note of the appointment with his dentist in his ….. .137

a) diary b) directory c) journal d) register

11. She phoned her dentist to say she was unable to ….. her appointment.a) arrive b) hold c) keep d) stand

12. She put ….. going to the dentist although her teeth needed attention.a) away b) in c) off d) out

13. The small girl had to have four teeth ...... because they were so bad.a) broken b) pulled c) taken away d) taken out

14. The loss of a front tooth has left an unsightly …..in her teeth.a) gap b) hole c) slot d) space

15. In some countries more and more young people now need ….. teeth.a) false b) spare c) unnatural d) untrue

5. Fill the blanks with the words below. You may need to change the form о the words. Each word can be used only once.

cavity cement dentist dentures disease equipmentexamine fill gums interval lose nervepain practice preventive tooth treat treatment

General Dental Practice

General dental ….. includes mouth examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of…… .There ….. frequently uses X-rays and other ….. to ensure correct diagnosis and ….. .

Treatment may include filling ….., removing the ….. of teeth, treating diseases оf the ….., removing ….., and replacing ….. teeth with bridges and….. .

Anesthesia іs often used in any treatment that might cause….. . Teeth may be …..with amalgam, or….. .

Perhaps one of the most important parts of a dentist's work is ….. dentistry. If a dentist ….. a patient's teeth at regular …., he may find and …..a disease before іt becomes serious.

6. Give English equivalents for:

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запломбований зуб, хворий/уражений зуб, догляд за зубами,знімок зуба, зуб мудрості, корінь зуба, лікування зубів, порожнина в зубі, зубна емаль, зубний камінь, зберегти зуб, лікувати зуби, оглядати зуби, карієс зуба, пломбування зуба.

7. Listen to the dialogues, read them. Ask about health using the phrases:

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)A I've got a sore throat and my chest hurts.

I feel shivery and I've got a pain in my stomach.

I keep feeling dizzy, and I've got a headache.

I'm running a temperature, and I feel sick.

B How long have you been like this?

How long have you had it?

How long has this been going on?

Since when have you been feeling like this?

A Two or three days now.

The best part of a week.

It came on yesterday.

It all started the day before yesterday.

B I should think you've got flu: there's a lot of it about.

By the sound of it, you've caught a chill.

I should say you're generally run down.

You seem to have picked up some sort of infection.

A What do you advise?

What should I do? What ought I to do?

What do you think I should do?

B Take this prescription to the chemist's and then go straight to bed.

I'll give you something for it, and come to see you in a couple of days.

It's nothing serious, but you'd better stay in bed for a day or two.

Stay away from work till Monday, and don't overdo things.

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8. BODY. Give names for the indicated parts of the head.

1.________________2. ________________3. ________________4. ________________5. ________________6. ________________7. ________________8. ________________9. ________________10. _______________11. _______________12. _______________

9. BODY. Match each of the following parts of the body with the correct number in the picture below. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

. . . abdomen . . . Adam's apple . . . ankle . . . armpit

. . . biceps . . . bottom . . . breast . . . calf

. . . elbow . . . forearm . . . groin . . . heel

. . . hip . . . knee . . . navel . . . nipple

. . . palm . . . shoulder . . . thigh . . . throat

. . . thumb . . . toe . . . waist . . . wrist

10. Choose the correct answer.

1. The PUPIL is part of thea) ear b) stomach c) eye d) hand2. The SOLE is part of thea) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear3. The CALF is part of thea) leg b) arm c) chest d) head

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4. The WRIST is part of thea) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear5. The IRIS is part of thea) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear6. The HEEL is part of thea) hand b) foot c) eye d) breast7. The PALM is part of thea) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast8. The NIPPLE is part of thea) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast9. The THUMB is part of thea) hand b) foot c) head d) chest10. The SHIN is part of thea) arm b) leg c) head d) breast

11. HANDS UP!

A. Explain the meanings and give the context of the following idioms:

touch wood not to lift a finger to do smth. be a dab hand at doing smth. fit smb. like a glove be under smb.s thumb rap smb. over the knuckles (give smb. a rap over the knuckles) clutch/grasp at straws make/lose money hand over fist take one’s courage in both hands like the back of smb.’s hand slip through smb.’s fingers be touch-and-go be all fingers and thumbs be in safe hands for dear life

В. Now use one of the words to complete the following sentences.

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1 He's quite ill, but he'll be OK on the day of the exam, _________ wood!2 She won't lift a _________ round the house, jo does everything.3 John's a dab_________ at that kind of thing- ask him to do it.4 That dress looks great on you - it fits like a___________.5 He'll do anything she tells him to do - he's really under her____________.6 We got я rap over the________for beig late. 7 He says he'll do anything to save the marriage, but in my opinion he's just _____________at straws.8 They're making money hand over________ now thev're dome business over the Internet.

С. Jean and Sheila are talking about a bad experience, but the lines of the dialogue have been mixed up. Can you put the correct order in the box on the right? The first line has been done for you.

1. Sheila You dropped them? 2. Jean Well, I took my courage in both hands and went over to these two men to ask for help 3. Sheila How well do you know the city'? 4. Sheila I bet they wouldn't have been able to take it off you. You're stronger than you look 5. Jean Like the back of my hand. I've lived here for years. But when I first arrived I got lost one night and my car broke down 6. Sheila So how did you manage to slip through their fingers then? 7. Jean I really thought it was touch-and-go whether I'd get out alive 8. Sheila Ooh, that was brave of you' 9. Jean What else could I do? Anyway, one of them told me to give him my keys. Well, I was all fingers and thumbs… 10. Sheila What did you do? 11. Jean Well, it was all rather embarrassing They turned out to be plain-clothes police officers I was in perfectly safe hands after all! 12. Jean Yes, but I held on to my bag for dear life! They were both stepping towards me…12. BODY. Give names of the bodily organs indicated in the picture below.

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1. ….. 2. ….. 3. ….. 4. ….. 5. ….. 6. …..

13. ALL EYES

Explain the meanings and give the context of the following idioms: cry your eyes out look daggers at smb. not take your eyes off smb. love is blind beauty is in the eye of the beholder see the light not see smb. for dust turn a blind eye have (got) a roving eye swear blind

A. Choose the idiom which would be appropriate in the following situations:1. You're so proud of your child. a He's the apple of my eye. b He's for my eyes only.

с Не looks a sight.

2. You're pleased/relieved to see someone. a She's robbed me blind.

b I take a dim view of her. с She's a sight for sore eyes.

3. You can see a little hope for the future in difficult times. a I can see stars. b Feast your eyes on that,

с There's light at the end of the tunnel.

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4. She's good at noticing things around her. a She can see things in her mind's eye. b She has eyes in the back of her head. с She can see her way clear to doing that.

5. There's too much information for you to see clearly. a I can't see the wood for the trees. b I just watch the world go by. с I need to keep my eyes open.

6. You don't want anyone else to see something. a This is for your eyes only. b Keep your eyes peeled. с Feast your eyes on this.

7. He looks terrible. a I take a dim view of him. b He looks a sight. с I know him by sight.

8. Somebody seems to be daydreaming. a Has he got second sight? b He's all eyes. с He's just staring into space.

В. Julie's talking about her friend Clare. Use the idioms in the box to replace the phrases 1-10, changing the form as necessary.

cry your eyes out love is blind not see sb for dust have (got) a roving eye look daggers at sb beauty is in the eye of the beholder swear blind not take your eyes off sb see the light turn a blind eye

couldn't take her eyes offIt all started in a club on holiday. She just (1) couldn't stop looking at-

this guy, and of course eventually he came over. Personally I didn't think he was very attractive, but (2) we all have a different opinion of what's good looking, after all. I could tell he (3) was always looking for the chance to start a new sexual relationship but she just wouldn't listen.

Well, (4) when people are in love they just don't see things clearly, as they say. She was already talking about marriage, after just two days! But one night, she caught him kissing someone else. Well, you know Clare. She would never (5) pretend not to notice something, so she marched over and

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threw her drink over him. He (6) looked at her in a terrible way, and then left. I'm not surprised — if that had happened to me you (7) wouldn't see me because I'd leave so quickly.

She spent the rest of the holiday (8) crying all the time, but I'm glad she (9) understood what the real situation was. She (10) says definitely that she'll never look at another man again, but I'm sure she'll get over it...

14. BODY. Match the Ukrainian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts.

1. bile duct а) товста кишка

2. bladder b) хребет

3. gall bladder c) гортань

4. large intestine d) тaз

5. larynx е) сечовий міхур

6. pancreas f) жовчний міхур

7. pelvis g) селезінка

8. spine h) трахея

9. spleen і) підшлункова залоза

10 windpipe j) жовчний міхур

15. BODY. Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.

1. kidney a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling

2. lung b. long pipe leading from the stomach which takes waste matter from the body

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3. liver c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat4. heart d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use

by the body5. brain e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest6. intestine f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid

from the blood7. appendix g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are

set8. tonsils h. large organ which cleans the blood9. rib i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest10.stomach j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the

neck11.jaw k. short organ of little use which leads off the large

intestine12.throat l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood

by pushing it round the body

16. BODYParts of the body appear in some colloquial idiomatic adjectives describing various human states and characteristics, e g. 'heavy-hearted' means 'sad'.For each adjective on the left below find the word or phrase on the right which has the same meaning.

(a) stout- hearted generous(b) tight -fisted brave , resolute(c) open -handed with very good hearingd) hard-headed conceited ,self-important(e) big-headed hypocritical(f) weak- kneed silent, unwilling to speak(g) sharp- eared mean, not generous(h) tight-lipped insensitive to criticism i) two-faced businesslike, unemotional(j) starry-eyed cowardly, nervous(k) thick -skinned over-romantic17. BODY. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence.

1. He must be terribly strong! Look at his ….. .a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves

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2. He stood with his hands on his ….. daring me to go past him.a) ankles b) knees c) shoulders d) hips

3. Every tooth in my upper ….. seemed to be aching.a) chin b) cheek c) jaw d) forehead

4. When Mary twisted her ankle, John carried her home on his ….. .a) shoulders b) knees c) hands d) arms

5. His shoes were so old that his ….. were sticking out of them.a) fingers b) thumbs c) tips d) toes

6. The blind man ran the ….. of his fingers over the box.a) points b) edges c) tips d) ends

7. When people sweat, the liquid comes out through the ….. of the skin.a) veins b) vents c) pores d) holes

8. The ….. is the main air passage of the body.a) intestine b) ear c) windpipe d) kidney

9. The mam function of the heart is to ….. blood round the body.a) push b) propel c) pump d) walk

10 Arnold Schwartzeneger has an enormous chest ….. .a) growth b) swelling c) expansion d) inflation

ALL EARS18. Explain the meanings and give the context of the following idioms:

love the sound of your own voice play it by ear have (got) an ear for smth. have(got) a familiar ring to it be out on your ear make a lot of noise (about smth.) a big noise be like music to your ears go in one ear and out the other face the music

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A Decide which noun completes the expression on the left. The first has been done for you.

ear sound noise music ring1 hove (got) on____________for sth2 face the_______________3 be out on your__________4 moke a lot of _________(about sth)5 play it by___________6 a big______________7 love the_________of your own voice8 go in one ________and out the other9 have (got) a familiar _________to it10 be like _____________to your ears

В Using the expressions from above, how can you say the following more idiomatically?

1. I recognize it. It…_____________________________

2. He enjoys speaking a lot. ________________________________

3. It's really good to hear that. _________________________________

4. I won't plan things—I'll just see how things go. _________________________________

5. I'll have to accept the criticism for what I've done. _________________________________

6. She's good at imitating the sounds of other languages. She has an ear for languages_________

7. He never pays attention to what I say. It________________________________

8. He's an important person. _________________________________

C In the dialogue below, one word in each idiom is incorrect. Can you find the errors and correct them? believe Jo I just can't -understand- my ears, it seems so incredible! So, what happened next? I'm total ears. Jen Well, later that evening, we went to Pete's. You should have heard what he was saying about Cathy! I told him to calm down but it just fell on closed ears.

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Jo And?Jen In walked Cathy. The front door was open, only Tom didn't notice. Jo What happened? Jen Tom eventually realized, and of course we were all really embarrassed. You could've heard a feather drop. Nobody said a word. Jo What about Cathy? Jen Finally, she turned to Tom and said, "My ears were steaming. I thought I'd come round here and find out exactly what you thought of me." Jo Oh dear. Jen She stormed out, packed a suitcase and left. Tom can't believe it but for shouting out loud, what does he expect? He said some terrible things. Jo What's the situation now? Jen Your guess is as good as mine. Keep your ear to the floor and let me know if you hear anything.

19. BODY. Complete the sentences .

1. We have ten _________ on our hands and ten ___________ on our feet.2. The function of the heart is to enable the_________ to circulate.3. The _____________is used for digesting food.4. The flesh your teeth grow from is your _________.5. Do you wear your watch on your right __________ because you are left-handed?6. A bear crushed him and cracked several of his __________.7. With the help of our _________ we are able to speak and eat.8. Our_________ enables us to think9. At first she thought the boy had a high temperature, but when she put her hand on his____________to make sure, she found it was cold.10. I dropped a heavy box on my _________and broke one of my toes.

20. Listen to the dialogues, read them. Ask about health using the phrases:

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At a Chemist's Shop

It is possible to obtain emergency medicines from certain chemists after normal shopping hours. If the shop is closed look in the window for the list of chemists who are open late on that particular day. A fixed charge is made by the chemist. If you regularly take a certain drug, it is as well to remember that it may not be available in the U.K. except with a doctor's prescription. Chemists in the U.K. sell cosmetics and toilet preparations as well as photographic supplies. Films may be left at a chemist's shop for developing.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)A The doctor's given me this prescription.

Could you make up this prescription for me, please?

I've just been given this prescription by Dr Worrall.

Can I leave this prescription with you?

B It'll only take five minutes, so perhaps you'll wait.

I'll do it for you straight away.

You can call back for it in about an hour.

I'll have it ready for you by 5.30.

A Have you also got something suitable for sore lips?

By the way, what do you suggest for sunburn?

Can you also give me something for this rash?1

I'd like something for a stye,1 too.

B Rub in this cream every four hours.

This ointment should clear up the trouble.

Try this tube of jelly.

Put this lotion on three times a day.

1 a rash: a skin irritation ' a stye: a spot on the eye-lid

21. Read, the sayings and explain them. Find Ukrainian equivalents to them

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

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2. Temperance is the best physic.3. Gluttony kills than sword.4. A creaking gate hangs long on its hinges.5. Dry feet, warm head bring safe to bed.6. A green wound is soon healed.7. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.8. One hour’s sleep before midnight is worth two after.9. Health is better than wealth.10. Prevention is better than cure.11. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.12. Health is not valued till sickness comes.13. Medicines are not meant to live on.14. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Health: injuries

Common injuries

An injury is damage to part of your body, usually caused by an accident in the home, on the roads, or during a game, e.g of football. Here are some common injuries

What's the problem? How did it happen?

Result Solution

1. I cut (v, n) my finger

using a knife it's bleeding a bit

a plaster

2. I cut my leg quite badly

I fell over it's bleeding quite a lot

a bandage (n,v)

3. I twisted my ankle running for a bus I can't walk on it easily

rest

4. I broke my arm I fell off my bike I can't use it plastera sling

5. I've got concussion playing football I'm confused; don'tknow where I am

rest

6. I burnt my hand taking something outof a hot oven

it's very painful

special cream

7. I've got a bruise on I hit it on the it's swollen ice pack

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my arm side of my desk andblue/black in colour

Hospital treatment

Look carefully at the key words in these texts.John fell off a chair, hit his head on the floor, and knocked himself unconscious. His wife called an ambulance but John was still unconscious when it arrived. He was rushed to hospital (= taken very quickly) where they kept him for two days for blood tests.I jumped for the ball and collided with another player(= we ran into / hit each other). We both had cuts on ourhead, but I had to go to hospital for eight stitches.

Wounds and injuries

Wound (n, v) and injury are both used to describe damage to the body, but a wound is generally caused by a weapon (e.g. gun or knife) and it is usually intentional.He shot the man in the chest. (= a bullet wound in the chest) [from a gun]He stabbed the boy in the back. (= a knife wound in the back)He got into a fight and got beaten up. He had a black eye and two broken ribs.

Noun Verb Noun Verbcut wound injury shot

blood bandage bruise treatment

22. Complete the table with the correct verb forms.

23. Look at the pictures and write the story.

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24. Complete these conversations in a suitable way.

1) A: ... bleeding quite a bit, so I had to put a plaster on it before I could finish.B: How did you do it, anyway?A: Oh, I was…………………………………………………………………

2) A: ... the next day the eye was really swollen and he had bruises down both his arms.B: My goodness. What did he tell his parents?A: More or less the truth. He said……………………………………………

3) A: ... tried to get up again but I couldn't move. It was incredibly painful, butfortunately there were a few pedestrians around to help me. B: That's lucky. But what were you doing? A:……………………………………………………………………………..4) A: ... my face was cut and he had a terrible bruise on his head.B: Sounds very unpleasant. How did it happen exactly?A:……………………………………………………………………………..

25. Answer these questions about yourself. If possible, ask another person the same questions.

Have you ever broken your arm or leg?Have you ever needed stitches ?Have you ever had concussion?Have you ever been unconscious?Have you ever had a blood test?Have you ever been in an ambulance?

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26. INJURIES. Your friend has a few marks on his body. Match the name of the mark with the explanation of its origin.

1. This BITE on my leg 6. This SCAR on my belly2. These BLISTERS on my feet 7. This SCRATCH on my arm3. This BRUISE on my eyelid 8. These SPOTS on my cheeks4. This CUT on my thumb 9. This STING on my chin5. This GRAZE on my knee

a. I got when I was operated on for appendicitis. b. I got when I went on a walking tour in too tight shoes. c. I got when I was hit by my friend during our quarrel. d. I got when I fell down while running. e. I got when I suffered from measles. f. I got when I was cutting onions with a sharp knife. g. I got when I was attacked by a fierce dog. h. I got when I was playing with my cat. i. I got when I went to take some honey from the beehive.

27. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer.

1. He got that ….. on his forehead when he ran into an open cupboard door in the dark a few days ago.a) blister b) bruise c) scar d) sprain

2. Mary was ….. by a wasp while she was gathering some pears.a) bitten b) eaten c) stung d) wounded

3. Be careful you don't ….. yourself when you are cutting those roses.a) pick b) prick c) sting d) wound

4. I fell off my bicycle when I was five and I still have a ….. on my knee.a) freckle b) scar c) hole d) scratch

5. He got a terrible …..on the head when he forgot to bend as he went throughthe low doorway.a) bump b) hunch c) ripple d) wrinkle

6. This ….. dates from my operation last year.154

a) cut b) scar c) scratch d) sore

7. A sword will only draw blood if it actually ….. the skin.a) pierces b) pricks c) plunges d) thrusts

8. I have a ….. on my leg where you hit me.a) blister b) bruise c) hole d) wound

9. She cried so much that her face became ….. .a) fat b) soft c) swollen d) torn

10. If you are so senseless as to go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must expect to get ….. .a) blisters b) bruises c) scars d) scratches

28. Give English equivalents for the following words:

Травма, вивих, крововилив, опік, перелом, рана, розтягнення, удар, укус, відмороження.

29. Here is a list of injuries. Look them up in your dictionary to check the meaning and the pronunciation, and fill in the chart. Use your imagination to think of a cause for the injuries.

Injury Cause Treatmenta broken arm a fall during a football

matchSet the arm and put it in plaster.

a bruisea dislocated shouldera sprained wrista stingcrampa swollen ankleconcussiona blister

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a black eye a burn

30. INJURIES. Crossword puzzle.

ACROSS:

1. from an old wound (4)5. painful swelling on the hand or foot caused by exposure to cold (9)6. small mark in the skin, possibly caused by an illness such as measles (4)7. from dog's teeth (4)8. on the knee (5)

DOWN:

1. often the result of a toothache or sprained ankle. (8)2. hard skin, often on the foot (4)3. from cat's claws (7)4. from walking in too tight shoes (7)

31. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer.

