Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human...

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Health Care in Modern Africa • AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. • AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. • People with HIV do not necessarily have AIDS & can carry HIV for years without not knowing it. • As a result, AIDS statistics can be misleading.

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SOUTHERN AFRICA

Transcript of Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human...

Page 1: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Health Care in Modern Africa

• AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

• AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency.

• People with HIV do not necessarily have AIDS & can carry HIV for years without not knowing it.

• As a result, AIDS statistics can be misleading.

Page 2: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• The number of people who have AIDS lags behind those infected with HIV.

• Some medical geographers predict that the populations of Africa’s worst affected countries could decline by 10 to 20%.

Page 3: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• The history of Southern Africa involves a blending a colonialism with African cultures & the development of gold-trading empires.

Page 4: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Ethnic Clash for Southern Africa

• As Europeans migrated to Southern Africa in the 1700s & 1800s, their presence led to conflict with Africans.

Page 5: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

The Policy of Apartheid in South Africa

• Apartheid: complete separation of the races.

• In 1948, the white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apartheid. – It banned social contract between

whites & blacks.– Established segregated schools,

hospitals, & neighborhoods.

Page 6: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Black males made up 75% of the population but they only received a small percentage of land.

• The government kept the best land for whites.

Page 7: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• 1912, blacks founded the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights.

• In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the leaders of the ANC.

• He led a long struggle to end the apartheid that resulted in his being imprisoned.

Page 8: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Nelson Mandela

Page 9: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• By the 1980s, nations around the world –including the US- pressured South Africa to end apartheid.

• South Africa experienced a peaceful revolution & the government ended its apartheid laws.

Page 10: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• An election that involved members of all races in South Africa took place in 1994.

• Mandela won & became president.

• 1996, the government passed a new, democratic constitution that guarantees the rights of all citizens.

Page 11: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Southern Africa Grows Economically

• The economies of Southern Africa are some of the most advanced in South Africa.

• But, many countries are struggling to raise the standard of living for blacks, who get the worst jobs, own the least productive land, & attend the worst schools .

Page 12: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• The policy of apartheid has hurt the economy of South Africa.

• Foreign nations imposed economic sanctions that prevented their countries from conducting business with or investing in South Africa.

Page 13: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• One segment of South Africa has an upper-middle-income economy like that of the US.

• Possesses great cities with huge industrial complexes, such as Johannesburg & Cape Town.

• Also has modern, mechanized farms & large ranches.

Page 14: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• South Africa also has poverty stricken rural areas.

• Shantytowns also fill portions of the cities.

• The government faces problems arising from unequal land distribution & a severe housing shortage.

Page 15: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• By 1995, Botswana had become the world’s 3rd largest diamond producer.

• Diamonds account for more than 63% of government revenue.

• But there is uneven distribution of the profits—an issue in many African countries.

Page 16: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Approximately 80% of the people work as farmers & never benefit from the diamond revenue.

• The other 20% grow wealthy from diamond money.

Page 17: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Problem-the wealthy people are buying large tracts of land for cattle ranching from poor farm owners.

• As a result, poor farmers often move to less productive land.

• Meat production increases, but overall food production actually decreases.

Page 18: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Botswana winds up producing only 50% of the food needed to feed its population.

• The rest must be imported or come from international aid.

Page 19: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

AIDS Affects Southern Africa

• By 1999, the most severe AIDS affected countries were in Southern Africa.

• In Zimbabwe & Botswana, more than 25% of all adults were infected with HIV.

Page 20: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Johannesburg

• About 100 years ago it began as a small mining town & grew because of nearby gold reserves.

• Today, it has more than 6 million people with many different ethnicities & backgrounds.

Page 21: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• As a result of the apartheid, Johannesburg developed into 2 different cities.

• To the north lie spacious suburbs that were once exclusively white.

• To the south are poor black townships.

Page 22: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Modern & Traditional Lifestyles

• Some ethnic groups of Southern Africa follow more traditional patterns as farmers, traders, or herders.

• The Zulu either work in menial jobs like mining or cling to their traditional roles as farmers or metalworkers.

• The Zulu have a long tradition of making spears, axes, & other tools and weapons.

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Zulu Tribe

Page 24: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Egypt faces environmental challenges caused by water.

• Egyptians tried to control the floodwaters of the Nile throughout history.

• Egyptians built the 1st Aswan Dam in 1902.

Page 25: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Four miles upriver from the 1st Aswan Dam, the Egyptians cut a huge channel through the land beside the Nile River.

• The builders used the rocks from the channel as a base for their new creation—the Aswan High Dam, which was completed in 1970.

Page 26: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Lake Nasser, which Egypt shares with Sudan, is the artificial lake created behind the dam.

• It stretches nearly 300 miles!

Page 27: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• The dam gives farmers a regular supply of water.

• It holds the Nile’s floodwaters, releasing them as needed so that farmers can use the water effectively for irrigation.

Page 28: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.
Page 29: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• As a result of the dam, farmers can have 2 or 3 harvests per year.

• The dam has increased Egypt’s farmable land by 50%.

• The dam has also helped Egypt avoid droughts & floods.

Page 30: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Problems With the Dam

• During the dam’s construction, many people had to be relocated.

• The dam decreased the fertility of the soil around the Nile.

• The river no longer deposits its rich silt or sediment on the farmland.

• Farmers must now rely on expensive fertilizers to enrich the soil.

Page 31: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Rates of malaria & other diseases have increased due to greater numbers of mosquitoes, which thrive on the still waters of Lake Nasser & the irrigation canals.

Page 32: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Colonization Disrupts Africa

• In the 19th century, Europe’s industrialized nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials.

• They wanted to colonize & control parts of Africa to obtain the resources.

Page 33: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Scramble for Africa

• Europeans did not want to fight over Africa.

• To prevent wars, 14 European nations convened the Berlin Conference.

• Berlin Conference-in 1884-1885 to lay down the rules for dividing Africa.

Page 34: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• No African ruler was invited to attend this conference, even though it concerned Africa’s land & people.

• By 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia remained free of European control.

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• Nations that attended the conference decided that any European country could claim land in Africa by telling other nations of their claims & showing they could control the area.

Page 36: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• The European nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived.

• They set boundaries that combined peoples who were traditional enemies & divided others who were not.

Page 37: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• Europe’s division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence & ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 20th century.

Page 38: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• During the Europeans 19th & 20th Century colonization of Africa’s countries, Ethiopian emperor Menelik II protected his country from takeover by the Italians.

• Ethiopia, in 1896, defeated Italy’s attempted armed takeover by fighting back with their own arms that had been provided, in part, by the French.

Page 39: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

Conflict in East Africa

• By the 1970s, most of East Africa has regained its independence from Europe.

• Internal disputes & civil wars became a serious problem.

Page 40: Health Care in Modern Africa AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency. People with HIV do not necessarily.

• One problem was that European colonial powers had not prepared East African nations for independence.

• Ethnic boundaries created by the Europeans forced cultural divisions that had not existed before colonialism.