By:Carlo Hidalgo

What is health?

Disease free state

According to the World Health Organization

It is a state of complete physical, mental, and

social well – being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Soundness or wholeness of the body

What is illness?

A sickness or deviation from a healthy state

It’s considered as a broader concept than disease

According to Imogene KingIllness is an interference in the life

cycle

Disease

Alteration in body functions; resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of the normal life span

Etiology

Causation of the disease Identification of all the causal factors that act together to bring about a particular disease

Risk Factors

any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or psychological condition that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident

Risk Factors of a disease:

GeneticAgeEnvironmentLifestyle

What is Wellness?

Choice to move towards optimal health; integration of body, mind & spirit; loving acceptance of self;

a way of life

Dimensions of Wellness

1. Physical – carry out daily tasks; to practice positive lifestyle

2. Social – successful interaction with people; develop & maintain intimacy with significant others; to develop respect & tolerance for those with different opinions

Dimensions of Wellness

3. Emotional – ability to manage stress; express emotions appropriately; to accept one’s limitations

4. Intellectual – ability to learn & use information effectively for personal, career & family development

Dimensions of Wellness

5. Spiritual – belief in some force that gives meaning & purpose to life

Concepts on Health & Illness According to Claude BernardHealth is the ability to maintain the

internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the internal environment

According to Walter CannonHealth is the ability to maintain

homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the negative feedback mechanism

Concepts on Health & Illness

- According to Walter CanonAbility to maintain

homeostasis - According to Martha RogersSymbolizes wellness; defined

by the culture or individual

Health Belief Model- describes the relationship between person’s belief & behavior

- individual perceptions & modifying factors may influence health beliefs

Concepts on Health & Illness

Agent –Host-Environment Model

Ecologic model – 3 interactive factors that affect health & illness. Agent, host & environment

Health Promotion Model

Multi-dimensional nature of persons as they interact within the environment to attain good health.

Smith’s Models of Health:

1. Clinical Model – Health is identified by the absence of signs & symptoms of disease or injury. “not being sick”

2. Role Performance Model – Defines health how an individual performs societal roles, performs work; people who can fulfill their roles are said to be healthy even if they appear clinically ill.

3. Adaptive model – Health is a creative process, disease is the result of failure to adapt; focus is adaptation & interaction to the environment to achieve maximum potential

4. Eudaemonistic model – Most comprehensive view

of health; health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential; fulfillment & complete development

Factors affecting health Genetics

Cognitive abilities

Demographic factors

Geographic Locale

Culture

Lifestyle and environment

Previous health experiences

Spirituality

Support systems

Health beliefs and practices

Factors affecting health

Disease Stages

Exposure or injury

Latency or incubation period

Prodromal period

Acute phase

Remission

Convalescence

Recovery

Disease Stages

Types of Illness

Acute

Chronic

Effects of Illness

Changes in body appearance or function

Sensory changes Unusual body emissions Uncomfortable physical

manifestations Changes in emotional status Changes in relationships

Stages of Illness:

1.Symptom Experience – Person believes that something is wrong

2. Assumption of Sick Role

– Acceptance of the illness; seeks advice, support decisions to give up some activities

3. Medical Care Contact – Seeks advice of health professionals to validate the illness, explanation of symptoms & to predict outcomes of the illness

4. Dependent Patient Role – Dependent on health professional for help; may accept or reject doctor’s suggestions, passive & accepting

5. Recovery/rehabilitation – Returns to former roles & functions

Levels of Prevention:

1.Primary Prevention – Increase person’s resistance to illness; prevents the disease from happening ex. Eat a well balanced diet

2. Secondary Prevention – Health maintenance; identify illness or conditions at an early stage with intervention to prevent exacerbation.

Ex. Regular Pap’s smear for women

3. Tertiary Prevention

– Recovery process after a disease or injury has occurred; aim is to slow down the disease process & assists the patient in achieving an optimal health status

ex. rehabilitation after a stroke

Reaction to Illness:

FrustrationAnxietyAngerUncertainty

DenialShame Grief

Reaction to Illness:

Emotional reactions to illness:

1.) Anxiety – normal reaction to stress, threat or harm

2.) Fear – reaction to specific threat

Anxiety

Anxiety - Vague feeling of dread or apprehension; response to internal or external stimuli

considered normal when appropriate to the situation

Levels of Anxiety:

1.Mild anxiety – Motivates people to make changes or engage in role directed activities- Sensory stimulation increases & helps the person to focus

2. Moderate anxiety – Disturbing feeling that something is wrong; agitated or nervous- Difficulty concentrating but can be redirected to the topic- Decreased awareness of environmental details

3. Severe anxiety – disturbance in thought pattern & reasoning- muscles tighten, VS increase, person paces, restless, irritable, angry- perceptual field greatly decreased

4. Panic – cognitive process focuses on the person’s defense; distorted perceptions of the environment; inability to understand situations “don’t know what to do, don’t know what to say”

Panic

Health Promotion

Any activity undertaken for the purpose of achieving a higher level of health & well being

Nurses Role in Health Promotion:

1.Model healthy lifestyle behaviors & attitude

2. Teach client self care strategies to enhance fitness

3. Improve nutrition, manage stress & enhance relationships

4. Assists individual families & communities to increase their levels of health