1. Fortunately, nobody was ….. in the accident.a) broken b) damaged c) injured d) wounded

2. He tripped in a pot-hole and ….. his ankle.a) slid b) slipped c) sprained d) stressed

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3. I have broken my new glasses and I can't find my old ….. .a) couple b) double c) one d) pair

4. He had to go to hospital when he ….. .a) broke up b) broke his muscle c) had a break d) pulled a muscle

5. As a result of his accident, Peter will have to have ….. leg.a) an artificial b) a manufactured c) a substitute d) a secondary

6. For a long time after the accident, she suffered from constant ….. in her back.a) ache b) hurt c) injury d) pain

7. The music at modern discos is so loud that it can cause ….. among teenagers.a) blindness b) deafness c) dumbness d) unconsciousness

8. In spite of the number of cars involved in the accident, there was only one ….. a man with a broken hand.a) case b) casualty c) injury d) patient

9. The electrician got a ….. from the faulty wiring.a) blow b) jump c) shock d) start

10. Apparently about one person in five is left ….. .a) handed b) hander c) handful d) handy

11. Two of the drivers in the car crash had multiple …..a) accidents b) casualties c) damages d) injuries

12. I was doing some weeding in the garden when suddenly my back ….. .a) collapsed b) failed c) sprained d) went

13. He got out of bed and took a few ….. but couldn't go any farther.a) actions b) stages c) starts d) steps

14. The man was very ….. as he had injured his leg badly when he was a boy.a) blind b) deaf c) lame d) limp

15. The man's face was ….. from his infected tooth.

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a) bulging b) dilated c) expanded d) swollen

16. In the accident, several people were….. . a) crushed b) damaged c) hurt d) wounded

17. He hurt his knee early in the game, and ….. off the field.a) carried b) left c) limped d) trod

18. The ….. in his leg was so terrible he thought he would go mad.a) bruise b) disease c) illness d) pain

19. The woman tripped over the uneven pavement and …..her elbow.a) disabled b) dislocated c) dislodged d) distorted

20. Since his motor-accident, he has been ….. in one leg.a) cracked b) crazy c) irregular d) lame

32. INJURIES. Choose the right answer.

1. I think I've got a …. of dust in my eye. Can you see it?a) grain b) sliver c) speck d) splinter

2. She ….. and fell from the top of the stairs to the bottom.a) slipped b) sloped c) spilt d) split

3. While the children were playing on the beach, Peter ….. on a broken bottle and cut his foot rather badly.a) came b) ran c) tripped d) trod

4. Mr Jackson is permanently ….. as the result of a car accident.a) disabled b) inactive c) incapable d) powerless

5. He was hit by a bullet but luckily he was only ….. wounded.a) barely b) little c) merely d) slightly

6. John slipped as he was walking beside the river, and fell into the water with a loud ….. .a) bang b) crash c) splash d) trickle

7. The patient was found to be suffering from ….. injuries as a result of his fall.

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a) multifarious b) multiple c) multipliable d) multiplied

8. I didn't notice the log on the ground and ….. over it.a) crept b) crushed c) skipped d) stumbled

9. The sudden noise made me….. .a) frighten b) jump c) shudder d) startle

10. John slipped on a piece of orange ….. and broke his leg.a) crust b) coat c) peel d) shell

33. Listening. First Aid.

Рrе-listening task

Correct first-aid treatment, if it is given properly and promptly, can save lives. Of course, if the situation is serious, the first thing to do is seek medical attention. How good is your knowledge of first aid?

What would you do in these circumstances?

1. Someone has a minor burn; should you:a. put cold water on the burned area?b. put a tight bandage on it?c. put butter on it?

2. Someone has a bad burn; should you:a. put cold water on the burned area?b. put a tight bandage on it?c. put a loose, clean covering on?

3. You are the first to arrive at the scene of a car accident; should you:a. lie the victims flat and keep them warm?b. avoid moving the victims and keep them warm?

Listening for specific information

Listen to this interview with a doctor and check your answers.What do you think?

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Doctor Clarke advises people to find out as much as they possibly can about first aid.Do you know how to: give artificial respiration?/stop bleeding?What would you do if someone: is choking?/has an electric shock?/has swallowed some kind of poison?Discuss your answers. If you're not sure, find out the right answers.

34.Discuss in pairs the ideas on health expressed by the great minds of the world. Suggest the Ukrainian for the quotations:

1.”What cannot be cured must be endured” /F.Rabelais/2. “Our bodies are apt to be our autobiographies”. /F.Burgess/3. “Health is the thing that makes you feel that now is the best time of the year.” /F.P.Adams/

Keeping Fit. Promoting Healthy Way of Life.

1. Read the article and do the exercises, which follow it.

ARE YOU ON TOP OF THE WORLD?

These days most doctors and scientists agree that our physical health is closely related to our psychological well-being. But just what have the experts discovered about what makes us feel good?

Some things that can make you feel better ...Getting moving

As well as being important to your health, regular exercise is now believed to improve your psychological state by releasing endorphins or ‘happy chemicals' into the brain. Some researchers consider it can be just as valuable as psychotherapy in helping depression, and engendering a more positive outlook.

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Even a brisk ten-minute walk every day can help according to researchers. In one project, unemployed urban youths who undertook intensive sports training for several months, not only became involved in that sport, but also in other activities such as study, politics, and voluntary work.

A lively social life

According to experts, companionship and social support are vital to both our psychological and physical well-being - one reason, perhaps, why married people tend to live longer than unmarried ones. Modern researchers emphasise the value of group social activities in this respect. 'Relationships we form at church or in clubs tend to be more supportive and uncritical than those we form at work or in the family,1 says Professor Michael Argyle, of Oxford Brookes University, 'and these positive relationships improve our self-esteem, which is vital to our physical and mental health. This is backed up by recent research which shows, perhaps surprisingly, that people who spend more time with others actually get fewer colds and viruses than those who stay at home on their own. In fact social support is so important to our mental and physical well-being that it may even increase our life expectancy! Another piece of research found that people who belong to strong church groups, not only claim to be happier than those who don't, they suffer from less than half the number of heart attacks than the rest of the population, and live up to four years longer!Watching soap operas on TV

One rather surprising piece of research found that on average, people who regularly watch soaps on television are significantly happier than those who don't! Psychologists believe that this is because such programmes provide viewers with an imaginary set of friends, and a sense of belonging to a community, in the same way that a club or a church might.

Self-indulgence

Many scientists these days believe that indulging in life's little pleasures - a bar of chocolate, a glass of wine, a shopping trip, even a cigarette - can actually improve your health, because of the psychological lift it gives you. There is evidence, for example,' says Professor David War burton of Reading University, 'that old people living in residential homes who have a cocktail hour each day actually live longer! Indulging - in moderation - in the small pleasures of life can make people calmer, alleviate stress and provide positive health benefits. There is a lot of truth in theold saying that "a little of what you fancy does you good."

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... and some that can make you feel worse

Low self-esteem

Feeling like an underdog, it seems, can damage your health. Research by the National Rheumatism and Arthritis Council showed that workers who feel undervalued or out of control at work, are significantly more likely to suffer from back problems. Depression, a spokesman claimed, is actually far more likely to cause backache than heavy lifting. Professor Warburton of Reading University believes that one of the greatest health threats comes from negative feelings such as depression or guilt, which create stress hormones, producing cholesterol.’ It's quite likely that by worrying about whether or not you should be eating a chocolate bar you are doing yourself more harm than just getting on and eating it,’ says the professor!

Lack of bright light

Scientists have known for some time about Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): a form of depression caused by lack of light in winter, and thought to explain the relatively high suicide rates in countries such as Sweden, where for parts of the year days are very short. However, recent research has shown that those working night shifts in factories can suffer from the same problem, leading to stress and depression. The problem can be overcome by illuminating workplaces with lights three times brighter than usual, making workers feel happier and more alert.

A low-fat diet

A low-fat diet may be good for your waistline, but the latest research suggests that it is less beneficial psychologically. A team of volunteers at Sheffield University, asked to follow a diet consisting of just twenty-five per cent fat (the level recommended by the World Health Organisation) reported a marked increase in feelings of hostility and depression. And an earlier piece of research revealed, startingly, that people on low-fat diets are more likely to meet a violent death!

Drinking coffee

Many of us are already aware that drinking coffee raises your blood pressure and can cause anxiety, but according to the latest research it can

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also make you bad-tempered. Mice who were given regular doses of caffeine by researchers, were found to be unusually aggressive!

The wrong genes

Despite all the changes we make to our behaviour, diet, and environment, there is growing evidence that at the end of the day, whether we are cheerful or miserable is largely a question of our genes. 'Of course what happens to you in your life will make a difference to how happy you are,1 say scientists, 'but there are two or three vital genes which probably decide how cheerful you are in comparison to others in a similar situation.' So whatever else you do, make sure you choose your genes carefully!

Discuss the answers to the questions below.

Questions for group A 1. What is the value of physical exercise for your mental health?2. Give two pieces of evidence that show that companionship and social support can be important for your physical health.3. Why do psychologists believe that watching soap operas on TV can make people feel better?4. What happens to old people who are given a cocktail every evening? What is the explanation for this according to the text?Questions for group B

What is the connection between backache and 'feeling like an underdog’? Give two examples of groups of people affected by SAD. What is it, and what can be done to help sufferers?From the research described, why do you think people on low-fat diets might be more likely to meet a violent death?Give three possible ill effects of drinking coffee.Can your genes affect how happy or miserable you are?

2. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future:

Psychological; to release; endorphins; psychotherapy; engendering; viruses; to alleviate; cholesterol; suicide; alert; anxiety; caffeine; genes.

3. Language focus

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Explain the meanings of the following word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own:

1. psychological well-being 25. to indulge in2. to release endorphins or‘happy chemicals' into the brain

26. in moderation

3. psychotherapy 27. to alleviate (stress, ache, etc.)4. to engender a more positive outlook

28. positive health benefits

5. a brisk ten-minute walk 29. to fancy6. unemployed urban youths 30. low self-esteem7. to undertake intensive sports training

31. rheumatism

8. to become involved in smth. 32.arthritis9. voluntary work 33. to feel undervalued10. to be vital to 34. to cause backache11. to emphasise the value of group social activities

35.heavy lifting

12. in some respect 36. stress hormones13. selfesteem 37. to produce cholesterol14. to back up 38. seasonal Affective Disorder15. virus 39. suicide rates16. on one’s own 40. to work night shifts17. life expectancy 41. to feel alert18. heart attack 42. a low-fat diet19. on average 43.hostility20. to provide with 44. startingly21. self-indulgence 45. regular doses of caffeine22. to meet a violent death 46.gene23. to cause anxiety 47. to make changes to one’s

behaviour24. to make smb. bad-tempered

4. Translate the following into English:

Дієта з низьким процентом жиру; ворожість; ревматизм; рівень самогубства; вмирати насильницькою смертю; спричиняти неспокій; виробляти холестерол; почувати недооціненим; сезонні захворювання; артрит, запалення суглобів; підвищити кров’яний тиск; сердити, роздратовувати; звичайні дози кофеїну ;психологічне здоров’я; добровільна праця; захоплюватись; вивільнювати ендорфіни до мозку;

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інтенсивно займатися спортом; психотерапія; безробітні міські юнаки; наголошувати на цінності колективної соціальної діяльності; підтримувати; в відношенні до чогось; згубний вплив забобонів; бактеріологічна війна; життєво важливий; самоповага, почуття власної гідності ; дозволяти собі; уявляти собі; проводити час за коктейлем; позитивний вплив на здоров’я; в середньому; серцевий напад;середня тривалість життя.


1. The doctor asked me to ….. to the waist.a) bare b) strip c) take off d) undress

2. The nurse put a ….. round Peter's bleeding knee.a) bandage b) belt c) ribbon d) scarf

3. He had injured his arm badly and had to keep it in a …… for several weeks.a) cradle b) litter c) sling d) stretcher

4. When he finally ….. , he couldn't remember what had happened.a) came round b) held back c) stood back d) wore off

5. The doctor told her that her temperature was ….. .a) current b) familiar c) habitual d) normal

6. He is ….. dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.a) bearing b) carrying c) fitting d) wearing

7. The ambulance men took the injured climber down the mountain on ….. .a) a bedstead b) a cot c) a couch d) a stretcher

8. Although the patient's condition is serious, she seems to be out of …… .a) control b) danger c) order d) place

9. If he loses consciousness, give him a sip of brandy to bring him …. .a) back b) over c) round d) up

10. With every ….. he took, he got more and more tired.a) foot b) march c) step d) walk

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11.My sister works m a home for the deaf and ….. . a) dumb b) mute c) speechless d) voiceless

12. Make sure you ….. your food properly before you swallow it.a) bite b) chew c) crunch d) eat

13. The fact is, doctor, I just cannot ….. this dreadful cough.a) get down to b) get out of c) get rid of d) get round to

14. The doctor took his temperature and felt his ….. .a) blood b) muscle c) pulse d) vein

15. While he was in hospital, his wound was ….. twice a day.a) changed b) cured c) dressed d) healed

16. After a quick ….. at the patient the doctor rang for an ambulance.a) gaze b) glance c) glimpse d) stare

17. Apply direct ….. on the wound to stop severe bleeding.a) compression b) contraction c) pressure d) restriction

18. The man who was taken to hospital had been ….. for three hours.a) indifferent b) insensitive c) unconscious d) unfeeling

19. The injured man was taken to hospital on ….. .a) an ambulance b) a bed c) a sling d) a stretcher

20. After any hard or prolonged exercise it is advisable to check your ….. . a) brain waves b) eyesight c) mental balance d) pulse rate

6. The following problems and pieces of advice have got all mixed up. Can you match them correctly?

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1 . I keep getting headaches.2. I can't get into my clothes.3. I can't sleep at night. 4. My eyes are often sore and I sneeze a lot.5. I'm going to Nepal on business. 6. I've got a bad stomach.7. I feel much better now, doctor. 8. I've got a terrible cough.

a. Good, you needn't come back for a month, b. You really must stop smoking,c. Perhaps you should have an eye test.d. You ought to do more exercise — it's very relaxing, e. You'll have to have a few injections.f. You shouldn't eat so much fried food.g. You really must lose some weight.h. You should have some allergy tests.

7. Choose the right answer.

1. The doctor told me he could ….. nothing wrong with my health.a) bring b) find c) gain d) obtain

2. He applied for a week's ….. to look after the children while his wife was in hospital.a) leave b) leisure c) rest d) vacation

3. There were thirty ….. waiting in the doctor's surgery.a) clients b) customers c) patients d) visitors

4. The old nurse was able to ….. her master only by the mark on his arm.

a) notice b) realise c) recognise d) remark

5. Short sight can be ….. by the use of suitable glasses.a) corrected b) fixed c) improved d) reduced

6. She prides herself ….. never having had a day off sick.a) for b) in c) of d) on7. The patient was fit enough to ….. and take some nourishment a few hours after the operation.a) lie down b) lift up c) sit up d) stand up

8. You must ….. a rest after that long walk.a) lay b) make c) sleep d) take

9. Whenever there's a flu ….. , doctors are kept very busy.a) breakout b) outbreak c) outcome d) outlook

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10. Can you please ….. an appointment for me to see Dr Wilson?a) arrange b) do c) make d) take

11. A walk in the fresh air will ….. .a) better you b) do you good c) heal you d) make you good

12 The new form of treatment will have to be ….. under laboratory conditions before it is applied generally.a) controlled b) experimented c) proved d) tested

13. The ….. of his death were highly suspicious.a) circumstances b) conditions c) events d) indications

14. If you'd like to take a seat in the waiting room till the doctor can see you, you'll find plenty of magazines to ….. .a) browse through b) look over c) refer to d) stare at

15. It's a good idea to see your doctor regularly for ….. .a) a control b) a check-up c) an investigation d) a revision

16. Mary had to be taken to hospital after her ….. .a) accident b) dilemma c) happening d) occurence

17. The staff at the hospital were well ….. to deal with the epidemic.a) capable b) equal c) equipped d) ready

18. It's ….. for you to have an immediate operation.a) certain b) decided c) definite d) essential

19. An ambulance must have pnonty as it usually has to deal with some kind of ….. .a) crash b) crisis c) emergency d) urgency8. Choose the correct answer.

1. The patient ….. to listen to his doctor's advice.a) hindered b) lacked c) refused d) resigned

2. There is a ….. for blankets and medicines in the disaster area.a) dearth b) lack c) need d) shortage

3. The doctor gave him a ….. examination.168

a) conscientious b) methodical c) precise d) thorough

4. At midday the doctor went on his ….. , visiting sick patients.a) circles b) rounds c) routes d) ways

5. When my brother was in hospital, he was ….. by a well-known surgeon.a) carried on b) operated on c) passed on d) worked on

6. He was worried about his health, but his doctor put his mind at ….. .a) comfort b) leisure c) rest d) sleep

7. At the casualty department my sister had her injury….. .a) cured b) healed c) operated d) treated

8. There was ….. in the doctor's tone, as he spoke of his patient's recovery.a) afraid b) anxiety c) fear d) uncertainty

9. Everyone hoped that he would ….. after the operation.a) get well b) pull on c) pull out d) pull over

10. Euthanasia, or …… killing, is a common subject for debate these days.a) helpful b) kind c) mercy d) sympathetic

11. John, who lost a leg in a car accident, has now been fitted with …..limb.

a) an artificial b) an attached c) an extra d) a substitute

12. The nurse told me that Sam's ….. immediately after his operation was safisfactory.a) condition b) health c) situation d) state

9. Complete the sentences below with a preposition (from, on, with, etc.).

My wife complained that something was wrong …..her. She said she had a pain …. her back and that she suffered ….. bad headaches. As she was getting worse and worse I sent ….. a doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken ….. hospital. Yesterday she was operated ….. .Now she feels much better.

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10 HEALTH. Fill in the right words.

1. I've got hayfever and that's the reason why I keep on _ _ _ e _ _ _ _.2. I really do not know if this medicine _ _ _ _ a_ _ _ alcohol; most medicines do.3. As far as I know common aspirin is the best _ _ _ _ for your illness.4. If the meeting is tomorrow I'll have to _ _ c _ _ an appointment with my dentist.5. He is a very talented _ _ _ g _ _ _ . All the patients on whom he has operated are in good health now.6. While some surgeons are experimenting with transplantation of natural organs, others see the future in the use of _ _ _ _ f _ _ _ _ _ ones.7. He asked me if he might smoke a .cigarette. I am a smoker myself, so I did not _ _ _ e _ _ to it.8. As the doctor came into the room the nurse handed him the temperature _ _ r __ of the patient.9. He took a sleeping-tablet, but it had absolutely no _ _ _ _ c _ . It was a sleepless night for him.10. Our children seem to spend all day playing doctors and _ _ _ _ _ n_ _.11. He slipped on the icy road, lost his _ _ _ _ n _ _ and fell.12. You can't buy this medicine without a _ _ _ _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ _ from a doctor.13. It may be dangerous to have a meal first and go for a swim immediately _ _ _ _ _ w _ _ _ _ .14. I don't feel very well. I think I'm going to be _ _ c _ .15. The psychiatrist's _ _ e seems exorbitant considering the short time he spends on each patient.16. His mother sent him to bed because he had quite a high _ _ _ _ _ r_ _ _ _ _.17. He was 10 kilos overweight and was advised to go on a _ _ _ _ .18. I had to wait for an hour in the doctor's _ _ _ g_ _ _ .19. If you want to find out someone's temperature, use a _ _ _ r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .20. If you want to stay well, don't eat too much and get plenty

of _ x _ _ _ _ _ _ .

11. HEALTH . Choose the right answer.

1. The patient's condition is ….. .a) critical b) dangerous c) hazardous d) perilous

2. Everything possible was done to ….. the suffering of the wounded man.

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a) alleviate b) console c) diminish d) pacify

3. The doctor decided it was better at that point not to ….. the nature of the illness.a) confess b) give up c) reveal d) unmask

4. Abortion has become a ….. issue in recent years.a) blazing b) burning c) fiery d) hot

5. That man will live for ever, he's ….. .a) immature b) immoral c) immortal d) indefinite

6. We thought she was over the worst of her illness, but yesterday she had a ….. .a) come-back b) relapse c) relaxation d) reversion

7. I could tell that she was frightened because she ….. my arm hard.a) bruised b) gripped c) pulled d) stretched

8. It is physically impossible for any human being to ….. such extreme cold for long.a) endure b) last c) persist d) withhold

9. I have been offered the appointment,…..to my passing a medical examination.a) condition b) confirmatory c) dependent d) subject

10. As people get older their bodies begin to run …..and they have less immunity to disease.a) down b) low c) off d) out

11. They ….. his broken leg in plaster.a) arranged b) fitted c) set d) tied

12. We need to be able to breathe ….. in order to live.a) atmosphere b) carbon dioxide c) oxygen d) ozone

13. The test …..that she was pregnant.a) certified b) demonstrated c) indicated d) verified

14. According to a hospital spokesman, hopes were ….. last night that the victim would ever regain consciousness.

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a) decreasing b) fading c) growing d) increasing

15. Try something sharp-smelling under her nose, that might ….. if she's still unconscious.a) bring her about b) bring her to c) get her over d) put her forward

16. The recent study of ….. has produced some interesting results showing that humans have a built-in 24-hour biological clock.a) biographs b) biorhythms c) bioscopes d) biotypes

17. Exercising generally begins with standing up straight, …..slowly and then letting your breath out evenly.a) airing b) exhaling c) ingesting d) inhaling

18. Before the group of doctors would give their opinion they wanted to ….. with each other.a) confer b) confess c) confirm d) confide

19. Peter was ….. from hospital last week.a) discharged b) dismissed c) released d) withdrawn

20. In the stomach, the protein in food is ….. into simpler substances by the action of acids and enzymes.a) broken down b) knocked down c) melted down d) rendered down

12. HEALTH. Fill in the English translation of the word(s) in brackets.

I. Diane was seriously ill some time ago. She is still weak but her health is_ _ _ _ _ (покращується) rapidly and no doubt she will be all right soon.2. I really admire him for the patience and the calm with which he _ _ _ _ s (переносить) his terrible illness. I know how he must suffer.3. His injuries are so serious that he may _ _ _ _ _ _ (залишитися) an invalid for the rest of his life.4. His eyesight is poor, so he has to wear _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (окуляри).

