He Laws of Cricket Are a Set of Rules Established by the Marylebone Cricket Club

7/31/2019 He Laws of Cricket Are a Set of Rules Established by the Marylebone Cricket Club

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he laws of cricket are a set ofrulesestablished by theMarylebone Cricket Club(MCC) which describe the laws ofcricketworldwide, to ensure uniformity andfairness. There are currently 42 laws, which outline all aspects of how the game isplayed from how a team wins a game, how a batsman is dismissed, through tospecifications on how the pitch is to be prepared and maintained. The MCC is a

private club based inLondoninEnglandand is no longer the game's officialgoverning body; however the MCC retains the copyright in the laws of the game andonly the MCC may change the laws, although nowadays this would usually only bedone after discussions with the game's global governing body theInternationalCricket Council(ICC).

Cricket is one of the fewsportsfor which the governing principles are referred to as'Laws' rather than as 'Rules' or 'Regulations'. However regulations to supplementand/or vary the laws may be agreed for particular competitions.

Contents

[hide]

1 History 2 Today's laws

o 2.1 Players and officialso 2.2 Equipment and laying out the pitcho 2.3 Structure of the gameo 2.4 Scoring and winningo 2.5 Mechanics of dismissalo 2.6 Ways to get outo 2.7 Fielderso 2.8 Fair and unfair playo 2.9 Appendices

3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] History

The origins of cricket are debatable, but it probably derived from numerous gamesand sports involving hitting a ball with a bat or club (seeHistory of cricket). In theeighteenth century, it expanded to become a betting game especially popular withthe British aristocracy. The earliest laws were drawn up in that context, to helpregulate a game on which large sums of money were being staked. The earliestexisting known Code of cricket was drawn up by certain "Noblemen and Gentlemen"who used the Artillery Ground in London in 1744. In 1755 there is further referenceto the laws being revised by "Several Cricket Clubs, particularly the Star and Garter

in Pall Mall", followed by a revision of the Laws by "a committee of Noblemen andGentlemen ofKent,Hampshire,Surrey,Sussex,Middlesexand London at the Star
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and Garter" in 1774. A printed form of the laws was published in 1775 and a furtherrevision to the laws was undertaken by a similar body of Noblemen and Gentlemenof Kent, Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and London in 1786.

However, these laws were not universally followed, with different games played

under different guidance. On 30 May 1788, theMarylebone Cricket Club, which hadbeen formed by the leading noblemen and gentlemen playing the game just oneyear before, produced its first Code of Laws. Whilst the MCC's version of the Lawswere not accepted fully immediately, or applied consistently, it is the successor ofthese Laws that governs the game today. The next major change in 1809 sawfurther standardisation of the weight of the ball from between 5 and 6 ounces (142to 170 g) to between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (156 to 163 g), and the width of thecricket batwas standardised for the first time. The law to score runs of a ball hittingthe non-striker stumps was made redundant and the length of stumps was increasedfrom 22 to 24 inches and bails from 6 to 7 inches to help the bowlers, and the

importance ofumpireswas further enhanced. Finally, a new method of dismissing abatsman was introduced. Previously, as cricket uses a hard ball and leg-pads werenot used, players would naturally play with their legs away from the wicket. Asbatsmen started to wear pads, they became willing to cover their stumps with theirlegs to prevent the ball hitting the stumps and bowling them. Therefore a "legbefore wicket" rule was introduced so that a batsman preventing the ball hitting hisstumps with his legs would be out.

In 1829 the Length of stumps increased from 24 to 27 inches (610 to 690 mm) andthe length of the bails was increased from 7 to 8 inches (180 to 200 mm), again to

help the bowlers. For the first time, the thickness of stumps was mentioned. A newCode of Laws was approved by the MCC Committee on 19 May 1835, and anotheron 21 April 1884. In the 1884 laws the number of players was formalised for the firsttime (at eleven-a-side), and the size of the ball was formalised for the first time too.The follow-on rule was introduced. This was in response to the problem that to wina game a side needed to dismiss their opposition twice. A side that batted first andwas fully on top of a match and scoring lots of runs would have to wait until it wasdismissed a second time before it could attempt to dismiss the opposition a secondtime. As cricket is a time-limited game, it meant that sides that dominated theopposition could be forced to draw rather than win games. The initial follow-on rulewas faulty, though, as it required a side to follow-on when it was behind. A sidecould deliberately concede its last wickets in the first innings in return for being ableto bowl last on a deteriorating pitch. Later the follow-on rule was changed so that ateam sufficiently ahead of its opposition has the option on whether to enforce it ornot.

In 1947 a new Code was approved by the MCC on 7 May. In 1979 after a number ofminor revisions of the 1947 Code, a new Code was approved at an MCC SpecialGeneral Meeting on 21 November. This is known as the 1980 code. Amongst otherchanges, imperial units are now followed by metric units in the specifications.