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5. She decided not to marry and to _ _ _ _ _ _ (присвятити) her whole life to helping the mentally retarded.6. I have recently read about a youth who _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (врятувати) four children from drowning.7. The dentist uses a _ _ _ _ _ (бор) to cut into your teeth.8. I went to the doctor about my cough and he prescribed some _ _ _ _ (таблетки).9. It was quite a bad cut and it was bleeding, so I put on a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (пов’язка).10. I hurt my wrist yesterday playing football and today it's _ _ _ _ _ (припухлий).11. I think he has fainted! Quick, someone, call an _ _ _ _ _ _(швидку допомогу).12. There is nothing a doctor can do about the common cold, there's no known _ _ _ _(ліки).

13. Read the article and do the exercises, which follow it.

Health Problems

Smoking – is it really worth it?

Medical research has proved that smoking is a habit that can lead to severe illness or an early death.Smoking can cause:A/ lung cancer or cancer of the mouth, voice box, stomach, gullet or bladder;B/ chronic bronchitis;C/ heart disease;D/ gastric or duodenal ulcers/In addition to these hazards/ a mother who smokes during pregnancy runs the risk of having:A/ a natural abortion or miscarriage;B/ a still-birth / a baby who is born dead/;C/ a baby with a congenital heart disease;D/ a baby who is physically and mentally underdeveloped.Cigarette smoking is dangerous to all age-groups. Surveys have proved that children and adolescents who smoke up to six cigarettes a week, suffer lung damage. They may:- have frequent coughs and colds;

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- have a poorer health record than non-smokers;- become breathless easily and unable to take vigorous exercise;- bring up PHLEGM /the thick, slimy matter secreted in the throat/ when they have a cold.There are four harmful substances in the tobacco smoke inhaled by cigarette smokers.1. Nicotine . This increases the blood pressure and pulse rate, and can cause unpleasant side effects, such as sickness, irritability and trembling. It also impairs or weakens the normal healing power of the stomach, and this can delay the healing of ulcers.2. Carbon monoxide . This gas reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and can cause dizziness and headaches.3. Carcinogens or tars. These substances can produce or accelerate a cancerous growth.4. Irritants. These damage the bronchial or breathing tubes, and can cause “smoker’s cough”.

Did you know that …?

1. A “low tar” cigarette is less likely to cause severe illness or death than a “high” or “medium tar” cigarette.2. The tar in a cigarette becomes concentrated towards the butt end. This means that smoking the last 2 cm of a cigarette is far more dangerous than smoking the whole of the rest of the cigarette.3. Smoking is addictive. This means that a person can become dependent upon tobacco, associating the drug with pleasure and the relief of tension. Even a light smoker will find the habit difficult to break, and will experience unpleasant “withdrawal” symptoms when he stops smoking.4. Smoking severely restricts physical fitness and athletic performance. Have you wondered why you seldom see successful footballers, gymnasts, athletes etc. who smoke?5. When someone smokes in an enclosed space, such as an office, car, public house or cinema, the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air increases. This is harmful to all the non-smokers present, as well as to the smokers. Does this seem right?6. If parents smoke, there is a greater risk that their babies will die of pneumonia or develop bronchitis before they are one year old. This is probably due to the smoke-filled air in the home.7. The risk of a smoker developing a severe illness or dying increases:A/ with the number of cigarettes smoked;B/ if smoking began at an early age;C/if smoke is inhaled;

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D/ if half-smoked cigarettes are re-lit.8. If a cigarette is kept in the lips between puffs, there is a greater chance of developing bronchitis.9. Apart from the unpleasant effects of smoking, such as breathlessness, sickness, bad breath, stained fingers and “smoker’s cough”, there may be no obvious signs of the damage being done to the body. A person may continue to smoke heavily for many years before the onset of severe illness or death.

There are many factors which might tempt a young person to start smoking. Here are a few.

14. Discuss each of these points with your friends.

1. Smoking is considered to be a sign of maturity and toughness.2. Smoking is thought to be a social habit which gives confidence.3. A young person may resent being advised not to smoke and will start smoking as an act of defiance and rebellion against authority.4. A young person is influenced by the attitudes and example of parents, relations, friends and teachers. If they smoke there is a desire to conform and copy their behaviour.5. If cigarettes are readily available at home, there is a greater temptation to start smoking.6. A young person may be tempted to smoke from a sense of curiosity.Although a young person can be aware of the long-term damaging effects of smoking, the possibility of severe illness or death during middle-age seems too remote to be relevant or important. He may take the attitude that:A/ “nothing will happen to me”;B/ he can always stop smoking at a later date, before any real damage has been done. /Will this be easy or possible?

15. Translate the following text into English using the topical vocabulary:

Шкідлива звичка куріння... але наскільки? За матеріалами преси.

Щодо тютюнових виробів, то медики висловлюються: «Якби про вплив паління тютюну на здоров’я людини сто років тому було відомо те, що нам відомо тепер, — жодна держава не дозволила б його легального виробництва та продажу», але сумний факт залишається саме сумним

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фактом – бурхливе поширення паління у ХХ столітті завдячує виключно вдалій рекламі. Сьогодні реклама сигарет — імідж сучасної молоді, вільних жінок, успішних бізнесменів. Реклама зробила тютюнові вироби товаром широкого вжитку Про те, що курити шкідливо, напевно, знає кожен. Є навіть така статистика, що через паління кожні вісім секунд передчасно вмирає людина. А всього за рік від паління вмирає близько чотирьох мільйонів чоловік. Ці дані були опубліковані на щорічній конференції Європейського суспільства пульмонологів.Паління – причина 30% усіх смертей від раку. 85% умираючих від раку легень – курці. Ті, хто курить, також частіше хворіє раком гортані, порожнини рота, нирок, підшлункової залози. До речі, "легкі" сигарети не зменшують, а збільшують ризик, зокрема, такого захворювання, як аденокарцинома (вкрай злоякісна пухлина): такими сигаретами глибше затягуються, і дим проникає в самі уразливі тканини. Зараз директивою ЄС заборонено використовувати назви типу «легкі» та «м’які» для сигарет — як такі, що дезінформують споживача щодо буцімто меншої шкідливості продукту.Фахівці Всесвітньої Організації Охорони здоров'я вважають, що, якщо не прийняти дійових заходів, то через 25 років щороку від паління будуть вмирати 10 мільйонів чоловік. Тому ця організація прийняла 1-шу антитютюнову конвенцію. Конвенція передбачає обмеження реклами тютюну, аж до її повної заборони, а також ряд інших заходів.Паління має багато негативних наслідків, таких як неприємний запах із рота, поява темного нальоту на зубах, погіршення смаку і нюху. Крім того, паління сигарет приводить до зневоднювання тканин піднебіння і щік, викликає рецесію, тобто зниження рівня ясен, і утворення на зубах липкої плівки, що сприяє фіксації зубного нальоту і швидкому розвитку карієсу. Курці найбільше піддаються розвитку онкологічних захворювань. Дослідження показали, що рак губи і порожнини рота в курців розвивається в чотири рази частіше, ніж у людей, які не курять.Звичка викурювати "одну пачку в день" може коштувати Вам втрати як мінімум двох зубів кожні 10 років. Про це повідомляє Академія стоматології - міжнародна організація, що об’єднує 34 000 лікарів-стоматологів Сполучених Штатів і Канади. Відповідно до результатів двох різних 30-літніх досліджень ймовірність втрати зубів людьми, що курять приблизно в два рази вище, у порівнянні з людьми, що не курять.Паління батьків підвищує захворюваність карієсом серед дітей. До такого висновку прийшли вчені університету Рочестера, що проаналізували стан порожнини рота майже чотирьох тисяч дітей. Варто відзначити, що карієс частіше зустрічається в дітей з бідних родин. При аналізі таких факторів як вік, стать, місце проживання, частота відвідування стоматолога, харчування і рівень свинцю в крові,

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встановлено, що cаме паління батьків підвищує частоту руйнування зубів у дітей.Якщо Ви хочете, щоб зуби Ваших дітей нормально розвивалися і були здоровими, не куріть поруч з ними. За даними Академії Стоматології, у дітей, що піддаються впливу тютюнового диму, може спостерігатися затримка розвитку постійних зубів у середньому, на чотири місяці.Усі люди, які курять повинні уважно відноситися до некурців, маючи на увазі, що тютюновий дим може принести серйозної шкоди здоров'ю людей, що знаходяться поруч, у тому числі вагітним жінкам і їх майбутнім дітям. А майбутні матері, не повинні курити під час вагітності.Відсутність тютюнової реклами в Радянському Союзі призвела до майже цнотливого ставлення більшості нашого жіноцтва до паління. Тільки зараз опитування відзначають збільшення частки жінок серед курців. Тим часом у США в середині 90-х жінок серед курців уперше перевалило за половину. І знову усе завдяки специфічній рекламі. Для жінок сигарети подавалися як засіб емансипованої поведінки. Жінка з сигаретою в рекламі поставала як вільна, сучасна, сексуальна, ділова. Окремі бренди пов’язували паління з меншою вагою та схудненням.За даними Журналу Американської медичної асоціації , реклама сигарет, спрямована на жінок, викликає значне зростання рівня паління серед дівчат-підлітків. У 1967 році поява на білбордах реклами трьох «жіночих» брендів (Virginia Slims, Silva Thins, Eve) викликала бурхливе поширення паління серед дівчат віком від 11 до 17 років. Кількість молодих курців - жінок збільшувалась на 100—110% щороку аж до 1973 року. Протягом тих самих 6-ти років темп зростання кількості курців у групі чоловіків та жінок, старших 18-ти років, сильно не змінювався.Активна реклама, спрямована на жінок, зовсім не означає, що жінки палитимуть виключно «жіночі марки». Центр контролю за захворюваннями та профілактики (США) за рівнем охоплення ринку тими чи іншими марками визначив, що «жіноча» реклама «є, швидше, способом дати позитивний образ. жіночого паління, ніж сприяти палінню специфічної марки».У 70-х роках різноманітні тютюнові компанії проводять деталізовані і ретельні дослідження молоді, у тому числі респондентів 14—19 років. Визначаються причини експериментування з палінням, сприйняття інформації про шкоду здоров’ю. Результати втілюються в рекламу. На вимогу судів у США та Канаді було оприлюднено всю внутрішню документацію найбільших світових тютюнових виробників. Тепер ми достеменно знаємо, що маркетингові стратегії більшості транснаціональних компаній були спрямовані на приваблення до паління «молодшої групи споживачів», куди входять діти від 12 років.

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«На сьогодні ми можемо сказати, що 14—18-річна група — це дедалі ширший сегмент населення, що палить. RJR-T повинно найближчим часом представити успішний новий бренд для цього ринку, якщо ми хочемо посідати зайняту позицію в тютюновому виробництві на тривалий термін» (документ 1976 року). А ось текст Imperial Tobacco 1988 року: «Якщо останні 10 років нас хоч чогось навчили, то це того, що в галузі домінують компанії, які найефективніше реагують на потреби молодших курців. Щодо цих марок сигарет, потрібно насамперед забезпечувати їх популярність серед молодших вікових груп, незважаючи на те, яким попитом вони користуються у старших вікових груп».Тож для підлітків, що зазнають тиску з боку родини та однолітків, пропонуються сигарети, «які одразу надають хлопцям мужнього виразу, ваги в очах товаришів, відповідають їхній бунтівній вдачі. Рекомендується зробити чіткі індивідуальні іміджі окремих марок більш мужніми за рахунок використання символів свободи, самостійності, ризикованості, готовності до пригод» (цитати зі Стратегічного документа з маркетингу сигарет родини Export, Канада).Українські підлітки не гірше, ніж їхні ровесники в усьому світі, піддаються впливові тютюнової реклами. Згідно з Глобальним опитуванням молоді про паління, яке проводилося з ініціативи ВООЗ у 1999 році і охоплювало 4 тисячі київських школярів, 88% підлітків 13—16 років бачили по телебаченню спортивні чи інші передачі, в яких демонструвалась та чи інша марка сигарет. Більшість опитаних використовують або мають удома пакети, плакати з зображенням тютюнових марок, 11% дітей-курців заохочували до куріння, пропонуючи на вулиці безкоштовні сигарети.Люди починають регулярно палити тоді, коли для них важливо відповідати певному іміджу. Сильний рекламний образ несуть плакати та телевізійні рекламні матеріали, його підтримують культурні і спортивні події, спонсоровані тютюновими компаніями. Зовнішній вигляд пачки теж є рекламною площею, а всередину вкладаються лотерейні білети чи картки для участі в конкурсах. Для курців-початківців уявлювані, психологічні ефекти паління «справжньої Америки», набуття сексуальності, незалежності значно сильніші, ніж неприємні відчуття від перших затяжок. Тоді як для курців зі стажем символіка брендів відходить на другий план, а залишається залежність, якої важко позбутися.

16. DIET. Choose the right answer.

1. Overweight people have ….. to avoid exercises.178

a) an affectation b) a disposition c) an inclination d) a tendency

2. You should take more exercise if you want to keep …… .a) fat b) fine c) fit d) fresh

3. The doctor told her that she would be well-advised to ….. some weight.a) leave b) light c) lose d) sell

4. After her diet, she looked very ….. and healthy.a) hungry b) skinny c) slim d) thin

5. Very fat men sometimes have a ….. at the back of the neck.a) double chin b) roll of fat c) spare tyre d) ton of flesh

6. The doctor advised my mother to keep a …. watch on her weight.a) near b) severe c) strict d) tight

7. It's important to keep your body in good ….. .a) contour b) figure c) form d) shape

8. You shouldn't eat so much chocolate ….. meals.a) between b) else c) except d) through

9. She has put ….. a lot of weight since last year.a) down b) in c) off d) on

10. She remained depressingly fat …. all her efforts to slim.a) against b) although c) contrary d) despite

17. DIET. Fill in the blanks with the words below. You may use each word only once.

activity lean products

children nursing rapidly

dietary nutrients tissue

energypeoplewell-balanced

include person

Special Diets

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Certain groups of ……, such as young children or older people, have special ….. needs.Because….. grow….. , they need food not only to replace worn-out tissues and pro-ide ….., but also to build new….. .A child's diet should …..milk and milk….., eggs, ….. meat, poultry, fish, fruits, vegetables, and cereals.A ….. diet is important to the older…. as it is to the child. Older people need as many….as young adults. But if their ….. is reduced, they will need fewer calories.Expectant or ….mothers and babies also need special diets.

18. DIET. Choose the correct answer.

1. There's an old saying, "it's the double gins that cause the …..".a) crossed eyes b) double chins c) flat feet d) knock knees

2. Exercise tends to …..the effects of old age.a) offset b) run down c) set back d) waylay

3. A diet high in carbohydrates contains little of the ….. material needed to build up tissue.a) calorific b) digestible c) nourishing d) sustaining

4. He will have to go on a diet because he is worried that he is ….. .a) buxom b) chubby c) robust d) strong

5. I think you'll find that the inconvenience of the diet is …..by the benefits.a) outranked b) outweighed c) overbalanced d) overthrown

6. When there is excessive obesity patients are sometimes put on a …..diet which enables them to lose weight extremely quickly.a) balanced b) crash c) light d) slim

7 ….. your food will give you indigestion.a) Bolting b) Cramming c) Gorging d) Munching

8. When dieting, eat only to satisfy your hunger ….., not to gratify your desire to eat.a) aches b) pangs c) spasms d) twinges

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19. Палити чи не палити?

Паління асоціюється з багатьма шкідливими речами, пов'язаними не лише з захворюваннями серцевої та легеневої систем. Але також і репродуктивною системою. Нижче наведено декілька причин, які переко-нують, що палити треба кинути як найшвидше.

1. Очевидна причина - рак легенів, що за статистикою частіше зустрічається у тих людей, які палять, ніж у тих, які не мають цієї звички. Паління основний фактор роз витку ішемічної хвороби серця. На заході жінки палять так само багато як і чоловіки, а дані підтверджують, що в жінок смертність від судинних захворювань вища, ніж у чоловіків.

Як показали дослідження, паління призводить до зниження щільності кісток та провокує розвиток остеохондрозу. Паління токсично впливає на сперму. Було проведено дослідження двох груп молодих людей (кірців, що палять по 20-30 цигарок на добу, та контрольної групи — осіб, що не палили ніколи). Сперматозоїди курців виявилися менш рухливими та життєдіяльними.

Жінки, що палять 20 та більше цигарок на день, в одному з чотирьох випадків мають коротший менструальний цикл у порівнянні з жінками, що не палять взагалі. Паління скорочує менструальний цикл у прямій залежності від кількості цигарок майже повністю за рахунок фолікулярної фази розвитку яйцеклітини.

Це може бути причиною зниженого рівня естрогену в курців, ранньої менопаузи, безплідності та більш високого рівня мимовільних абортів, ніж у некурців.

Паління під час вагітності призводить до народження недоношеною немовля. Недоношені новонароджені мають значно більше проблем за здоров'ям, ніж діти, які народилися вчасно. Так палити чи не палити?

Сподіваємося, що ця стаття забезпечила Вас достатньою інфо-рмацією, щоб допомогти відповісти на це запитання. 20. Read the text and retell it using the active vocabulary:

Examination Fever

For most of the year, most of us had been allergic to work; apparently there had been a history of such allergies in the school.

Throughout the spring there had been quite a few cases of ‘Exams are stupid’, which proved highly contagious among friends.

Then in late May, one or two of us suffered a mild attack of ‘Gosh, is it really next month?’ and we seemed to give that to the others rather rapidly. You could tell how it was spreading from improved attendance at lessons.

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An even more serious outbreak was that of the very infectious ‘I don’t know a thing’ two weeks before. At about the same time everyone seemed to catch ‘You’re no good!’ from the teachers. Then there was a bout of ‘I don’t really care’ followed by a few chronic cases of ‘My parents will kill me’. This again proved very catching; half the class was down with it in the week leading up to the exam itself, and it had reached epidemic proportions by the Friday before.

By this time, those who had been suffering from ‘It’ll be easy for me’ had made a total recovery.

That Friday there was a ‘What if I’m suffering from amnesia?’ scare, and this had developed by Monday into a touch of ‘I can’t even remember my own name’.

There were also, of course, the normal isolated cases of ‘My pen doesn’t work’ and several pupils had a sudden fit of ‘Where’s the toilet?’

Afterwards there were a couple of complaints of ‘I know I’ve failed’, but generally the worst seemed to be over. Such diseases are rarely terminal. And after all, we had a convalescence and recuperation period of six and a half weeks to follow. 21. Give the Ukrainian names of the following diseases:

allergy tuberculosis/TB/bronchitis plaguequinsy, tonsilitis cholera

asthma heart attackpneumonia strokeflue, influenza,grippe giddiness diabetes haemorrhage diphtheria bleeding measles indigestionscarlet fever mumpswhooping cough indigestion smallpox upset stomach German measles stomachachecancer headachechicken-pox ear-achedysentery toothacherheumatism abscess typhoid /fever/ sun-stroke burn scald

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22. DISEASES. Choose the correct answer.

1. She died after a long …..a) disease b) failing c) illness d) sickness

2. The doctor had three ….. of nose-bleeding in the same day.a) aspects b) cases c) examples d) illnesses

3. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he …..while in the Congo.a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received

4. My grandmother is very old and is not ….. very good health.a) from b) in c) on d) with

5. The teachers at the school went …. with flu one after another.a) down b) off c) out d) under

6. Malaria is …..by the female mosquito.a) broadcast b) sent c) transmitted d) transported

7. Mary is in bed with a ….. attack of flu.a) hard b) heavy c) large d) severe

8. My brother was ….. ill yesterday and is now in hospital.a) broken b) caught c) fallen d) taken

9. The school is half empty as a serious epidemic of measles has broken…. .a) down b) in c) out d) up10. Several …… of malaria have been reported.a) cases b) doses c) occurrences d) types

11. To our ….. , Mary's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.a) anxiety b) eyes c) judgement d) relief

12. He ….. a rare disease when he was working in the hospital.a) caught b) infected c) suffered d) took

13. My headaches are usually brought ….. by worry.a) in b) on c) up d) out

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14. The doctor examined him carefully and ….. influenza.a) concluded b) decided c) diagnosed d) realised

15. Some diseases ….. quickly from one person to another.a) catch b) get about c) move d) spread

16. Tropical diseases are comparatively …… in Poland.a) few b) rare c) scarce d) slight

17. It was a minor illness and he soon got ….. it.a) around b) on with c) over d) up to

18. The ….. last thing I want now is to catch a cold.a) extremely b) most c) utterly d) very

19. I can never touch lobster because I am ….. to shellfish.a) allergic b) infected c) sensible d) sensitive

20. She couldn't go out because she had a ….. cold.a) flowing b) leaking c) running d) streaming

21. The local medical officer reported a serious ….. of food-poisoning.a) event b) incident c) outbreak d) state

22. The patient ….. his illness down to a virus infection.a) laid b) placed c) put d) traced

23. You keep sneezing. You must have caught …..a) a cold b) a cough c) a headache d) an illness

24. The children were suffering from the ….. of the hot weather.a) consequences b) effects c) products d) results

25. He had a very bad cold and couldn't stop….. a) sneezing b) snoring c) spitting d) yawning

23. DISEASES. Fill in the blanks.

1. He often _ _ _ _ _ r_from bronchitis.2. That's right, darling, Mummy's got a fat tummy because she's _ _ _ g_ _ _ _ .

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3. She is colour-blind, which means that she can't _ _ _ _ _ n _ _ _ _ _ between colours.4. I am allergic to this kind of pollen. I start _ _ _ e _ _ _ _ any time it gets into my nose.5. She is not coming today. She has got a _ _ _ cold.6. Please don't cough all over everyone! Your cold may be _ _ _ _ _ t _ _ _ _ .7. The epidemic seems to be dying out: only four _ _ _ e _ of cholera were reported last week.8. The illness from which Alice is suffering has now been _ і_ _ _ _ _ _ _ as pneumonia.9. I have a sore _ _ _ о _ _ ; perhaps I smoked too many cigarettes yesterday.10. I had to stay in bed because I had _ _ _ g _ _ a cold.11. It was just a _ _ l_ attack of bronchitis.12. I am very _ _ _ і _ _ _about her health. She seems so weak and has a high temperature.

24. DISEASES. The following are terms referring to some types of diseases. Match the types with their definitions.

1. acute a. indicating hypersensitivity to particular foods, kindsof pollen, insect stings, etc.

2. allergic b. caused by mental stress3. chronic c. coming sharply to a crisis4. congenital d. lasting for a long time5. contagious e. due to disturbances in anabolic and catabolic processes6. familial f. transmitted genetically from parent to child7. infectious g. caused by improper diet8. metabolic h. spread by bacteria or viruses9. nutritional i. present from of before birth10.psychosomatic j. spreading by physical contact

25. DISEASES. Choose the best answer.

1. Children with ….. diseases should not be allowed to go to school.a) constant b) contact c) infectious d) influential

2. He has ….. bronchitis. He has suffered from it for many years.a) chronic b) durable c) fatal d) mortal

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3. I have been advised to take every ….. against catching flu again this winter.a) precaution b) prediction c) premeditation d) prevention

4. After the outbreak of a mysterious illness, investigation revealed….. of the town's water supply.a) contagion b) eruption c) infiltration d) pollution

5. Apart from the ….. cough and cold, I have been remarkably healthy all my life.a) irregular b) odd c) opportune d) timely

6. Smallpox, once responsible for millions of deaths, has been virtually….. .a) abolished b) eradicated c) erased d) exterminated

7. Unless we take immediate precautions, we shall not be able to …..the epidemic.a) contain b) destroy c) hold d) staunch

8. Peter can't play with the children next door because he is still in ….. with measles.a) confinement b) detention c) seclusion d) quarantine

9. The outbreak of whooping cough among children under 5 has now reached ….. proportions.a) contagious b) endemic c) epidemic d) pathological

10. My little daughter is not allowed to play with her friends next door because one of them is suffering from a ….. disease.a) contagious b) contiguous c) touching d) transmitting

11. An illness that is caused by the mind is known as ….. illness.a) an acute b) a congenital c) a familial d) a psychosomatic

12. She suffers from a morbid fear of spiders, known to doctors as …… .a) agoraphobia b) arachnophobia c) claustrophobia d) xenophobia

26. DISEASES. Fill the blanks with the words below. You may use each word only once.

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bacteria body break dangerous delicatedisease eyes germs line liquidsmembrane moisture mouth nose partsprick skin sneeze stomach

How the Body Fights Disease

The ….. is often called „the body's first …..of defence". It acts as armour, resisting many germs that might harm the more …..parts of the ….. . Any ….. in the skin, even a pin ….. , provides an opening for ….. germs. Some….. enter the body through the …..and …..and other natural openings. These areas provide warmth and ….. , in which germs thrive. When the ….. of the nose and throat becomes irritated, we cough or ….. , blowing out the unwanted substances.Other body …. also provide a defence against ….. . Tears, for example, wash ….. from the ….. Tears also contain substances that fight bacteria. Acid in the ….. kills many germs before they can reach other …..of the body.

27. SYMPTOMS. Match the following symptoms of disease with their definitions.

Give the Ukrainian names of the symptoms.

1. belching a. difficult or infrequent emptying of the bowels2. colic b. weariness from bodily or mental exertion3. constipation c. to become senseless and motionless4. cramp d. feeling as if everything were turning round5. diarrhea e. act of sending out gas from the stomach noisily through the mouth6. dizziness f. a burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion7. faint g. pain in a nerve8. fatigue h. feeling of sickness as caused by bad food9. fever i. yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes10. heartburn j. inability to sleep11. hiccups k.a sensation in the skin causing a desire to scratch12. indigestion l. the soft yellowish substance formed in and coming out from a poisoned place in the body

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13. inflammation m. patch of tiny red spots on the skin14. insomnia n. severe pain in the stomach and bowels15. itch o. too frequent and too watery emptying of the bowels16. jaundice p. sudden and painful tightening of the muscles17. nausea r. condition of the body with temperature higher than usual18. neuralgia s. a spasm of the respiratory muscles19. pus t. a redness and swelling attended with heat, pain20. rash u. difficulty in digesting food

28. SYMPTOMS. Choose words from the group below to complete the sentences.

It may be necessary to change the form of the given words.

dizzy feverish queas rash runny seedy soreswollen to cough to vomit

1. I haven't taken her temperature yet but her face is flushed and she seems ….. .2. It's hard to describe. I just feel generally …… . Can you prescribe a tonic?3. When I stand up the room seems to be going round. I feel really ….. .4. I'm not in pain but the glands in my neck seem to be ….. .5. I've got a tickle in my throat. I can't stop ….. .6. I feel a bit queasy. I think I'm going to ….. .7. I've come out in a ….. all over my chest and arms. I think I may be allergic to strawberries.8. It's like being sea-sick. I feel ….. whenever I move about.9. My throat is awfully ….. . I hope it's not another bout of tonsilitis.10. I've got a …..nose. I suppose it's a cold coming on.

29. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct answers.

1. You should put your hand in front of your mouth when you ….. .a) sniff b) snore c) swallow d) yawn

2. Six people were overcome by ….. from a container in the laboratory.a) fumes b) leaks c) odours d) outflows

3. She has been working so hard she feels quite ….. .188

a) careful b) dull c) exhausted d) wasted

4. The dog was in a terrible ….. when we found it.a) condition b) danger c) illness d) sickness

5. His illness made him ….. of concentration.a) incapable b) incompetent c) powerless d) unable

6. I felt a sharp ….. when I put my hand in the boiling water.a) ache b) harm c) pain d) suffer

7. If you have got measles, your body is covered in ….. .a) blots b) dots c) freckles d) spots

8. Every time she eats shellfish, she comes out in ….. .a) a blush b) a bruise c) an itch d) a rash

9. The baby is very fretful: he must be ….. some teeth.a) cutting b) grinding c) making d) producing

10. There is a small hard …. on my wrist. I think I'd better see the doctor.a) bruise b) lump c) rash d) swelling

11. I have a bad cold, and have lost all …..of smell.a) degree b) scent c) sense d) skill

12. He …..from rheumatism.a) hurts b) pains c) suffers d) troubles

13. Women seem able to ….. pain better than men.a) bear b) carry c) support d) wear

14. I couldn' go to the party because of a …… cold.a) fast b) hurried c) sudden d) surprising

15. He fell heavily and was immediately conscious of …… pain in his right arm.a) acute b) hard c) raw d) strong

16. Left on his back, an unconscious casualty may ….. in his own vomit.a) drown b) sink c) submerge d) suffocate

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17. I have a …..headache.a) burning b) raving c) spitting d) splitting

18. Her sister's ….. kept me awake for half the night.a) blowing b) coughing c) flowing d) swallowing

19. His stomach began to ….. because of the bad food he had eaten.a) ache b) be hurt c) harm d) pain

20. You can die from breathing the ….. from a car engine for too long.a) air b) fumes c) smoke d) steam

21. He says he has got ….. in his stomach.a) aches b) hurt c) pains d) suffering

22. I've got such a ….. throat I'm sure I must be going to have a cold.a) hurt b) irritable c) sensitive d) sore

23. I think you should see a doctor about that ….. .a) belch b) blister c) inflammation d) pimple

24. I'm not really ill, but I have a ….. headache.a) delicate b) pale c) slight d) weak

25. Colour-blind people often find it difficult to ….. between blue and green.a) compare b) contrast c) distinguish d) separate

30. SYMPTOMS. Choose the right answer.

1. When I tried to walk I had a sharp ….. in my leg.a) cut b) hurt c) pain d) wound

2. Whenever she catches a cold, she gets a ….. all over her face.a) blemish b) lump c) rash d) sore

3. She …. of severe pains in her arms and legs.190

a) complains b) grumbles c) remarks d) says

4. You're looking very pale — do you ….. sick?a) become b) fall c) faint d) feel

5. My husband does not feel at all well. I think he must have eaten something that ….. with him.a) disagreed b) disturbed c) hurt d) poisoned

6. If you have a sore throat it is very difficult to ….. .a) bite b) chew c) digest d) swallow

7. If you didn't keep scratching that spot on your face, it would soon ….. .a) cure b) heal c) mend d) remedy

8. When I took his temperature, it was two degrees abovea) normal b) ordinary c) regular d) usual

9. I was so tired I couldn't stop ….. .a) coughing b) crying c) laughing d) yawning

10. After the accident she suffered brain ….. and couldn't speak.a) damage b) decay c) destruction d) disease

11. The child who swallowed a peanut began to ….. .a) breathe b) choke c) cough d) yawn

12. May I please have a glass of water? I feel a little ….. .a) bad b) faint c) hungry d) ill

31. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct form.

The clinical thermometer is used (for, to) measuring (body's, body) temperature. It (consists of, contains, includes) a tube made (from, of, with) glass, which (comprises, contains, consists of) a certain (amount, number) of mercury. When the mercury is (hot, heated), it (expands, extends, increases) and (raises, rises) up the tube, which is graduated in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade (according, depending) on the country of manufacture.

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32. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct form.

1. The dying man said nothing: he merely…. .a) mumbled b) sighed c) stammered d) whispered

2. There is something wrong with his vocal chords and, as a result, he has always been …. .a) deaf b) dumb c) silent d) speechless

3. He suffers from a speech ….. and so he cannot pronounce the letter "r" correctly.a) break b) defect c) error d) mistake

4. She had lost her voice and could only speak in a …. .a) breath b) rustle c) whisper d) whistle

5. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, as he had become ….. .a) dumb b) hoarse c) inarticulate d) speechless

6. When he spoke on the telephone, his voice was so ….. that I could hardly hear him.a) dim b) dull c) faint d) unnoticeable

7. You will find John rather difficult to understand at first, as he has a slight …..in his speech.a) complication b) contraction c) difficulty d) impediment

8. You will have to ….. , Aunt Betty is rather deaf.a) call up b) ring up c) speak up d) stand up

9. After a fall from a horse, his speech became rather….. .a) anxious b) confused c) confusing d) clear10. I'm afraid I'm rather ….. of hearing. Will you speak a little louder, please?a) deaf b) hard c) quiet d) slow

11. His stomach felt very ….. after that rough journey in a lorry.a) disused b) undone c) used up d) upset

12. It was so cold my fingers were quite ….. .a) insensible b) numb c) paralysed d) senseless

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13. Although the injured driver was almost unconscious, he was ….. in pain.a) moaning b) mumbling c) stammering d) whispering

14. He was so cold that his teeth were ….. .a) chattering b) perishing c) shivering d) shuddering

15. He ….. over the body of a cat lying on the pavement.a) crashed b) stumbled c) toppled d) tumbled

16. John broke his leg. That is why he still ….. a little.a) halts b) limps c) staggers d) trips

17. I was ….. by the gas in the room and fell to the ground.a) depressed b) overcome c) overturned d) submerged

18. Her right eye ….. when she is anxious.a) twiddles b) twirls c) twitches d) twists

19. I have got such a ….. headache that I can't concentrate on the lecture.a) beating b) drumming c) hammering d) throbbing

20. He had a terrible cold and found it difficult to breathe as his nose was ….. .a) closed up b) filled up c) shut up d) stuffed up

21. The fumes were so thick that he was ….. for breath.a) gasping b) inhaling c) suffocating d) wheezing

22. Go straight to the hospital and have your hand attended to — it looks ….. to me.a) affected b) infected c) intoxicated d) polluted

34. PATIENTS. Choose the right answer.

1. After her illness, it took her a month to ….. her normal strength.a) receive b) refresh c) regain d) return

2. My brother received an ankle injury last week and will not be …..for tomorrow's match.a) conditioned b) fit c) healthy d) suitable

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3. Betty is almost well again now, but she still looks rather …. .a) faded b) light c) pale d) poor

4. Bitterly cold grey weather together with the after-effects of influenza made her feel very ….. .a) bored b) depressed c) disgusted d) worried

5. His long illness left him so ….. that he had to spend four months regaining his strength before he could go back to work.a) decreased b) invalid c) unhealthy d) weak

6. My grandma is not very well, in fact, we are rather ….. about her.a) anxious b) careful c) troublesome d) urgent

7. We realised that he was under great ….. because of his wife's illness.a) crisis b) excitement c) nervousness d) strain

8. The patient was ….. to hear that he had not broken his leg.a) reconciled b) refreshed c) relaxed d) relieved

9. My son is ill so I must go home and look ….. him.a) about b) after c) for d) towards

10. My grandfather's condition got ….. worse during the cold weather.a) evenly b) firmly c) steadily d) smoothly

11. Sarah looks ….. of her former self since her long illness.a) an illusion b) an image c) a shade d) a shadow

12. Children usually pick ….. after an illness much more quickly than adults.a) off b) on c) over d) up

13. The main purpose in keeping fit is to feel more pleasure in being ….. .a) alive b) conscious c) live d) lively

14. I heard she was ill, so I ….. to see her.a) came there b) came c) went out d) went round

15. She had a lot of ….. before the operation.a) ache b) hurt c) ill d) pain

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16. The doctor advised me to take a(n) …... rest for a few weeks.a) absolute b) complete c) full d) total

17. Has John got ….. his illness yet?a) at b) out of c) over d) up

18. Pensions are given to people who lose ….. in industrial accidents.a) arms b) heads c) limbs d) pieces

19. My sister is not very strong and is often ill. Her health is very ….. .a) delicate b) sick c) slim d) unwell

20. It was a long illness, with months of treatment, but ….. he recovered.a) after a time b) at a time c) in time d) on time

21. The man looked very pale as he had lost a lot of ….. in the accident.a) blood b) body c) bone d) skin

22. A week after the operation he was ….. from hospital.a) discharged b) freed c) liberated d) released

23. The doctor has told him that he must not go back to work so soon after such a long ….. .a) disease b) failing c) illness d) weakness

24. I don't like the look of her ….. . She doesn't look right.a) appearance b) attitude c) personality d) qualifications

25. As I felt so much better, my doctor ….. me to take a holiday by the sea.a) accepted b) advised c) considered d) suggested


1. She was ….. that we could go and see her in hospital.a) anxious b) concerned c) delighted d) mad

2. The woman was in a ….. emotional state after hearing of her son's accident.a) doubtfully b) greatly c) highly d) largely

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3. She didn't seem to know what was happening at all, she looked completely ….. .a) bewildered b) doomed c) doubtful d) undecided

4. We're sorry you are ill and send you our best wishes for a speedy ….. .a) recovery b) relief c) repair d) survival

5. She will never be able to ….. the winters in Poland because of her health.a) repulse b) resist c) stand d) sustain

6. Sam is in hospital again. The poor chap seems accidents ….. .a) bound b) destined c) disposed d) prone

7. After her long illness she looked quite ….. .a) elevated b) emaciated c) emancipated d) emasculated

8. He's been very ill but we think he'll ….. it.a) come back b) get over c) pull through d) take off


1. Don't ask me anywhere. Since my operation I am not ….. going out.a) able to b) in for c) up to d) willing to

2. If you've got a bad cold, it's no wonder you're ….. .a) on form b) out of order c) out of sort d) under the weather

3. His doctor warned him to ….. it easy for a few months and relax.a) exist b) live c) pass d) take

4. You know that smoking always brings ….. a fit of coughing.a) in b) on c) out d) up

5. I think I need a holiday. I have been feeling rather ….. lately.a) below standard b) downcast c) off colour d) under strength

6. He took the pills and a week later he was as right as ….. .a) dawn b) rain c) sunshine d) water

7. Poor old man! He has one foot in the ….. .a) bath b) door c) grave d) shoe

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8. Sue looks the picture of ….. since she returned from her holiday.a) health b) wealth c) well-being d) wholesomeness

9. After a month in the sunshine she was well on the ….. to recovery.a) avenue b) direction c) road d) route

10. The patient recovered from his operation ….. .a) by bits and pieces b) by degrees c) gradual d) in bits and pieces

11. A few months after her successful operation she felt on top of the ….. .a) earth b) land c) sky d) world

12. After your treatment, doc, I felt as ….. as a fiddle.a) fine b) fit c) straight d) well

37. SMOKING. Choose the right answer.

1. Smoking is a dirty ….. .a) custom b) fashion c) habit d) manner

2. You will die of lung cancer if you ….. in smoking so many cigarettes.a) assist b) consist c) insist d) persist

3. It is well-known that smoking can do you great ….. .a) damage b) danger c) harm d) trouble

4. His doctor advised him to ….. himself to three cigarettes a day.a) border b) cage c) keep d) limit

5. Heavy smokers are twenty-five times more likely to be …..by lung cancer than non-smokers.a) attacked b) gripped c) stricken d) taken

6. I used to be quite a ….. smoker, but I gave it up several years ago.a) bad b) frequent c) heavy d) strong

7. Smoking is a very bad habit, which many people find difficult to ….. .a) beat b) break c) breathe d) cough

8. Can you ….. me an effective way to stop smoking?a) advise b) instruct c) show d) suggest

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9. All cigarette packets carry ….. about the effect of smoking on health.a) an advice b) an alarm c) an alert d) a warning

10. It has been conclusively ….. that smoking causes many diseases.a) admitted b) approved c) declared d) established

11. Experts have found that breathing in tobacco smoke can be …..to non-smokers.a) harmful b) spoiling c) unhealthy d) wholesome

12. He never stops smoking; one cigarette after another. I'm afraid he's become a …..smoker.a) chain b) cord c) line d) rope

13. You have a very nasty cough. You must….. on cigarettes.a) cut down b) give up c) reduce d) take down

14. I hope you don't ….. to my smoking.a) disapprove i) disagree c) object d) oppose

15. Many people have …. smoking. Why don't you follow their example!a) ended b) given up c) gone from d) left

38. DOCTORS

an oculist a throat-specialist a physician an orthopaedist a surgeon a gynaecologista dentist/stomatologist a pathologista pediatrician a radiologista therapeutist a cardiologistan obstetrician a dermatologista neurologist a geriatrician39. SPECIALISTS. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or departments.

1. Intensive Care Unit2. Casualty and Emergency Department3. Paediatric Ward4. Maternity Unit5. Orthopaedic Ward

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6. Surgical Ward7. Geriatric Ward8. Ophthalmic Ward9. Gynaecological Warda. Mary who has just had a babyb. John who has broken his legc. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complicationsd. Peter who will have his appendix removede. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's diseasef. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataractg. Samuel who is unconscioush. Paul who has just been in a car crashi. Your son who has measles

40. SPECIALISTS. Give the name of the people defined below.

1. a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er2. someone who looks after sick people in hospital _ _ _ s _3. sick person who has to stay in hospital і _ _ _ _ _ _ _4. sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5. someone who operates on sick people _ _ _ _ _ o _6. person badly injured in an accident, fire, war _ a _ _ _ _ _ _7. person who helps at the birth of a baby m _ _ _ _ _ _8. person who specializes in one area of medicine _ p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

41. SPECIALISTS. Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.

1. He treats children's diseases.a. He is an orthopaedist.b. He is a pediatrician.

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c. He is a pathologist.

2. He corrects deformities of the body.a. He is a gynaecologist.b. He is an orthopaedist.c. He is a pathologist.

3. He straightens crooked teeth.a. He is an orthodontist.b. He is an orthopaedist.c. He is a pathologist.

4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.a. He is an oculist.b. He is an optician.c. He is an orthopaedist.

5. He makes your eyeglasses.a. He is an oculist.b. He is an orthopaedist.c. He is an optician.

6. He specializes in disorders of the mind.a. He is an intern.b. He is a psychiatrist.c. He is a physiotherapist.

7. He treats diseases by electricity.a. He is a pathologist.b. He is a physiotherapist.c. He is a psychologist.

8.His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.a. He is a gynaecologist.B He is a neurologist.c. He is a radiologist.

9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.a. He is a cardiologist.b. He is a dermatologist.c. He is a neurologist.

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10. He treats diseases of old age.a. He is a cardiologist.b. He is a geriatrician.c. He is a pediatrician.

11. He specializes in skin diseases.a. He is a dermatologist.b. He is a geriatrician.c. He is a pathologist.

12.He treats women's diseases.a. He is a dermatologist.b. He is a geriatrician.c. He is a gynaecologist.

13. He brings children into the world.a. He is a gynaecologist.b. He is an obstetrician.c. He is a pediatrician.

42. SPECIALISTS. Which of the professionals would you consult in each of the following cases?

1. To operate on an eye cataract _ c _ _ _ _ _2. To cure your son's measles _ _ d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3. To make your new glasses _ _ _ і_ _ _ _ 4. To deliver a baby ob_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5. To test your eyesight _ _ t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6. To cure a rash on the skin d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. To treat a sick mind p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8. To operate on your appendix _ _ r _ _ _ _9. To examine the old-age complaints of your grandmother g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. To treat Peter's deformed hip _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ 11. To analyze your dreams _ s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _12. To treat the ailments of your wife _ _n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

43. SPECIALISTS. What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst?

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44. DRUGS. In most cases drugs are

1. taken by mouth2. injected into the body3. applied to the body surface.