In 1992 a second edition of the 1980 Code was produced. In 2000 a new Code,which for the first time included a Preamble defining the Spirit of Cricket was
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approved on 3 May. The code was rewritten into plain English and is more discursivethan previous Codes. The length of an over was officially standardised at six balls forall matches, although in practice this had been the case for 20 or so years beforethat. In 2003 a second version of the 2000 Code was produced incorporatingnecessary amendments arising from the application of the 2000 Code.

Throwing was first regulated in laws produced in 1829. In 1864 overarm bowlingwas permitted for the first time.

In 1889, the length of an over increased from four balls to five balls. In 1900, thelength of an over was increased to six balls. In 1922, variation was allowed in thelength of the over (Australian overs to be eight balls). The 1947 Code stipulated thatthe length of an over was to be six or eight balls according to "prior agreement"between the captains.

[edit] Today's laws

TheMarylebone Cricket Clubis the framer of the Laws of Cricket, the rulesgoverning play of the game. The Laws are intended to apply to all twoinningsmatches; theInternational Cricket Councilhas implemented "Standard PlayingConditions forTest Matches" and "Standard Playing Conditions forOne DayInternationals" to augment the Laws of Cricket. Similarly, each cricketing countryhas implemented Playing Conditions to govern domestic cricket. The Laws providefor One-day, or Limited overs cricket (including Twenty20) by stipulating that thenumber of innings per side may be one or two, and that each innings may be

restricted to a maximum number of overs, or a maximum period of time.

The Laws retain theImperial unitsas they were originally specified, but now alsoinclude metric conversions.

The Laws are organised into a Preface, a Preamble, forty-two Laws, and fourappendices. The Preface relates to the Marylebone Cricket Club and the history ofthe Laws. The Preamble is a new addition and is related to "the Spirit of the Game;"it was introduced to discourage the increasing practices of ungentlemanly conduct.

Eight amendments were made to the laws which dealt with bad light, the toss, spiritof cricket, practice sessions, fielding athleticism and rare dismissals on September30, 2010 w.e.f October 1, 2010. These amendments can be readhere

The Laws themselves deal with the following:

[edit] Players and officials
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In men's cricket the ball must weigh between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9 and 163g) and measure between 8 13/16 and 9 in (22.4 and 22.9 cm) in circumference.

The Cricket pitch dimensions
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Awicketconsists of threestumps, upright wooden poles that are hammered into theground, topped with two wooden crosspieces, known as thebails.

The first four laws cover the players, the umpires and the scorers.

Law 1:The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain.Outside of official competitions, teams can agree to play more than eleven-a-side,

though no more than eleven players may field.
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Law 2:Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder.However, a substitute may not bat, bowl, keep wicket or act as captain. The originalplayer may return if he has recovered. A batsman who becomes unable to run mayhave a runner, who completes the runs while the batsman continues batting.

Alternatively, a batsman may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his

innings if he recovers.

Law 3:The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make allnecessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not required underthe laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the ground andavailable to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific playingconditions of a particular match or tournament.

Law 4:The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals andkeep the score.

[edit] Equipment and laying out the pitch

After dealing with the players, the laws move on to discuss equipment and pitchspecifications, except for specifications about the wicket-keeper's gloves, which aredealt with inLaw 40. These laws are supplemented by Appendices A and B (seebelow).

Law 5:The ball. A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75ounces(155.9g and

163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ballof similar wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at therequest of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a certain number ofovers have been bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 inODIs). The gradual degradationof the ball through the innings is an important aspect of the game.

Law 6:The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no morethan 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the bat is consideredpart of the bat. Ever since theHeavy Metalincident, a highly publicized marketingattempt byDennis Lillee, who brought out analuminiumbat during an internationalgame, the laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood (andin practice, they are made fromWhite Willowwood).

Law 7:The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m) longand 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch, butonce the game has started, the umpires control what happens to the pitch. Theumpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem itunfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket isalmost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch isused, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m) and aminimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
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Law 8:The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches(71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with equal distancesbetween each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches (23 cm) wide. Twowooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than

0.5 inches (1.3 cm) above the stumps, and must, for men's cricket, be 4516 inches

(10.95 cm) long. There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of thebail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. Theumpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (i.e. it is windy so theymight fall off by themselves). Further details on the specifications of the wickets arecontained in Appendix A to the laws.

Law 9:Bowling, popping, and return creases. This law sets out the dimensions andlocations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in themiddle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps in the set ofstumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the

imaginary line joining the centres of both middle stumps). Each bowling creaseshould be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the middle stump at eachend, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The poppingcrease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or not, and which isused in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is drawn at each end of thepitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet(1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it is considered tohave unlimited length, the popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m)on either side of the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps. Thereturn creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a delivery,

are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each sides of the pitch (sothere are four return creases in all, one on either side of both sets of stumps). Thereturn creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centresof the two middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end at the poppingcrease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be markedto a minimum of 8 feet (2.4 m) from the popping crease.

Law 10:Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a cricket ball isbowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and the behaviour of the ball isgreatly influenced by the condition of the pitch. As a consequence, detailed rules onthe management of the pitch are necessary. This law contains the rules governinghow pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.