Divide the following forms of drugs into the three groups.

capsules pill cream powder gargle serum jelly tablet lotion vaccines lozenge ointment

46. DRUGS. Choose the right answer.

1. The nurse put a ….. on the wound.a) bandage b) cloth c) material d) towel

2. Take two of these …. three times a day after meals.a) capsules b) drugs c) placebos d) prescriptions

3. Illness can be stopped before it happens by means of ….. .a) after-care b) prescription c) therapy d) vaccines

4. If you've got a headache, why don't you take a ….. of aspirin?a) couple b) couplet c) pair d) prescription

5. Can you ….. a good pill against airsickness?a) advise b) propose c) recommend d) suggest

6. The ….. is a teaspoonful, to be taken three times a day. You must not exceed it.a) dose b) measure c) medicine d) quantity

7. Barbiturates are drugs which are often used in the ….. of emotional disorders.a) cure b) healing c) improvement d) treatment

8. Many herbs are well known for their healing ….. .a) contents b) medicines c) parts d) properties

9. The doctor prescribed tablets to help ….. the pain.a) calm b) lighten c) relieve d) rid

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10. He threatened to drink the ….. chemical.a) deadly b) deathly c) dying d) mortal

11. The doctor gave me some …..for my rheumatism.a) gargle b) lozenges c) pastilles d) pills

12. As the drug took ….. the patient became quieter.a) action b) effect c) force d) influence

13. It's time to take another ….. of medicine.a) cup b) dose c) drink d) spoon

14. The effects of the anaesthetic used for the operation take quite a time to….. off.a) give b) move c) turn d) wear

15. One way to ged rid of hiccups is to …..your breath for as long as possible.a) catch b) draw c) hold d) take

16. She's suffering from a ….. of iron and needs to take a course of tablets.a) default b) defect c) deficiency d) deficit

17. After his illness, the doctor gave him medicine to ….. another attack.a) deny b) improve c) prevent d) recover

18. You'll feel better after you've taken a ….. of cough medicine.a) dose b) helping c) portion d) ration

19. Take the tablets twice a day ….. in two tablespoons of water.a) dissolved b) melted c) resolved d) solved

20. The medicine he takes can only ….. the pain. It cannot get rid of it completely.a) heal b) remedy c) relieve d) solve

47. DRUGS. Fill the blank with the right word from the list below. You may use each word once only.antiseptic cleanse disease fester ointment plaster skin wound

Treatment of a Minor Injury203

….. the wound thoroughly and apply an ….. to counteract germs which spread ….. .Otherwise the wound may….. . Sticking ….. may be applied or the ….. may be bandaged. ….. may be smeared over the ….. .


1. The doctor gave the woman a strong ….. to calm her down.a) antidote b) antiseptic c) bromide d) sedative

2. Morphine is sometimes used to …..severe pain.a) deaden b) decimate c) smother d) suffocate

3. I hope this headache ….. soon.a) comes away b) goes out c) passes away d) wears off

4. Few poisons are more …. than cyanide.a) deathly b) killing c) lethal d) mortal

5. The nurse made him swallow a(n) ….. to help him sleep better.a) lotion b) lozenge c) ointment d) tranquilliser

6. Beside washing that cut, put some ….. on it in case you have got some dirt in it.a) antidote b) antiseptic c) disinfectant d) medicine

7. Certain vitamins help to overcome a loss of ….. .a) life b) vitality c) vitiation d) vividness

8. The medicine was so ….. that he was almost back to normal within a few days.a) effective b) efficient c) influential d) proficient

9. He was in terrible pain, so he was given a(n) ….. .a) injection b) scratch c) stab d) wound

10. She has killed herself. She took a(n) ….. of sleeping pills.a) excess b) exorbitance c) overdose d) profusion

11.This is a very rare poison for which there is no known ….. .a) antibody b) anticoagulant c) antidote d) antiseptic

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12. They….. on a cure for tuberculosis while they were doing research on something else.a) foundered b) stumbled c) tripped d) trod

49. Translate the following text into English using topical vocabulary:

Тільки те, що призначив лікар?

Людина звертається до місцевого фармацевта: "Чи є у вас щось від головного болю та розлад)' шлунку" Фармацевт відповідає: "3вісно ж є! Візьміть цю пігулку та розділить її на дві частини: одна половинка від головного болю, а інша від розладу шлунку". Цей місцевий жарт містить у собі долю правди. Багато ліків, що мають відпускатися за рецептом лікаря, можна купити без рецепту в українських аптеках. Після 70 років панування радянських торгових стандартів, сучасні аптеки наповнені різними видами лікі торгових і генеричних назв. При бажанні застосувати найновіші ліки, рецепт має бути виписаним як на торгову, так і на генеричну назву одного й того ж препарату.Споживачі мають стерегтися придбання антибіотиків або гіпотензивних засобів за порадою місцевого фармацевта. Перед тим. як призначати ліки, медсестри або лікар мають переглянути анамнез хвороби та алергологічний анамнез. Важливо знати про усі інші ліки, які приймає особа, щоб виключити небажану взаємодію ліків. Невпорядкований прийом антибіотиків може призвести до виникнення резистентних бактерій, які неможливо буде вилікувати навіть досить сильнодіючими антибіотиками. Крім того, будьте дуже обережні щодо лікувальних порад у всесвітній мережі Інтернет. Щоб упевнитися, що ви отримали відповідну та необхідну медикаментозну терапію, завжди звертайтеся за порадою до професійного лікаря Ніхто не бажає відчувати лише симпто-матичне полегшення, коли є основна серйозна причина, на яку має звернути увагу фахівець. 50. DRUGS. Fill the blanks with the right word from the list below. You may use each word only once. administer after antibodies diseases figh generally harmless including injected orally prevent preventionserums smallpox substances symptoms vaccines

Drugs That Prevent Disease

Doctors use two main types of drugs for the ….. of disease:205

1. Vaccines contain dead or ….. germs. They cause the body to develop ….. called …..that act to ….. disease. Doctors …. ….. before a person has been exposed to such ….. as poliomyelitis or …… Vaccines are usually ….. but sometimes are given …. .2. Serums contain antibodies that ….. off the germs of certain diseases, ….. scarlet fever and lockjaw. These drugs are given ….. a person has been exposed to the disease, or after ….. of the disease have appeared. …..are ….. administered by injection.


1. Doctors write a …… for medicine which chemists or dispensers make up.a) certificate b) prescription c) receipt d) recipe

2. The ….. of the sugar is of course to sweeten the medicine.a) cause b) need c) purpose d) reason

3. ….. the bottle well before you pour out the medicine.a) Agitate b) Shake c) Stir d) Tumble

4. A chemist always puts a….. on a bottle of medicine.a) label b) receipt c) programme d) ticket

5. Don't lay that bottle on its side: the top might start….. .a) falling b) leaking c) spilling d) spreading

6. All medicines should be kept out of ….. of children.a) contact b) hand c) reach d) touch

7. Aspirin is generally ….. as the best remedy for a headache.a) considered b) regarded c) supposed d) valued

8. Put the ….. back in the bottle. You might spill the medicine.a) cork b) lid c) plug d) tap

9. The doctor gave me some medicine to ….. my cold.a) comfort b) cure c) mend d) repair

10. He …. the medicine quickly and then drank some orange juice.a) licked b) spat c) swallowed d) sucked

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11. That medicine was horrible! Give me a piece of chocolate to take the ….. away.a) bitter b) feeling c) sensation d) taste

12. The doctor told him to keep the tablets in his mouth and …. them slowly.a) bite b) eat c) swallow d) suck

52. DRUGS. Fill the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the form of the words. You may use each word once only.

acute cream

apply different

case disorders

compressfold

condition lotion

nature strongly

necessary treatment

ointment part skin

Pimafucort Presentations

The….. presentations of Pimafucort are especially adapted to the ….. of various skin …. . For treatment of ….. and subacute skin disorders and in the treatment of …..of the hairy ….. of the skin, and those localized in the skin ….. , Pimafucort ….. and Pimafucort ….. should be used, whereas in the ….. of chronic disorders of the skin with desquamations, dry or fissured skin lesions, Pimafucort ointment will be ….. . For acute, very moist skin disorders it may be ….. to use Pimafucort cream or Pimafucort lotion with a ….. . In some …..an "alternating treatment" may be indicated, e.g. in inter-triginous enzema (in this instance Pimafucort ….. softens the ….. too much, whereas the cream and lotion dehydrate it too …..).


1.The label said "It is dangerous to ….. the stated dose".a) exceed b) infringe c) overdo d) repeat

2. What you need is a good rest, so I think a holiday would be more ….. than giving you more drugs.a) benefaction b) beneficial c) benefiting d) benevolent

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3. In Britain women who are pregnant are ….. from prescription charges.a) exempt b) freed c) free d) released

4. I always take …. aspirin when I have a headache.a) fluid b) molten c) soluble d) runny

5. Poisons should be kept in a place that is ….. to children.a) impracticable b) inapplicable c) inaccessible d) unavailable

6. The medicine should be ….. with a little water.a) diluted b) reduced c) thinned d) weakened

7. Alcoholic drinks have a ….. effect on many people.a) sedate b) sedative c) sedentary d) sedimentary

8. Did you get any …… effects when you were taking those tablets?a) backwash b) subsequent c) subsidiary d) side

9. Many drugs are not ….. to the public without a doctor's prescription.a) acceptable b) available c) permissible d) reliable

10. People who distribute drugs like heroin can have no ….. at all.a) conscience b) consciousness c) goodness d) moral

11. I took the doctor's prescription to the chemist's to be made….. .a) for b) into c) out d) up

12. It seems that medical science is of discovering a cure for cancer.a) on the corner b) an the edge c) on the rim d) on the verge

54. Think ahead. Look at the title and guess what the article is about.Reading. Read the article through once, quickly, to see if youguessed correctly.

The deadly risk facing

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THREE OUT OF EVERY 10 WOMEN

Every year, a staggering 50,000 deaths are caused by high blood pressure. But because it has few symptoms most of us have no idea we could be affected.

We're all well aware that high blood pressure or hypertension is something we should worry about. But for three out of 10 of you reading this article, the reality is far more serious. You could already have high enough blood pressure to put you at very real risk of potentially fatal conditions such as heart disease and stroke.The tragedy according to the experts, is that lack of awareness means many people are suffering and dying needlessly 'If everyone's blood pressure was controlled - and with the right treatment it can be in nearly every case - we could prevent around 100,000 strokes and heart attacks and 50,000 deaths every year,' says Graham MacGregor, Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at St. George’s Hospital and Chairman of the Blood Pressure Association.A major World Health Organisation study found half of all cardiovascular diseases are caused by high blood pressure. If you ask the average woman what her blood pressure reading is, however, she probably won't have the faintest idea .If you know yours, you should congratulate yourself as you're in the minority. In fact, according to a recent Gallup poll, almost three-quarters of the people interviewed had no idea what their blood pressure level was, and only a scant 16% knew what a healthy reading should be.High blood pressure rarely has any external symptoms, all the damage is internal, as the force of blood pumping at high pressure through your arteries strains your heart and weakens your blood vessels. The result is damaged, clogged arteries, which increases your risk of heart and kidney disease and makes you six times more likely to have a stroke or heart failure as your heart struggles to pump adequate supplies of oxygenated blood around the body.On the face of it, controlling your blood pressure should be simple. Regular checks to identify those who have high or borderline pressure, together with medication or lifestyle changes to lower it, would be effective for most of us. Yet an incredible 80% of those with high blood pressure aren't being treated for it. 'The reasons are complex,' says Professor MacGregor 'Some haven't been tested, as there's no national screening programme . Some are tested and aren't concerned enough to make lifestyle changes or take any medication. Others aren't being given the correct medication.'While some GPs certainly need to be more alert to the dangers of high pressure. Professor MacGregor believes the onus is really on us. “We have

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to face the fact that half of us are going to have a stroke or heart attack.’, he says. “It’s time individuals took more responsibility for their own blood pressure. The only way you’ll know if it’s high or not is to have it measured. So make an appointment with your doctor and get it checked. Find out what the figures mean, and if your blood pressure is on the high side, talk to your doctor about ways to lower it.

Assess your risk

Hypertension rarely has any symptoms and anyone can be at risk, but some groups are more susceptible and should be extra vigilant. Your risk is higher if; You have a family history of high blood pressure, strokes or heart attacks You’re overweight, eat too much salt, take little exercise, drink too much alcohol, and have a low intake of fruit and vegetables You have diabetes, kidney disease or heart disease You’re black or South Asian. Research suggests that black people are more sensitive to salt in the diet and have a higher risk of stroke, while South Asians have a higher risk of diabetes and heart attack When checked, your blood pressure was at the higher end of the normal range.

And if your blood pressure is still high?

For some people lifestyle changes will be enough to reduce blood pressure to a safe level, but others will need drugs that help open up the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to function effectively or work through the brain to lower the body’s blood pressure. Once you start medication, you’ll be taking it for life, but there’s strong evidence that, as long as your blood pressure is well controlled, it will reduce your risk of stroke, heart attacks and heart failure.

DO YOU NEED TO WORRY?

Blood pressure - the force of blood against the artery walls - is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded as two numbers: the systolic pressure (the pressure as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). Both numbers are important, but research has shown that it's the systolic pressure that reflects the damage to the arteries.

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HIGH140/90Your blood pressure is considered to be high if it's at this level.

NORMAL120/80If your blood pressure is in the normal range - around 120/80 or below - you should have it checked every three or four years.

RAISED130/85You should be concerned if your blood pressure is in the upper range of normal -130/85. Even at this level, your risk of a stroke or heart attack increases threefold, and the Blood Pressure Association recommends that you have your pressure checked annually. If you have hypertension, your doctor will check it more frequently.

KEY WAYS TO PROTECT YOURSELFYou can't change your genes but you can change your lifestyle, and that alone could be enough to keep your blood pressure down. Even if it's normal, you should take steps to keep it that way. Blood pressure tends to rise with age. 'Not as an inevitable result of getting older,' says Professor MacGregor, 'but almost entirely as the result of eating an unhealthy, salt-laden diet.'

Eat less salt

Research shows that too much salt causes a rise in blood pressure, and the more salt you eat, the higher the rise. A US study found that cutting salt by a third reduced blood pressure in people with both high and normal blood pressure. Most of us eat twice as much salt as we need - around 10-12g daily, when we should be aiming for 5-6g or less. So replace salt in cooking with herbs and spices for flavour and avoid processed food, which accounts for 75% of the salt in our diet . Other high-salt food includes bread, some breakfast cereals, processed meat such as sausages and bacon, soups, ready-prepared meals and takeaways. Check labels for the sodium or salt content, or for other sodium molecules like monosodium glutamate or sodium bicarbonate. To work out the sodium content, divide the salt content by two and a half, low sodium is 0 3g per 100g or under.

Become more active

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Research shows that exercise can prevent or delay the development of hypertension and reduce high blood pressure. As well as lowering blood pressure, exercise will help to strengthen your heart, reduce levels of harmful LDL cholesterol and help boost beneficial HDL cholesterol.

Maintain a healthy weight

Being overweight makes your circulatory system and your heart work harder and raises blood pressure. Research shows that if you re overweight, losing just 10lbs can help reduce blood pressure and make medication more effective.

Eat seven to nine servings of fruit and vegetables every day

The Blood Pressure Association says we should eat more than the standard five portions a day of fruit and veg as, besides helping to protect arteries against a build-up of fatty deposits, they're a rich source of potassium (particularly bananas, dried fruit, melons and avocados), which helps lower blood pressure.

Drink sensibly

It's not yet clear how alcohol affects blood pressure, but we do know drinking large amounts causes it to rise. Women should have no more than two or three units daily, avoid binge drinking and spread their alcohol consumption through the week

Manage your stress

The link between stress and high blood pressure is still unclear - stress certainly causes a transient increase in blood pressure, but the question of whether chronic stress contributes to hypertension remains controversial. However, research by Canadian scientists has shown that stress management counselling helped to reduce blood pressure in both men and women with hypertension.

Know your levelsIf you’ve no idea what your blood pressure is, don't wait for your doctor to suggest a check - ask for one yourself.

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55. Comprehension check. A. Answer the questions on the text.1. What could prevent numerous strokes and heart attacks?2. In which way does high blood pressure influence the human body?3. Why aren’t people with high blood pressure being treated for it?4. What makes the risk of hypertension higher?5. Why is salt-laden diet harmful?6. Is physical activity important for preventing the development of hypertension?7. Which products should prevail in your diet?8. Is there direct link between hypertension and stress?

B. Find words or phrases in the text which have these meanings:1. duty or responsibility for doing smth2. amount indicated or registered by a measuring instrument3. looking out for possible danger, trouble4. lasting for only a short time5. the state of being informed of smth6. three times as much or as many

56. Language focus

Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them in the situations of your own:

1.to put smb at risk of smth 8.susceptible2. lack of awareness 9. extra vigilant3.to reflect the damage to the arteries

10. to avoid processe food

4. to cut salt by a third 11.to avoid binge drinking213

5.in the upper range of normal 12. salt-laden diet6.to increase threefold 13. clogged arteries7.to strain smb’s heart 14. to be alert to the dangers of

high blood pressure

57. Give the English equivalents:

систолічний тиск; діастолічний тиск; серцево-судинний; нестійкий, хиткий, приголомшливий; збільшитись утричі; показання здоров’я; забруднені артерії; дуже пильний; розширювати кров’яні судини; встановити небезпеку для артерий; зовнішні (внутрішні) симптоми; зменшити вживання солі; мати захворювання в роду; зменшити кров’яний тиск до безпечного ровня; мати зайву вагу; замінити сіль травами та спеціями; сприйнятливий, чутливий; тягар, обов’язок, відповідальність; збільшити ризик захворювань серця та нирок; недостатній ; підвищений кров’яний тиск; на верхній межі нормального (тиску); сила пульсування крові; дієта з великою кількістю солі; уникати оброблених продуктів; відкладання жиру; спірний, дискусійний; бути насторожі щодо небезпеки підвищеного кров’яного тиску; достатній (відповідний) рівень насиченості киснем крові в тілі; напружувати, перевтомлювати серце; ослабляти кров’яні судини; наражати на ризик; нестача обізнаності;багате джерело калію; спричиняти тимчасове підвищення; уникати надмірного вживання алкоголю.

58. Translate the following text into English:

Кожен третій житель Землі страждає від гіпертонії, Щоб убезпечити себе, досить менше вживати солі, робити зарядку й навчитися розслаблятися. Починай профілактику вже зараз

Її називають "мовчазним убивцею" - багато хто із хворих на гіпертонію й не підозрюють про погрозу власному здоров'ю. Задишка, головний біль, слабість - ми не завжди надаємо серйозного значення цим симптомам. А тим часом підвищений тиск - перший щабель до розвитку таких

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серйозних хвороб, як інсульт й інфаркт. Тому лікарі рекомендують приділяти увагу профілактиці гіпертонії з молодості.

Сім разів виміряй

Спробуй згадати, коли останній раз ти вимірювала тиск? Важко? Але ж щоб бути впевненої в тому, що він в тебе в нормі, потрібно хоч іноді надягати на руку манжету тонометра! Візьми на замітку, що нормальний тиск для жінки до настання менопаузи варіює від 100/65 до 140/90 мм рт. ст. Перше число (систолічний тиск) показує силу скорочень серця. Друге (діастолічне) означає тиск в артеріях, коли серце розслаблене в перервах між пульсацією. Оптимальним вважається тиск 120/80, але з віком воно, як правило, підвищується через звуження кровоносних судин. Однак для будь-якого віку тиск вище 140/90 вважається високим й є тривожним симптомом!

Тиск може підвищуватися внаслідок вагітності, настання менопаузи, прийому протизаплідних засобів, якщо в тебе проблеми із нирками або існує спадкоємна схильність до гіпертонії. У цих випадках необхідна кваліфікована консультація терапевта! Але основні причини, які призводять до такої проблеми, - малорухомий спосіб життя, надлишкова вага, стреси й надмірне вживання солі, що затримує в організмі рідина й негативно впливає на стан судин. Тому, щоб у більш зрілому віці не страждати на гіпертонію, учися вести здоровий спосіб життя вже зараз. Що ж варто робити, коли показники тонометра викликають тривогу? Рецептів зниження тиску існує маса! Ми пропонуємо тобі спробувати найбільш нескладні й найефективніші методи.

Змінюй звички

Насамперед тобі необхідно буде кинути палити й зменшити, а краще й зовсім відмовитися від вживання спиртного. Ніяких газованих напоїв з алкоголем! Небагато червоного вина по святах дозволяється.Наступний крок - зміна харчових звичок. У людей з надлишковою масою тіла артеріальна гіпертонія в 3-4 рази частіше, ніж при нормальній масі тіла! Тому твоє завдання - стежити за вагою. Уникай жирних сортів м'яса й м'ясних виробів, молочних продуктів високої жирності. Блюда не смаж, а запікай, готуй на парі, вари. Основу твого раціону повинні становити овочі, фрукти і ягоди. Це важливо ще й тому, що калій, який є присутнім

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у них, протистоїть дії солі, допомагає вивести зайвий натрій і воду, що істотно знижує ризик захворювання. Особливо багато цього мікроелемента в бананах, картоплі, динях, ананасовому соку, грибах, селері, шпинаті, сочевиці й фініках. Всім гіпертонікам рекомендується якнайчастіше їсти запечену в «мундирі» картоплю, а також щодня з'їдати хоча б по одному зубчику часнику, що із давніх часів вважається відмінним засобом, що знижує кров'яний тиск. Щодо напоїв: неміцну каву й чай пити можна, але не зловживай ними (тобто випивай не більше 3-4 чашок у день). Спрагу вгамовуй соками, компотами, морсами, негазованою питною водою. А от від мінеральної води, багатої натрієм, тобі краще відмовитися.

Компенсуй прянощами!

Обов'язково зменш споживання солі! У цьому допоможуть прянощі й приправи, які поліпшать смак блюд. Мелений кориандр надає пікантний смак м'ясу. Свіжа зелень. Додавай нарізану м'яту й васильок у каррі або блюда, приправлені ним, а також готуй бобові з лавровим листом і луком. Крім того, можна додати гілочки зелені у воду, де варяться овочі. Гірчиця. І зерниста, і гомогенна версія цієї спеції будуть чудово сполучатися з картопляним пюре й запіканками. Сік лимона або лайма. Використається для додання овочам більше гострого й свіжого смаку. Заправляй їм салати! Кунжутні насіннячка. Підсмажені насіннячка кунжуту надають прекрасний солонуватий смак і роблять хрусткими смажене м'ясо, рибу, печеня, макаронні вироби й овочі. Морські водорості. Вони взагалі винятково корисні для організму! Водорості додадуть супу й печені легкий солоний присмак.

На зарядку!

Харчові звички - не єдине, що прийде змінити на шляху до нормального кров'яного тиску. Навіть якщо ти не аматор фізкультури, регулярно роби зарядку: почни із простих вправ і поступово збільшуй навантаження й час тренувань. Ідеально, 3-4 рази в тиждень по 40-60 хвилин займатися спортом - плаванням, бігом або хоча б спортивною ходьбою. Взагалі, тобі потрібно частіше бувати на свіжому повітрі. А ще дуже корисно висіти на поперечині! Почни з 15 секунд ранком і доведи час до 3-4 хвилин ранком і ввечері перед сном. Але не перестарайся, якщо справи

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занадто серйозні, надмірно активне навантаження на серце збільшує ризик інфаркту або інсульту.

Учися розслаблятися

Стреси негативно позначаються на тиску, тому вчися релаксу. Тобі допоможе медитація. Спробуй наступну вправу: зручно ляж на спину, поклавши голову на тверду подушку. Закрій очі йуяви, що ти перебуваєш у повній темряві. Дихай повільно, зроби 30 тривалих вдихів-видихів. Поступово збільшуй тривалість вдиху: почни з рахунку 1-4 і плавно дійди до 10, а видиху -з 6 до 14. Уяви, що при вдиху твоє тіло розширюється, а при видиху - злегка обпадає. Візуальна уява сприяє посиленню цих процесів. Виконуй цю вправу хоча б протягом 20 хв.

Екстрені заходи!

Тиск підскочив? Швидко знизити його допоможе прикладений до ступень на 5-10 хв. шматочок тканини, змочений в 5 % розчині оцту, а також холодний компрес на потилицю. Зроби масаж коміркової зони (шия, потилиця, область лопаток, грудей) і голови. Налий у таз або ванну холодну воду й активно походи в ній декілька хвилин, ноги не витирай, надягни кімнатні капці. Ще один спосіб - контрастні часникові ванни. 30 потовчених зубчиков часнику залий склянкою окропу й загорни на 6-10 годин. Потім розбав кашку 10 л води (в одній мисці - холодною, у другій - гарячою). Спочатку опусти ноги на 2 хв. у гарячу часникову ванну, потім на 30 секунд у холодну. Протягом 20 хв. повторюй процедуру. Закінч холодною ванною. Роби через день або 2 рази в тиждень.Ти усе ще страждаєш від головного болю, слабкості й запаморочень, викликаних підвищеним кров'яним тиском? Уже сьогодні почни додержуватися наших рекомендацій, і ти побачиш, як незабаром недуги тебе покинуть. Хоча б один з вищевикладених рецептів тобі обов'язково підійде. Будь здорова!

59. Read the article, study its language and be ready to answer the questions as far as the article is concerned, as well as contributing your own opinions.

Walking Away From High Blood Pressure

by Carol Krucoff ←

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High blood pressure is often called an "illness of civilization" because it's linked to stress, inactivity, poor diet, smoking and other unhealthy habits endemic to modern life. Yet all too often, when people are diagnosed with high blood pressure, they simply pop a pill and continue the dangerous behaviors that contribute to the disease. The latest federal guidelines stress the importance of making healthy lifestyle changes to prevent and manage hypertension, which affects more than 50 million Americans, nearly one fourth of whom don't know they have it. People whose blood pressure is too high, but who have no other disease risk factors, should try regular exercise and other lifestyle strategies for at least a year-about twice as long as in previous recommendations-before turning to medications, according to the guidelines, released by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Even those taking antihypertensive medications should practice healthy habits, say the guidelines, since these changes may reduce or eliminate the need for drugs.

The Best Medicine

Regular exercise is among the most powerful of the recommended lifestyle strategies, which include losing excess weight, reducing sodium intake and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. "Regular physical activity can lower hypertension in people who have the condition and prevent the development of hypertension in people who don't," says Carlos Crespo, an assistant professor at American University and a contributing author of the NHLBI report. "When compared with their more active and fit peers, sedentary individuals with normal blood pressure have a 20- to 50-percent increased risk of developing hypertension." The new guidelines advise doing "moderately intense" aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, for 30 to 45 minutes on most days of the week. Most people can safely exercise at this level without seeking a physician's approval, say exercise scientists, who define "moderate" as any activity that increases the heart rate and breathing somewhat, but still permits someone to carry on a conversation. People being treated for high blood pressure or other serious health problems should discuss their exercise with their health care provider.

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And Crespo warns against what he calls "...the Rambo effect: When you tell people walking is good, they think jogging must be better." While jogging, cycling, swimming and other more strenuous activities may be beneficial, adults who have been sedentary should consult a physician before beginning a program of vigorous exercise. And when starting any new exercise program, it's important to begin slowly and progress gradually.

Benefits of Moderation

"You don't have to exhaust yourself to lower your blood pressure," notes Jim Hagberg, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Maryland and a contributing author of the NHLBI report. "In fact, mild exercises, such as walking, may reduce blood pressure just as much or even more than strenuous activities, such as jogging," Hagberg says. Exercise generally decreases both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure by about 10 points. This drop in blood pressure doesn't take years of exercise. "It may even happen as early as three to four weeks after increasing your physical activity levels," Hagberg writes in a brochure he prepared for the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). One reason exercise is such a powerful weapon against hypertension is that, in addition to directly lowering blood pressure, it also can reduce other risk factors for the disease. "Exercise helps people lose weight, relieve stress and stop smoking," he says. And "people don't die of hypertension," Hagberg notes. "People with hypertension die from cardiovascular disease." Exercise affects many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, too. "Regular physical activity improves blood cholesterol and glucose levels and helps control weight, so the risk of having a heart attack or stroke is lower, even if blood pressure is not reduced to normal levels," he says. "Hypertensive individuals who are active and fit have lower death rates than their sedentary and unfit peers." While exercising continually for 30 to 45 minutes may be optimal, even shorter bouts of daily life activity--such as taking the stairs or doing housework or yardwork--can be helpful. His favorite guideline is the one established by the ACSM and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Accumulate 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days of the week. "Remember, something is better than nothing," he notes. "Just get off your duff, and do what you can do."

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60. The text contains a few words with challenging pronunciation. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.

Endemic, to be diagnosed with, to contribute to, guidelines, hypertension ,antihypertensive medications, peers, sedentary, physician, strenuous, vigorous , to exhaust, kinesiology, cardiovascular disease, blood cholesterol and glucose levels.

61. Language FocusExplain the meanings of the following word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own.

1. to pop a pill2. to contribute to the disease3. to turn to medications4. "illness of civilization"5. endemic to modern life6. antihypertensive medications7. reducing sodium intake8. sedentary individuals9. to seek a physician's approval10. strenuous activities11. vigorous exercise12. to relieve stress

62. Give synonyms of the words: endemic, vigorous, sedentary. Explain the difference in their meanings.

63. Read the text “Cholesterol and health”. Match the underlined words with their definitions.

Cholesterol1 only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty plaque2 that can clog the arteries Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack, a blocked blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs, shellfish and offal3 should be banished from the diet, but these foods don't significantly raise

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cholesterol levels The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted4, so they are fine to eat in moderation.Fibre5 produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a 'buffer'6, so less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels and less is absorbed Fibre also keeps bad cholesterol within the gut7 from where it can be excreted.a) tubes that carry food from the stomachb) something (or someone) that helps protect from harmc) got rid of from the bodyd) fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animalse)organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver)f) substance in food that travels through the body as waste, helping digestiong) unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4___ 5 ___ 6 __ 7 ___.

64. Read the text. Learn new words and their definitions.

R unning, or swift walking, uses the major muscle groups, making it the most efficient form of cardiovascular1 exercise. It has been shown to have a positive effect on blood fats by reducing cholesterol levels. It also lowers blood pressure and helps diabetics2 by improving glucose3 tolerance and reducing insulin4resistance.Running is a very efficient way to burn calories. Converting your weight into pounds5 and then multiplying the result by 75 per cent will give you the amount you burn per mile. The average is about 500 calories for every three miles. If you did this three times a week, you'd lose 1\2 lb a week, 2 lb a month or 24 lb a year.This all-round form of exercise is used in the treatment of mental illness and depression, because it is thought to raise levels of the mood enhancer6, serotonin.

1 affecting the heart and blood circulation2.3.4. people suffering from diabetes, an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose [sugar] because it does not produce enough insulin [hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body]5 measure of weight, 1 pound (lb) = 454 grams6 hormone that makes you feel happier

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65. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Learn sport and fitness metaphors.

I scored an own goal when I told my boss it had only taken me a day to write the report.Now she wants me to write several a week, [made things worse rather than better]My boss always seems to be moving the goalposts, which makes it very difficult to know what he wants. [changing the rules]The new EU laws aim to provide a level playing field for all member states. [fair situation]He's too young to be in the running for such a job. [seriously considered]The two main parties in the election are still neck and neck in the opinion polls, [level with each other and equally likely to win]Politicians often skate around a subject. [don't talk directly about]The students all sailed through their exams. [passed very easily]


Бляшка; потрухи ( тельбухи); кишка, травний канал ;виділяти, вивергати; забруднювати артерії; їсти помірно;спричинити припадок (приступ, параліч, удар); діяти як буфер, амортизатор; допомагати хворим на діабет покращенням толерантності до глюкози ; серцево-судинна вправа; зменшити інсулінову опірність; очищати кров від шкідливого холестерину; різноманітні вправи; чинити позитивний вплив на кров’яні жири; підняти рівень гормону щастя.


1. Хворий мав нездоровий вигляд внаслідок перенесеної серйозної операції, і лікар порадив йому їсти помірно і починати робити різноманітні вправи.2. Подорожуючи тропічними лісами, дослідник захворів на сінну гарячку, яка супроводжувалась збезводнюванням, блюванням та шлунково-кишковою кровотечею.3. Пацієнт був чутливим до складових частин препарату, що спричинило небажаний побічний ефект.4. Ця дієта позитивно впливає на кров’яні жири та допомагає очистити кров від шкідливого холестерину.

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5. Кожна людина має вибір: або лікуватися приватно, або звернутися до поліклініки, де його оглянуть безкоштовно, але йому потрібно буде сплатити за прописані ліки.6. Державна служба охорони здоров’я розробляє програму обов’язкового медичного страхування, що передбачає безкоштовне страхування в разі настання страхового випадку.7. Шкідливі речовини, які утворюються в організмі внаслідок надмірного вживання алкоголю, спричиняють проблеми з печінкою та нирками, а також зумовлюють забруднення артерій та послаблення стінок серцевих судин.8. Банани є поживним і корисним продуктом, так як не містять холестерину і піднімають рівень гормону щастя.9. Постраждалий, якого доставили у лікарню, відчував гострий біль і нудоту, а на його тілі були численні порізи та синці.

68. Just What the Doctor Ordered. Translate and learn the following idioms.

B Look up the words in the boxes to help you complete these sentences with an idiom:

1 I got food poisoning on holiday and for three days I was________ worse2 I went for a check-up and the doctor gave me a_______________

weather3 I've got a headache and a sore throat, and I feel generally a bit___

health

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4 He was about to come out of hospital but then he took a________ dog5 It's such a dangerous operation that only 10% of patients_______ mend6 She's given up smoking and started jogging, and she looks______

shape7 The meat I had tasted strange, and the next morning I felt a bit___colour8 She's been very poorly for months, but now she's_____________ through9 I'm exhausted. I need a holiday to_________________________ cent10 I'm back at work now, but I still don't feel__________________

health11 He made a full recovery from his operation and now he's______

batteries12 They came back from their holiday looking_________________ fit13 He's getting better now, but after the crash he was___________

needles14 My dog is very old and the vet says he's___________________ flies15 I went to sleep on my arm and now I've got________________ way16 There's a virus going round My students are________________ legs17 The two passengers died, but the driver is still_______________ strong18 My grandmother is 97 and she's__________________________ sick19 When the sea got rough I had to rush to the toilet to__________ sleep20 The dog was so badly injured that they had to have it _________

life21 Once my granddad got ill, he quickly_____________________

nick22 For a man his age, he's still _____________________________

downhill23 He got the flu, and for the last week he's been ______________

list24 Her condition was critical for a week but now she's___________ back

70. Be a Good Sport

A There are many idioms which have come from sport, but which are used to talk about other situations. Which sport do you think the following expressions came from? If you need help, check the NOTE/ORIGIN boxes in the main part of the dictionary.

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football swimming golf horse-racing cricket baseball boxing

- hit/knock sb for six - move the goalposts - be thrown in at the deep end- below par - par for the course - on the ropes - pull no punches - out of your depth - win/lose by a short head- be way out in left field - be on a sticky wicket - out for the count

B Match the heads and tails of the sporting idioms, then fit each one into an appropriate gap in the article, changing the form as necessary.

pull no

thrown in atthe deep

on the

out of your

a whole new ball

ball

depth

end

game

punches

Almost 20 million viewers tuned in to Channel 2 last night to see the long-awaited live debate between Prime Minister Turner and Leader of the Opposition Simon Stand. Mr Stand must have felt he'd been (1) thrown in at the deep end , appearing in his first TV debate so soon after becoming leader. He has had a highly successful career as an MP, but this is (2)________________.Mr Turner knew he had the advantage, and he(3)____________________. Mr Stand, who is usually (4)___________________and very skilled at handling questions, appeared flustered and (5)______________.

ballpark

move the

set the ball

throw in the

figure

goalposts

mark

rolling

Mr Turner (6)____________by asking Mr Stand how much money he intended to spend on the health service.Mr Stand mentioned a (7)_________that was(8)_____, as Mr Turner was quick to point out.Mr Stand looked as if he wanted to (9)___________at this stage, but recovered enough to accuse the government of (10)_____by

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way off the towelchanging the tax limits inorder to suit their policies. Mr Turner appeared to hesitate before giving an unconvincing reply.

back to square

know the

a one-horse

par for the

course

one

race

skore

Simon Stand has long complained that people are more interested in how politicians come across on TV than in their policies. As leader, he must now accept that this is (11)________Mr Turner (12)____________,and receives regular 'media training. The debate will no doubt prove a disaster for Mr Stand, who is already a long way behind in the opinion polls. So it's (13)__________________for him and hisparty. If they don't come up with some solid and convincing policies very soon, the election looks like being (14)________________

Body and Soul

71. Explain the meanings and give the context of the following idioms:

weak at the kneesweak-kneedall earsmore to it than meets the eyeone’s right armin one’s neck of the woodsstand on one’s own two feetput one’s heads togetherget it off one’s chestthe cold shoulderone’s eyes were bigger than one’s stomachmake one’s mouth waterhot on one’s heelspull one’s legkeep smb. on one’s toesno skin off one’s nose

A First, label the diagram on the right with the correct word .

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В Using the words you have added to the diagram, find an appropriate idiom to complete these sentences. The numbers correspond to the numbers on the diagram, but remember that some of the nouns may be plural.

1. The smell of on ions frying really made my mouth water.2. When the teacher said she had some exciting news to tell us, we were____________3. I don't care if he leaves or stays - it's no ___________ my_________4. He says he broke his arm falling out of bed, but I think there's________it _______the5. I'm sure we can think of a present for Mark if we our6. I was very surprised to see him here We don't get many visitors _ ____ this_____the_____7. If you're feeling worried or upset you should talk to someone and_____it_____your_________8. Why are you giving me the________? Have I done something to upset you?9. I'd give my_________for the opportunity to study abroad for a year.10. Can't you finish all your food, Billy? Your______ were_______ your___________11. His parents want him to become more independent and learn to________his12. He ran as fast as he could, with the angry shopkeeper_______his________13. He didn't really mean what he said I think he was just_______your______14. The teacher does tests without warning, just to___the class____their_____15. The thought of having to giving a speech made him go______________theС Each of the following sentences contains an idiom with a mistake in it. Can you find it and correct it?1. I nearly jumped out/( my skin when the fire alarm went off.2. If she loses any more weight she'll be just bones and skin.3. I had to bite my tongue off and keep quiet about what really happened.4. He seems the ideal candidate, but does he have any skeletons in the cellar?

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5. He was lucky - he passed the exam by the skin of his tooth.6. She may be over sixty, but she's still young at her heart.7. Keep your hairs on' It's not time to leave yet.8. I asked him to lend me the money, but it was like trying to get blood out of a bone.

72. Translate the following text into English using the topical vocabulary:

Реальність і міфи сучасної медицини.

Чи існує вихід з кризи?

До написання цієї статті мене спонукав кризовий стан вітчизняної, та й світової медицини. Він визначається не тільки роздутими цінами на медичні послуги, але і набагато більш серйозними причинами.

Реальність.

1. Сьогодні в медиків така ж сама низька репутація, як і у часи Екклезіаста, який говорив: "Той хто скоїв гріх перед Творцем, та потрапить в руки до лікаря..." 2. Це сталося тому, що зцілення підмінили лікуванням, догляд - безпристрасним виконанням обов'язків, а уміння слухати - технологічними процедурами. Лікар більше не займається особистістю хворого, а лише "ремонтує" окремі, неправильно працюючі частини біологічної системи. 3. Однією з причин кризи є все зростаюче впровадження в медицину техніки. Деякі лікарі вважають, що прилади дозволяють взагалі не розмовляти з пацієнтом. 4. Сучасна медицина приділяє основну увагу гострим захворюванням і наданню невідкладної допомоги, а не профілактиці і збереженню здоров'я. Хоча попереджувальна медицина і вимагає найменших грошових витрат, але забирає дуже багато часу у лікаря і тому практично ігнорується. 5. Якщо говорити більш сухою мовою цифр, то у 21 вік ми увійшли з величезним вантажем невирішених проблем. Відбувається постійне зростання і омолоджування серцево-судинних захворювань, онкологічних. Вже проголошено "День туберкульозу" і "День СНІДу", не за горами "День гепатиту" і "День сифілісу". А може в скорому майбутньому будуть ще і місячники по боротьбі "зі СНІДом", наприклад.

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Звучить? ??!!! І будемо боротися місяць - з гепатитом, наступний місяць - з глистами. І т.д. 6. Сто років тому Ф.М. Достоєвський скаржився в "Братах Карамазових"- "знову ж таки їх манера відсилати до фахівців: ми, мовляв, тільки розпізнаємо, а ось поїдьте до такого-то фахівця, так він уже вилікує. Зовсім, зовсім, я тобі скажу, зник колишній лікар, який від всіх хвороб лікував, тепер тільки самі фахівці і все в газетах публікуються". У часи Достоєвського ця проблема тільки з'явилася, тепер же вона розрослася до небачених розмірів.7. На мій погляд, стан занепаду в медицині буде зберігатися доти, доки в медицині не відродяться традиції цілительства, доки лікар і пацієнт не стануть рівноправними партнерами, а наука не перестане брати на себе задачі по вершенню доль людських.

Міфи.

"Невідомі шляхи Господні"Незбагненні й більшість з міфів, які народжуються в свідомості людей, а іноді і штучно підтримуються медичною елітою. Але на то вони і міфи, що б ми спробували їх розвінчати...

Міф перший: Якщо вдасться лягти на обстеження в "крутий" медичний центр (закордонні клініки, кремлівські і республіканські лікарні, а на крайній випадок обласні), то тебе обов'язково вилікують.Міф засновується на тому, що там є найсучасніша апаратура, яка дозволить точно встановити діагноз, ну і звичайно провести лікування на вищому рівні.Але дійсність говорить нам про інше. Яскравий приклад це хвороба і смерть Раїси Горбачової.

Міф другий : Необхідно обов'язково потрапити на прийом до академіка, професора, доктора наук і т.д.Міф засновується на тому, що ці наукові звання даються на основі відмінного знання свого предмета. Не принижуючи значущість цих іноді "вузьких" знань, помітимо, що це не завжди дозволяє широко і глибоко поглянути на проблеми даного пацієнта. Іноді звичайний хороший лікар клініцист може набагато більше допомогти хворому, ніж знамените

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"світило".