Law 11:Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the groundsmenhave placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew. The laws stipulate that theregulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed by both captains in advance. Thedecision concerning whether to cover the pitch greatly affects how the ball will reactto the pitch surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as compared to dryground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as to deliver the ball (the'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid injury through slipping and falling,

and the Laws also require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wetweather.
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[edit] Structure of the game

Laws 12 to 17 outline the structure of the game.

Law 12:Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be over one or

two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or byovers. In practice, these decisions are likely to be laid down by CompetitionRegulations, rather than pre-game agreement. In two-innings games, the sides batalternately unless the follow-on (law 13) is enforced. An innings is closed once allbatsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared orforfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached. Thecaptain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.

Law 13:The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting second scoressubstantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side that batted first can

force their opponents to bat again immediately. The side that enforced the follow-onrisks not getting to bat again and thus the chance of winning. For a game of five ormore days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce thefollow-on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs;for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the numberof scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.

Law 14:Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings closedat any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his innings before it hasstarted.

Law 15:Intervals. There are intervals between each day's play, a ten-minute intervalbetween innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length of theintervals must be agreed before the match begins. There are also provisions formoving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most notably theprovision that if nine wickets are down, the tea interval is delayed to the earlier ofthe fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.

Law 16:Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with theumpire's call of "Play", and at the end of a session by "Time". The last hour of amatch must contain at least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20overs if necessary.

Law 17:Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on thepitch except before the day's play starts and after the day's play has ended. Bowlersmay only have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would waste notime.

[edit] Scoring and winning

The laws then move on to discuss how runs can be scored and how one team can

beat the other.
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Law 18:Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other'send of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.

Law 19:Boundaries. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If theball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball

didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.

Law 20:Lost ball. If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side cancall "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs (such as no-balls and wides)and scores the higher of six runs and the number of runs actually run.

Law 21:The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If bothsides score the same number of runs, the match is tied. However, the match mayrun out of time before the innings have all been completed. In this case, the matchis drawn.

Law 22:The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no balls.Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite ends of the pitch. A bowler may notbowl two consecutive overs.

Law 23:Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, andbecomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. Once the ball is dead, noruns can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead for anumber of reasons, most commonly when a batsman is dismissed, when a boundaryis hit, or when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.

Law 24:No ball. A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls fromthe wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the bowlingis dangerous; or if the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground beforereaching the batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no ball addsone run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scoredoff it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no ball except by being run out, orby handling the ball, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.

Law 25:Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the batsmandid not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball is called wide

when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A wideadds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which arescored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide except by being run outor stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.

Law 26:ByeandLeg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes the strikerand runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits thestriker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoidbeing hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the team's but not the batsman's total.

[edit] Mechanics of dismissal
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Laws 27 to 29 discuss the main mechanics of how a batsman may be dismissed.

Law 27:Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire"How's That?", commonly shouted emphatically with arms raised, before the nextball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batsman is out. Strictly

speaking, the fielding side must appeal for all dismissals, including obvious onessuch asbowled. However, a batsman who is obviously out will normally leave thepitch without waiting for an appeal or a decision from the umpire.

Law 28:The wicket is down. Several methods of being out occur when the wicket isput down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batsman, or the handin which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least one bail is removed.

Law 29:Batsman out of his ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if theyare out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground if any part of him or his bat is on

the ground behind the popping crease. If both batsman are in the middle of thepitch when a wicket is put down, the batsman closer to that end is out.

[edit] Ways to get out

Laws 30 to 39 discuss the various ways a batsman may be dismissed. In addition tothese 10 methods, a batsman may retire out. That provision is in Law 2. Of these,caughtis generally the commonest, followed bybowled,leg before wicket,run outandstumped. The other forms of dismissal are very rare.

Law 30:Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by thebowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part ofthe batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touchanother player or an umpire before doing so.

Law 31:Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball (or be at thecrease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoingbatsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batsman will be out.

Law 32:Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caughtby the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batsman

is out.

Law 33:Handled the ball. If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that isnot touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out.

Law 34:Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the solepurpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out.

Law 35:Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while theball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The

striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body insetting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
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Law 36:Leg before wicket(LBW). If the ball hits the batsman without first hittingthe bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the balldoes not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. However, if theball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump, and the batsman wasattempting to play a stroke, he is not out.

Law 37:Obstructing the field. If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by wordor action, he is out.

Law 38:Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part ofhis bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly putdown by the opposing side.

Law 39:Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 40) putsdown the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not attempting a run.

[edit] Fielders

Law 40:The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated man from the bowling sideallowed to stand behind the stumps of the batsman. He is the only player from hisside allowed to wear gloves and external leg guards.

Law 41:The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the bowling side.Fielders are positioned to field the ball, to stop runs and boundaries, and to getbatsmen out by catching or running them out.
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He Laws of Cricket Are a Set of Rules Established by the Marylebone Cricket Club

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