Міф третій : Головне - знайти причину хвороби. Міф засновується на тому, що, не знаючи причини не можна лікувати. Частково це вірне, але з іншого боку, якщо шукати причину, наприклад, болів або запалення в окремо взятому органі, легко сплутати причину із наслідками, що, власно кажучи, і відбувається постійно. Яскравий приклад це лікування статевих інфекцій або алергічних захворювань. Можна без кінця здавати аналізи на статеві інфекції, виявляти їх, пройти курс лікування антибіотиками, знов здавати аналізи, виявляти наступні інфекції, знов лікувати і лікувати, поки організм не видасть таке загострення з боку печінки і нирок, що не всяка лікарня справиться. А проблема з статевою інфекцією може залишитися без змін. Аналогічне відбувається і при лікуванні алергічних захворювань. Проводяться ретельні аналізи по визначенню специфічного алергену (досить дорогі) тільки для того, що б потім майже всім призначити однакову схему лікування, причому однаково безперспективну.

Міф четвертий : Важливо правильно поставити діагноз. Міф засновується на тому, що хворий без діагнозу це зовсім і не хворий, а "симулянт" якийсь.Діагноз дозволяє відхреститися від даного пацієнта і відправити його "до інших фахівців", в "інший лікувальний заклад". Дуже часто такий діагноз виглядає як "вирок" і оскарженню не підлягає. Більш того перестраховка лікаря (постановка більш "серйозного" діагнозу, ніж того вимагають істинні обставини хвороби) є хорошим рятувальним колом для лікаря, але не для пацієнта. На щастя, життя часто саме розставляє все на свої місця, шкода тільки хворих, які страждають від надмірної фармакологічної терапії.

Міф п ' ятий :

Сама "остання", "новітня", "найбільш наукова" концепція лікування тієї або іншої хвороби - найбільш правильна.Міф засновується на тому, що "їм зверху видно все"... При постановці певного діагнозу пацієнту призначається затверджена МінЗдоровом схема лікування даного захворювання. Ці схеми розробляються профільними інститутами згідно з останніми науковими досягненнями. Ні для кого не секрет, що, те, що

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учора проголошувалося єдино вірним лікуванням, - сьогодні так само гучно визнається помилкою. Більш того ми щосили стараємося скопіювати реакції людського організму з реакцій тварини, будь то навіть морська свинка або ж мавпа, не кажучи вже про те, що хвороба в будь-якому її вияві - це стан динамічний, що швидко змінюється. Тому дуже часто такі схеми і не працюють.

Міф шостий :

Обов'язково існують хороші "панацейні" ліки або засіб від всіх хвороб.Міф засновується на незламній вірі лікарів і пацієнтів в чудо. Цей міф настаріший і найшкідливіший. Лікування процес часто тривалий і складний, що вимагає і від лікаря і від пацієнта великих розумових, фізичних і душевних витрат. Ліки завжди є вторинними в діалозі лікаря і пацієнта. А всім хочеться "за щучим велінням, за моїм хотінням"... І які б нові засоби не викидалися на лікарський ринок фармакологічними компаніями, треба не забувати, що для них це, передусім, великий і "прибутковий" бізнес. Будь-які ліки повинні бути пропущені через розум і серце лекаря

Міф сьомий :

Від інфекційних хвороб можна захиститися профілактичними щепленнями. Міф засновується на грамотному підтриманні обивателів в стані страху перед різними інфекціями. Виробники вакцин досягли дуже добрих успіхів на цьому терені і лобіюють щеплення населення через уряд. Цікавий той факт, що, наприклад, від туберкульозу нас всіх прищеплюють ще в дитячому віці, а кількість прищеплених дітей, хворих на туберкульоз, в останнє десятиріччя виросло вдвічі. У свій час головного санітарного лікаря в США звільнили з посади тільки за те, що він дозволив провести економічний аналіз доцільності щеплень. Наприклад, з'ясувалося, що до загальної імунізації на інфекційні хвороби хворіли 15% дітей, а після ери загальної вакцинації стали хворіти 14,5%, але кількість ускладнень після щеплень досягла також 15% (раніше цих ускладнень не було, так як не було й щеплень).

Вихід з кризи :

Звичайно, комусь мій аналіз ситуації, що склалася видасться поверхневим і емоційним, але на щастя демократичні свободи нашого

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суспільства дають право висловитися всім. У мене був довгий шлях і пошук істинної медицини. І я її знайшла не в самих сучасних наукових концепціях, а в книгах по традиційній медицині, і зокрема по гомеопатії. Яке красиве слово "традиційна" медицина! Медицина, освячена тисячоліттями знань про природу людини, його здоров'я і хвороби.Медицина, яка має чіткі закони і правила, суворо визначені природні ліки, які призначаються індивідуально. Медицина, яка сторіччями не міняє свої принципи. Більш того всі найсучасніші наукові дослідження тільки підтверджують постулати гомеопатії. "Три речі, - пише Гіппократ, поєднуються в нашому мистецтві: хвороба, хворий і лікар".

Радомська Н.А.

Modern Medical Science

1. Discuss the following :

People who are very ill should have the right to decide if they want to die. What do you think about the problem?

2. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

Can you really call them killers?

The moralists and theorists have had their say. Now a mother who knows how it feels to bring up a severely handicapped child gives her own view of the couple who want to put an end to their baby's suffering.We are up to our ears in moral dogma again and to be perfectly honest, I have had enough. In fact, enough was many moons ago. The case of all this moral agonising is the ultimate fate of 22-month-old Thomas Creedon, born severely brain-damaged, blind, deaf, dumb, constantly fitting and in pain, able to be fed only by a tube inserted in his stomach. Thomas's parents have launched a legal bid to have the feeding stopped. Giving him the right to die, say some; murdering him from the sentence of life he - and his parents - are stuck with, maintain others. And so the moralists have re-emerged from the woodwork, as they always do, the articulate debaters and theorists, demanding time on every TV screen, filling inches of space in all the newspaper columns. Yet for me, the most telling point came in an aside from Tom's father. Con." It's not for us, " he said quietly, explaining why he wants his son's life ended. "It's for Thomas." Maybe it was because I

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recognised the trap the Crecdons are in that I really heard what he was saying, and knew he was defending himself and his wife against those who will always condemn them for having their innocent, unsuspecting son put down. The moralists always use that kind of emotive language - murder, fascism, killing. They use emotion instead of constructive argument. Why shouldn't Con and Fiona Creedon choose what is best for themselves, as well as for their hopelessly handicapped child? Because nature made a mistake and landed them with this tragically incurable baby, why must that condemn them to a lifetime of drudgery and anguish? There can be no normality in their family while he exists, no future, no happiness, only worry and pain for an ordinary couple who have as much right as anyone else to all that life has to offer. With the "help" of medical science, their efforts could keep Thomas alive for many years, and the cost to them as individuals and as a family would be horrendous. But they know that they can't say this, or the moralists will judge them bad parents, dreadful people, even while professing sympathy, because only the truly awful could wish death on an innocent, defenceless child. And that is why I am so sick of it all, the double standards, the imposition of theories and Mickey Mouse ethics on the very people who know best: the parents. Let me tell you something. In my late teens and twenties, I was a chief cardiac technician. I worked in various hospitals in this country and abroad, and during my hours on duty I carried a bleeper so that I could be summoned to every cardiac arrest in the hospital. I hated losing, we all did, and we would work longer than was sensible on patients rather than let them go. But we had a system.As soon as we arrived, someone would be detailed to read the case notes while the rest resuscitated the patient. If the patient had cancer, for instance, we stopped the routine, even if the resuscitation was successful, acked up the equipment and let them die instead. It has always happened - it is probably happening somewhere at this moment -we just didn't talk about it to outsiders. I had no doubts then and I have none now; it was humane, it was part of "not striving officiously to preserve life" , as the Hippocratic Oath requires. But these days the public is more cynical about the medical profession, and medics fear being sued. That is their fault, a spin-off of hiding behind their God-like aura for generations, and the effects are now being felt in areas in which keeping quiet was the best thing for all concerned. These days, a doctor who does not strive officiously to prolong the suffering of a patient dying in slow agony may very well find himself convicted of manslaughter. It happened to Dr Nigel Cox in 1992 .And so, because today's medics are scared of the consequences, parents like the Creedons, who care selflessly for the blighted little life they produced, must go to court for permission to have the burden of existence

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taken from their son, and from them. In doing so, they lay themselves open to the musings of moralists, who must inflict their views on everyone and refuse to acknowledge that those of the parents, the lifetime carers, are the most important, and they should have the choice and make the decision.I have a 17-year-old daughter. She is brain-damaged, autistic, mentally handicapped and psychotic. Powerful drugs with terrible side-effects do not banish the hallucinations. She lives in her own little world, filled with voices and visions, existing from moment to moment, neither happy nor unhappy. She has no future and no quality of life, and I feel deep guilt about her; guilt that with all the medical knowledge I have, all the ways I know of ending her travesty of life, I don't have the courage to do it. Coward that I am , I hope if she should become physically ill one day that some decent medic will do it for me and release her, and the entire family, from the sentence of her existence. And damn the moralists.

3. Comprehensive questions:

a. What is the matter with Tom Creedon?b. Did his parents try to put an end to all his sufferings?c. What`s the moralists` point of view?d. How does Tom`s father explain his attitude to the problem?e. What does a chief cardiac technician say about his work?f. Which consequences are today`s medics scared of?g. Why does the author feel deep guilt about her daughter?h. Can the author`s problem be easily solved?i. What is your own attitude to the problem?

4. The text contains quite a few words whose pronunciation could pose difficulty. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future:

handicapped; ultimate; drudgery; anguish; horrendous; to resuscitate; manslaughter; consequences; musings; autistic; psychotic; hallucinations; decent.

5. Language Focus

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Explain the meanings of the following word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own.

1. euthanasia 18. a beeper2. a severely handicapped child 19. to be summoned to3. to put an end to their baby's suffering

20. to resuscitate the patient

4. to be up to our ears in moral dogma

21. to strive officiously to preserve life

5. moral agonising 22. to be sued6. the ultimate fate 23. a spin-off7. to be born severely brain-damaged

24. to prolong the suffering of a patient

8. to launch a legal bid 25. to find himself convicted of manslaughter

9. to re-emerge from the woodwork

26. to be scared of the consequences

10. the most telling point 27. selflessly11. condemn smb. for 28. blighted12. put down 29. brain-damaged, autistic, mentally

handicapped and psychotic13. emotive language 30. to banish the hallucinations14. drudgery and anguish 31. quality of life15. horrendous 32. travesty of life16. professing sympathy 33. decent medic17. a chief cardiac technician 34. to release from the sentence of

existence

6. Find synonyms or near synonyms for the following words, and write sentences to explore their associations. to accuse of; expressive; to start; parody; to kill somebody; murder; final; result; dreadful; disabled. ! Memory work.

7. Enrich your vocabulary:

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phys і cally /mentally/ hand і capped - з фізичними /з розумовими/ недолікамиult і mate result [dec і s і on] - остаточний результат [-е рішення]ult і mate end /purpose/ - кінцева метаto launch a new enterpr і se - відкривати нове підприємствоto launch іnto eternіty - а) відправляти на той світ; б) відправитися на той світto launch a challenge aga і nst smb . - кинути кому-небуть виклик to be і n angu і sh at /over/ smth. - мучитися чим-небудь, журитися за чимось to suffer angu і sh - терпіти (нестерпні) мукиto be sued - залучатися як відповідач у позовіto sue (to) smb. for smth. - просити кого-небуть про щось, звертатися до когось за чим-небуть.to sue and be sued - виступати в суді як позивач і відповідачvoluntary manslaughter - навмисне вбивствоmater і al well - be і ng - матеріальне благополуччяto і ndulge і n і llus і ons - віддаватися ілюзіям, будувати /створювати собі/ ілюзії to allev і ate sorrows [ suffer і ngs ] - полегшувати горе [страждання]attempted su і c і de - замах на самогубствоto comm і t su і c і de - покінчити із собоюnear to suіcіde - близький до самогубства the Euthanas і a Soc і ety - суспільство прихильників евтаназії

8. Give English equivalents for the following word combinations:

a) активна евтаназія; пасивна евтаназія ; "пасивна евтаназія", припинення лікування безнадійних хворих (особ. шляхом відключення підтримуючої життя апаратури); добровільна допомога інвалідам; кінцевий користувач; кінцевим пунктом їхньої поїздки був Париж; елементарна істина; первопричина; граничне /критичне/ навантаження; межа міцності; міркувати про долі людства; спокуса вищої /абсолютної/ влади ; починати атаку, застосовувати атаку ; почати /відкрити/ наклепницьку кампанію: увести в дію план; випустити торпеду; завдати

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удару (тж. у боксі); кидати погрози кому-небудь; запускати ракету ; готовність до пуску (ракети); почати видавати газетний листок; знову надягти хомут; фізичні й сердечні страждання;

b) порушувати справу про розлучення; пред'являти кому-н. позов про відшкодування збитку; порушувати проти когось справу про наклеп; якщо ви не сплатите, я подам на вас у суд; молити (ворога) про пощаду; вимагати миру; подавати в суд на аліменти; вимагати через суд тисячу доларів у порядку компенсації за збитки ; зажадати розлучення в судовому порядку; його дружина подала в суд на аліменти; авторський гонорар і додатковий прибуток від екранізації, інсценування й т.п. його творів; фірма, що спеціалізується на впровадженні до цивільного виробництва досягнень воєнної промисловості; нові побутові товари, що з'явилися в результаті розвитку ракетної техніки; пародія на справедливість;знущання над істиною; знущання, а не документ; добробут країни;

c) бити себе в груди з приводу чого-н.; віддаватися задоволенням; із задоволенням грати в гучні ігри; нестримно віддаватися горю ; віддаватися міркуванням про минуле /спогадам/ ; віддаватися мріям; віддаватися розгулу почуттів, бути надмірно емоційним; у діловому світі немає місця сантиментам; віддаватися міркуванням; її співчуття стримало його розпач;полегшувати людські страждання; камікадзе, смертник; політичне самогубств; зі своєї вини втратити положення в суспільстві; цей план привів (країну, фірму) до економічного краху; близький до самогубства .

9. Explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. In the Netherlands euthanasia has already been legalized.2. Most doctors are opposed to euthanasia on ethical grounds.3. Like other mentally handicapped children, Down's children can achieve considerable educational improvement through a consistent programme of education and care.4. The need for the adequate provision of permanent residential homes increases substantially as the mentally handicapped child grows up.5. Complete disarmament was the ultimate goal of the conference.6. Monroe was the ultimate Hollywood movie star.

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7. The press launched a vicious attack on the President.8. On the first day of the war over 400 missiles were launched.9. The chance to escape from the daily drudgery in the pits must have been more than attractive.10. Women are rebelling against domestic drudgery.11. The anguish of not knowing the truth was almost unbearable.12. Miss James could not afford to sue for libel.13. General economic arguments, however, omit the spin-off benefits from the inventiveness of financial operators in search of bargains and easy profits.14. Laser research has had important spin-offs for eye surgery.15. She denied murdering her husband, but pleaded guilty to manslaughter.16. He's denied murdering Elizabeth Howe, but has admitted manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.17. O'Brien described his trial as a travesty of justice .18. Irrespective of the success of this integration, your claim was a travesty of the facts.19. Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity.

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the topical vocabulary, making any necessary changes.

handicapped launch spin-off euthanasia drudgeryultimate travesty anguish manslaughter sueindulge

1. The decision caused a huge public outcry and a national debate on __________.2. A family with a severely ____________child will have many problems.3. The__________ responsibility for policy lies with the President.4. A test satellite _____________________ from Cape Canaveral.5. What seemed a promising job turned into months of boredom and __________.6. Of course, in past centuries, no global news network existed to capture the____ ___________of the victims.7. It seems never to have been doubted that a corporation created by Royal Charter can __________for libel.8. One of the main____________ for countries that host the Olympic Games is increased business for hotels, restaurants, and theatres.

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9. The court decided there was insufficient evidence for a ____________charge.10. It was a political act, a ____________from start to finish.11. Women do not___________ in crime to the same extent as men.

11. Translate the text into English.

Евтаназія: убивство чи милосердя?

А може, убивство з милосердя?

Щодня у свiтi тисячi фiзично здорових людей добровiльно йдуть iз життя через те, що не в змозi витримати душевнi страждання. У той же час тисячi безнадiйно хворих мучаться, страждаючи вiд фiзичного болю. Чи вправi хтось iз людей (бо самi вони не в змозi) покласти край їхньому стражданню, вчинивши «убивство з милосердя»? Гарне медичне слово «евтаназiя» означає безболiсне навмисне умертвiння хворого з метою полегшення його страждань. Проблема евтаназiї виникла не сьогоднi i не раптово. Англiйський фiлософ Френсiс Бекон (1561—1626) для означення легкої безболiсної смертi ввiв термiн «евтаназiя», тобто хороша, спокiйна i легка смерть, без мук i страждань.Кiлька рокiв тому великого розголосу набув судовий процес над 71-рiчним хiрургом Джеком Кеворкяном, активним пропагандистом евтаназiї (звільнення вiд страждань тяжкохворої людини за допомогою безболісного умертвіння), що вiдбувся у м. Понтiак штату Мiчiган США. «Лiкар Смерть» за певний перiод з допомогою спецiального ним розробленого апарата умертвив 130 безнадiйних пацiєнтiв. Шiсть разiв за цей час вiн притягався до суду, i суд виправдовував лiкаря. Востаннє вiн вiдмовився вiд адвоката, i суд визнав його винуватим. Вирок — 25 рокiв тюремного ув’язнення. Багато хто висловлював на адресу «Лiкаря Смерть» осуд й неприязнь. Однак є i багато прихильникiв Кеворкяна серед вчених i хворих. Одна з його послiдовниць — медсестра з Угорщини, яка отримала прiзвисько Чорний Ангел, — нинi теж уже за гратами. Хоча й переконувала суддiв, що вводила смертельну iн’єкцiю хворим лише на їхнє прохання, чи, до прикладу, якщо хворий перебував у глибокiй комi й життя його пiдтримувалося лише з допомогою апаратiв, на прохання близьких родичiв.

Якщо розiбратися детальнiше, то поняття «евтаназiя» має дуже глибоке коріння. Так, у Спартi вбивали немовлят, народжених слабими й хворими, у деяких первiсних племен був звичай убивати старикiв, якi стали тягарем для iнших. На початку минулого столiття юрист Бiндiнг i психiатр Гохе запропонували називати евтаназiєю знищення так званих

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«неповноцiнних» людей. Евтаназiя у такiй iнтерпретацiї широко застосовувалася в гiтлерiвськiй Нiмеччинi, де була спецiально розроблена програма масового знищення людей з рiзними формами захворювань (психiчно хворих, епiлептикiв, паралiзованих тощо). Все це робилося «в iнтересах нацiї». Нинi питання про допустимiсть евтаназiї обговорюється в багатьох країнах свiту, а в рядi країн евтаназiя визнана законною: зокрема, у Нідерландах, в Австралiї, з деякими застереженнями у Канаді. У нас же евтаназiю ранiше прийнято було згадувати як явище, властиве виключно капiталiстичному суспiльству, позбавленому елементарних принципiв моралi. Те, що подiбне може бути у нас, сприймалося як абсурд. Не тому, напевно, що всi українцi чи росiяни такi ревнi вiрники i у всьому, зокрема в питаннi життя i смертi, покладаються на Бога. Можливо, тут далося взнаки горезвiсне українське терпiння? А може, не одному поколiнню втовкмаченi незабутнi слова Павки Корчагiна, що «життя дається тiльки раз...» У той же час багато вчених зі свiтовим iменем вважають, що є категорiї людей, для яких є допустимим «убивство з милосердя».

Це i невилiковнi хворi, i хронiчно хворi з незворотними вiковими змiнами, хворi з безнадiйно ушкодженим мозком та iншi. Обгрунтовується доцiльнiсть примусової евтаназiї. Переважно це стосується новонароджених з уродженою патологiєю i хворих старечого вiку. Лауреат Нобелiвської премiї Ф. Крiк запропонував не надавати медичну допомогу особам, старшим за 80. На пiдтримку такої позицiї висуваються, як правило, тези про захист економiчних iнтересiв держави й необхiдностi перерозподiлу медичних ресурсiв на користь хворих, котрi мають бiльше шансiв на одужання. Адже перебування у лiкарнi й пiдтримка життя пацiєнта з безнадiйним ушкодженням мозку обходиться вiд 25 до 30 тисяч доларiв на рiк. Невилiковний хворий, котрий перебуває в лiкарнi протягом року, займає мiсце, яке могли б використати близько 20 хворих з термiном лiкування по 2—3 тижнi.

До того ж, бiльшiсть сучасних молодих лiкарiв не вважають самогубство смертним грiхом перед Богом або зовсiм не вiрять нi в Бога, нi в загробне життя. Отож вони не вбачають нiякого смислу i у продовженнi страждань хворого та його близьких.

Злиденне становище нашої медицини — важливий об’єктивний фактор популярностi евтаназiї. Воно формує думку, що медично дозволена смерть i припинення життя є достойнiшими за нестерпне споглядання того, як помирають безнадiйно хворi, котрим суспiльство не в змозi допомогти. У той же час це сприятиме поширенню в суспiльствi цинiзму, нiгiлiзму i моральної деградацiї в цiлому, що є неминучим при вiдмовi вiд дотримання заповiдi «не убий».

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12. Quickly read the text and find out why Dr Kevorkian - the man in the picture - is in the news.

A monster or a saint?

IN THE USA, a doctor is racing trial tor helping a woman kill herself. Mrs Atkins, aged 54. contacted Dr Jack Kevorkian and explained that she wanted to end her life because she was suffering from an incurable disease. The doclor put his suicide machine into a van and he drove to a park where he

told Mrs Atkins how to administer the fatal injection. If the court decides he killed Mrs Atkins, he could be jailed lor life. In his defence, the doctor said: 'She knew what she was doing, she wanted to end her life. I asked her if she knew what that meant. She said. "Yes. I'm going to die. There's nothing for me. There's no life".' The police have taken the machine but Dr Kevorkian will help other people to end their lives unless he is kept in prison. In the doctor's own words he says: "If they send me to jail, they'd better keep me there, otherwise I'll do it again when I get out.”

13.Discussion points

1. Is Dr Kevorkian a saint or a monster?2. What 'rights' should a person have over medical treatment? Should they be allowed to choose whether or not to die?3. What do you think a court in your country would decide in Dr Kevorkian's case?4. Since this story happened, a cure has been found for Mrs Atkins' disease. Does this change your opinion at all?

14. Speaking

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Read the text about human 'guinea pigs' and on your own, answer the questions in exercise 2 below.

Guinea pigs

In some clinics in London, people can agree to be 'guinea pigs' for medical experiments; they stay in hospitals like luxury hotels and earn a lot of money if they are prepared to take the medicines the doctors give them. In one place which experiments with new medical equipment, they pay people £10,000 if they agree to have toes cut off then sewn back on again!

15. In small groups discuss your answers to these questions by using as many of the ways of giving opinions and agreeing and disagreeing as you can.

1. Would you agree to do this?2. How much money would you want for the 'toe experiment?3. In some countries, prisoners serving long sentences can get out of prison sooner if they agree to take part in medical experiments. What do you think of this?

16. Read the text quickly and find out the connection between an owl and medicine.

It's all in the eye

Iridology is the study of the eye's iris, used to diagnose someone's state of health and warn patients of potential problems. The underlying theory is that the entire body is reflected in the iris. Iridology is for diagnosis only and not for treatment. However, many indologists are practising homeopaths, herbalists or acupunctunsts.The study of the iris not only indicates current health, but identifies potential weaknesses, many of which we inherit from our parents. By identifying a condition before it becomes a problem, people can minimize it or avoid it through changes to diet and lifestyle. Iridology has a long history. It was practised in Ancient Egypt, and Hippocrates mentions it, too. The Hungarian, Dr Ignatz von Peczely (1822-1911) is the founder of iridology as a modern science. When he was a boy, he accidentally broke the leg of his pet owl and noticed a dark mark appear in the bird's eye. As the leg healed, the mark disappeared. When von Peczely became a doctor; he developed a map showing the relationship of different parts of the body to the iris.

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Iridology works because the iris records everything that has happened to the body since the age of six. It also carries genetic information which indicates future problems. The colour of the iris also provides the practitioner with vital information.

17. Choose the best option from the alternatives A or B

1) Iridology isA a form of treatment.B a way of identifying a health problem.

2) Ignatz von PeczelyA was the first person to notice iris markings. B re-established iridology.

3) What did von Peczely notice about the injured bird?A A new mark in the owl's eye.B The mark disappeared before the leg healed.

4) IridologyA can provide an early health warning. B is a form of fortune telling.

18. LISTENING

Annie is interviewing an iridologist called Paola. Listen to their conversation and complete the notes

Paola has been an iridologist (1)…………...She used to be a (2)…….. , but gave up for two main reasons:she noticed people (3)………. by the medicine they are prescribed and can become (4)……………….. .

Problems.

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Blue eyes: (5)…………………and rheumatism. Brown eyes: circulation and (6) …………………. Hazel eyes and green eyes are both (7)…….…………... colours.People with green eyes often have problems with their (8)…………………Paola can see Annie has a problem with her (9)………………..Annie hurt it while she was (10)…………………. .

Sport and Games

1. Speaking

Think of ten sports where you have to compete against an opponent, and ten sporting activities which you can do as an individual.

Competitive Individualsquash yogawrestling aerobicsnetball skateboarding

Compare your ideas with the class.

2. Listen to radio commentaries of six different sports.Can you identify each one? What were the clues that helped you?Which sports do you like to take part in? Which sports do you like to watch?What do you do to keep fit?

3. SPEAKING

The age of sport

A. What sports are these people renowned for?Why, do you think?

Australians African-Americans Kenyans Brazilians

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Chinese Russians Ukrainians

B. Who is the most highly-paid sportsperson in your country?In the world?Is he/she in ... ?

motor-racing golf boxing football athletics baseball

C. What are the biggest sporting events in your country?In the world?

4. Look at the paragraph headings in the article and make some notes on what the text might be about. Compare your ideas with the class before reading the article.

5. What do you think?

Do you agree that our culture is obsessed by sport? Which sporting events are taking place now? Do you thinkthere is too much sport in the world? Too much sport ontelevision? “As individuals become rich, sport becomes impoverished.”Can you think of any examples that support this opinion? Who are the sports icons of the moment? Why are theyfamous? Who do you think is more interested in sport, men orwomen? Why?

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6. Read the article and answer the questions:

1. What is the correlation between sport and strawberries?2. The first paragraph describes various aspects of the current 'Age of Sport'. What, by implication, were these aspects like before this era?3. 'Sport knew its place.'What does this mean? Why doesn't it know its place any more?4. How has TV changed sport? Has this change been beneficial or not?5. Why is the London Marathon mentioned?6. In what ways are most sports stars like everyone else?7. What is the correlation between modern sports stars and ancient gladiators?8. What can sport offer that a rock concert can't?9. What is special about the Olympics and the World Cup?10. Why is the besotted fan in a minority?

Sport used to be like fresh fruit and vegetables. Football had its season, then it ended, and you had to wait a while to get some more. Tennis was an explosion of Wimbledon at the end of June, Flushing Meadow in September and the Australian Open in January, and that was that. Now, just as you can get fresh strawberries all year round, there are major championships for every sport taking place somewhere in the world all of the time.

Sport is everywhere

Sport is ubiquitous. Sky TV has at least thirteen sports channels. Throughout the world there is a proliferation of newspapers and magazines totally dedicated to sport. Sports personalities have become cultural icons, worshipped like movie-stars and sought after by sponsors and advertisers alike. Where sport was once for fun and amateurs, it is now the stuff of serious investment.

Of course, sport has always mattered. But the point is that in the past sport knew its place. Now it invades areas of life where previously it had no presence: fashion, showbiz, business. It is a worldwide obsession.

Why this obsession with sport?246

What is it that makes sport so enjoyable for so many?First, we seriously believe that sport is something we can all do,

however badly or however well. Tens of thousands set off on the London and New York Marathons. Amateur football matches take place all over the world every weekend. Sport is a democratic activity.

Second, sports stars are self-made people. Sport is dominated by athletes from ordinary backgrounds. This is why it is a classic means by which those from the poorest backgrounds can seek fame and fortune.

Third, we enjoy watching sport because we like to see the supreme skill of those who act like gladiators in the modern arena. There is the excitement of not knowing who is going to win. No rock concert, no movie, no play can offer that kind of spontaneous uncertainty. This gut-wrenching experience can be shared with a crowd of fifty round a widescreen TV in a pub, or a thronging mass of 100,000 live in a stadium.

The role of television

Television has been absolutely crucial to the growing obsession with sport. It gives increased numbers of people access to sporting events around the globe. With this, certain sports have accumulated untold riches via advertising, sponsorship and fees. Television changes sport completely, nearly always for the worse. We are saturated with football nearly every night of the week with the same top clubs playing each other again and again. TV companies dictate tennis players' schedules. The most important matches must take place at a time when most people are at home, even if this is late at night. Only in this way are the highest advertising fees commanded.

Sport as big business

The growing importance of sport is reflected in the money that surrounds it. Sky TV's sports channels are worth over £8bn. Manchester United football club is a public limited company worth around £lbn. It has even formed a superclub with baseball's New York Yankees, so that they can package themselves collectively. The rise of sport has been accompanied by the growing prominence of sports stars. They have become public figure hence in great demand for TV commercials. For advertisers, they convey glamour, success, credibility and authenticity. The rise of the sports star is mirrored by the rise of sports companies such as Nike and Adidas. Along with pop music, the

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Internet, and multinational companies, sport is one of the key agents of globalization.

Sport the global unifier

“Sport probably does more to unify nations than any politician has ever been capable of”. So said Nelson Mandela. The only truly global occasions are the Olympics and the World Cup, watched by thousands of millions across the world. These great sporting events bring together players and athletes from different races like no other. Not only that, but sport provides just about the only example of global democracy where the rich do not dominate: on the contrary, Brazilians have long been supreme at football, the Kenyans at middle-distance running, and black Americans at boxing.

The ultimate risk

However, there are signs of disquiet in this vast, global industry. The sheer volume of sport is reaching bursting point for all but the most besotted fan. In football, the president of FIFA has suggested staging the World Cup every two years instead of four, and overpaid tennis players and golfers fly endlessly in personal jets from one meaningless tournament to the next. Sport risks killing itself through greed and over-exposure. The danger is that we will all become satiated and ultimately disillusioned.

7. Language focus

Explain the meanings of the following word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own:

1. to worship cultural icons2. a worldwide obsession3. a self-made person4. gut-wrenching experience5. thronging masses6. to accumulate untold riches 7. to be saturated with smth

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8. the growing prominence of sports stars 9. to convey glamour and authenticity10. signs of disquiet11. sheer volume 12. bursting point13. greed and over-exposure

8. Translate the following sentences using the topical vocabulary :

1. Організатори матчів відомих футбольних команд накопичують незліченні багатства, тому що стадіони збирають величезні натовпи шанувальників цього виду спорту та уболювальників.2. Російська тенісистка перемогла в вирішальному поєдинку Уімбілдонського турніру і про неї одразу заговорили як про людину, яка домоглася успіху власними силами.3. Спортсменів переповнює шалене відчуття, коли з кожною перемогою все більше зростає іх популярність і вони здатні на нові спортивні перемоги.4. Глядачі із захопленням спостерігали за виступом відомої української гімнастки, яка, виконуючи програму, несла в собі чарівність і справжність.5. Досвідчений спортсмен був здатний на все, щоб здобути перемогу на Олімпійських іграх у Греції, і дійсно був неперевершеним у штовханні ядра.6. Настав критичний момент боксерського поєдинку і у тренера з’явились ознаки занепокоєння відносно результатів поєдинку.

9. Give English equivalents for the following word combinations: накопичувати незліченні багатства ; просочуватись чимось; справжня сила; бути неперевершеним; очманілий; шалене відчуття; повсюдний; аматор, любитель; вирішальний, критичний; кількісне зростання, поширення, розповсюдження ; передавати (нести в собі) чарівність та справжність; людина, що забов`язана усім самому собі, яка домоглась успіху власними силами; відображати.

10. Which of the sports are these people probably talking about?

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1. "The ball has a natural curve on it so it doesn't go in a straight line on the grass.”2. "Provided it's not too windy at the top, there's no problem.”3. "It is incredibly noisy, fast and dangerous, but it's really exciting to watch.”4. "You get sore at first and can hardly sit down, but you get used to it after a while.”5. “It's all a matter of balance really.”6. “You need a good eye and a lot of concentration.”

11. Name one other piece of equipment necessary to play these sports apart from the item given, as in the example. What special clothing, if any, is worn for each sport?

Example: golf: clubs, balls

1. archery: bow,2. badminton: racket,3. hockey: stick,4. baseball: bat,5. darts: darts,

12. Collocations. Fill the gaps with suitable verbs.

1. Were many records__________________________________at the Olympics?2. We've been __________so many times we deserve to be bottom of the league!3. Congratulations! How many points did you ________________________ by?4. You should ___________________ jogging. That would help you lose weight.5. Who _______________ the world record for the 1000 metres? Is it a Russian?6. I only ever once ________________________a goal, and that was sheer luck. 13. What do you call a person who... ?

1. does the long-jump? a long-jumper 5. does gymnastics?2. rides horses in races? 6. plays hockey?3. drives cars in races? 7. plays football?

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4. throws the discus/javelin? 8. does the pole-vault?

14. Make sure you know which sports these places are associated with, as in the example. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1. court tennis, squash, etc. 5. rink2. course 6. alley3. ring 7. piste4. pitch

A. Common sports

hang-gliding windsurfing bowls darts

riding snooker/pool/billiards motor-racing

B. Equipment - what you hold in /our hand

golf - club squash/tennis/badminton - racket darts - dart archery - bow cricket/table-tennis/baseball - bat hockey - stick snooker/pool/billiards - cue canoeing - paddle rowing - oar fishing - rod/line

Athletics - some field events

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Discus javelin high-jump long-jump pole-vault

She's a good sprinter. [fast over short distances]He's a great long-distance runner. [e.g. 5000 metres, marathon]Jogging round the park every Saturday's enough for me.

Verbs and their collocations in the context of sport

Our team won/lost by three goals/points.She broke the Olympic record last year.He holds the record for the 100 metres breast-stroke.Liverpool beat Hamburg 4-2 yesterday.The team have never been defeated. [more formal than beat]How many goals/points have you scored this season?I think I'll take up bowls next spring and give up golf.

People who do particular sports-er can be used for many sports, e.g. footballer, swimmer, windsurfer, high-jumper, cricketer, golfer, etc. Player is often necessary, e.g. tennis-player, snooker-player, darts-player; we can also say football-player, cricket-player. Some names must be learnt separatel e.g. canoeist, cyclist, mountaineer, jockey, archer (not archerer), gymnast.

15. Give names for the illustrated sports.

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1. ___________or s____________2. _______________________y3. ______________t__________4. ______c________5. ________1_______

6. __________m____________

7. ____________________-ball8. g _______________________9. h_________ j _______10. ____k__________

16. Match the following sports with the right pictures.

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... rowing

... javelin

... pole vault

... hurdles

... fencing

... relay race

... wrestling

17. Complete the following sentences with the words or phrases from the list below.

captain football ground (or pitch) goal referee

coach footballer kick-off score

draw fouls league soccer

fair free (or penalty) kick opponents

1. What Europeans call "football", Americans call …….. .2. The instructor of the team is the ……… .3. When you play in a football team you are a ……… .4. The games take place on a …….. .5. The leader of the team is the ………. .6. The man in the …….. is the goal-keeper.7. The beginning of the match is the …….. .8. During the match each team tries to …….. as many goals as possible.9. When the teams have scored the same number of goals we say it's a … 10. The players of the other team are the ……… .11. The man who enforces the rules during the game is the ……... .12. Playing correctly is called ……….. play.13. Unfair moves are called ………. .14. When a player breaks the rules the other team may get a ……… .15. A federation of football clubs is called a football ……… .18. Fill in the table putting “+” whereappropiate

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SPORTS TEAM INDIVIDUAL COMBATIVE INDOOR OUTDOORrugbyrelay racingjumpinggolffencingskiingboxingcricketridingsoccer

19. Match the names of the footballers with their position on the field.

... centre back

... goal keeper

... right back

. . . left back

. . . midfield players

. . . strikers

20. Choose the right answer.

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1. This year our team are the….. favourites to win the cup.a) firm b) full c) grand d) hard

2. The team's coach insisted on a programme of …..training before the big match.

a) harsh b) rigorous c) severe d) searching

3. The team has practised hard so that it could ….. the trophy.a) regain b) replace c) restore d) return

4. The team's recent wins have….. them for the semi-finals.a) fitted b) matched c) promoted d) qualified

5. John is always….. about how well he plays football.a) boasting b) flaunting c) parading d) puffing

6. His poor standard of play fully justifies his….. from the team for the next matcha) ban b) exception c) exclusion d) rejection

7. The footballer was….. the field for kicking the referee.a) brought off b) put off c) sent off d) taken off

8. The footballer scored four….. , so his team won the match.a) aims b) games c) goals d) scores

9. The fan shouted at the ….. of his voice.a) head b) height c) limit d) top

10. The….. at the football match became violent when their team lost.a) customers b) groups c) observers d) spectators

11. Our village team were hopelessly ….. by the professional visitors.a) outclassed b) outgrown c) outnumbered d) outraced

12. He was nervous at the beginning of the game but later he came into his ….. .a) best b) nature c) own d) style

13. The….. said it was a foul and gave us a free kick.a) controller b) director c) referee d) umpire

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14. In his first game for our team he ….. a goal after two minutes.a) earned b) gained c) scored d) won

15. Manchester United are playing ….. Birmingham this Sunday.a) against b) facing c) opposite d) with

16. Even though the match wasn't very exciting, the ….. managed to make it sound interesting.a) announcer b) commentator c) narrator d) presenter

17. The football match resulted in a….. .a) draw b) equaliser c) loss d) zero

18. The football team won partly because they had been trained by such a good….. .a) coach b) director c) instructor d) teacher

19. After their long period of training, the footballers were in good ….. .a) cut b) figure c) shape d) style

20. The referee the goal because of a previous infringement.a) annulled b) demolished c) disallowed d) disqualified

21. Having lost the match, the team travelled home inspirits.a) cold b) dark c) empty d) low

22. As they watched the match, the crowd ….. in unison.a) bellowed b) chanted c) crowed d) intoned

23. We still don't know who is going to win, because at half-time the score is one….. .a) all b) each c) equal d) together

24. I advise you not to ….. the referee's decision.a) condemn b) condone c) conduct d) contest

25. As the minutes ticked by and we held on to our narrow lead our hopes of victory….. steadily.a) arose b) aroused c) raised d) rose21. Complete these expressions using the things on the right.

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1. a boxing 2. a golf 3. a football 4. a race 5. a running 6. a skating 7. a squash 8. a swimming 9. a tennis 10. a billiard

a) course b) court c) pitch d) pool e) ring f) rink g) table h) track

22. Fill in the table matching the sports with the right kinds of engagements.

GAME MATCH TOURNAMENT

COMPETITION

RACE CONTEST

footballskiingchesstennisshootinghorseboxingmotorfencing

23. Give the names for the illustrated ways of swimming.

1. _____________ s_________________

2. b _______s___________

3. __ r _____

4. b_ t ____________

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24. HORSE RIDING. Match the words with the right numbers in the picture.

... bridle

... saddle... harness ... stirrup

... reins ... riding crop

25. Indicate which equipment is used in the following sports.

ball oat bow club gloves oar racket rod stick

anglingarcherybaseballboxingcricketgolfhockeyping pongrowingsquash

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1. I met Pete ….. his bicycle along the pavement.a) pulling b) rolling c) turning d) wheeling

2. He was…..from the competition because he had not complied with the rules.a) banished b) disqualified c) forbidden d) outlawed

3. Some of the best golf….. are to be found in England.a) courses b) courts c) pitches d) tracks

4. Sport is a good ….. for aggression.a) let off b) offshoot c) outlet d) way out

5. When she was told she had won the first prize in the competition, she had to….. herself to make sure she wasn't dreaming.a) grasp b) pinch c) scratch d) seize

6. This is the running ….. where the first 4 minute mile was run.a) circle b) course c) ring d) track

7. Have you been able to book us a tennis ….. for tomorrow?a) court b) field c) ground d) pitch

8. The boxer ….. and almost fell when his opponent hit him.a) scrambled b) shattered c) staggered d) stammered

9. He has always been ..... supporter of his local rugby team.a) a forcible b) an unbeaten c) a staunch d) a sure

10. They stood glowering at each other, their fists ….. ready for action.a) clasped b) clenched c) grasped d) joined

11. It seems that the world record for this event is almost impossible to ….. .a) balance b) beat c) compare d) meet

12. The boxer ….. his opponent as hard as he could.a) knocked b) punched c) slapped d) touched

13. Our team faced fierce ….. in the relay races.260

a) attack b) competition c) contest d) opponents

14. She is a good runner but she's not much good at ….. .a) barriers b) fences c) hurdles d) jumps

15. He ran four ….. of the course in half an hour.a) hurdles b) laps c) sprints d) vaults

16. Most ….. tennis stars learn the game at an early age.a) hopeful b) prospective c) will-be d) willing

17. Mary tells me she is ….. my horse in the Derby.a) backing b) betting c) gambling d) staking

18. I always feel ….. before the start of a race.a) jerky b) jittery c) timid d) unsteady

19. All the athletes were wearing ….. suits when they came into the stadium.a) jogging b) running c) sports d) track

20. The new sports centre ….. for all kinds of leisure activities.a) caters b) deals c) furnishes d) supplies

21. I'm afraid we shall have to call ….. the match on account of the bad weather.a) back b) in c) off d) on

22. I tried to ….. my disappointment at losing by cheering the winner loudly.a) hide b) mask c) shield d) veil

23. The fastest runner took the ….. just five metres before the finishing line.a) advance b) head c) lead d) place

24. There is a lot of friendly….. between the supporters of the two teams.a) contention b) contest c) defiance d) rivalry

25. He's ….. to win. No one else in the race stands a chance.a) bound b) liable c) probable d) unavoidable

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