DEPRATMENTOF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHREE S’AD VIDHYA MANDAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNLOGY

Faculty:- Aneri ChavanSUBJECT:- Highway Engineering

SR NO . NAME ENROLLMENT NO .

1 Patel Margi M. 1304501060352 Shah Ishani M. 130450106044

Traffic speed- volume

studies ,surveys and parking studies

What is traffic engineering?

Traffic Engineering is that branch of civil engineering which deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe rapid convenient economic movement of people and goods.

The basic object of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents.

Study of traffic engineeringThe study of traffic engineering may be divided into

following sections-1. Traffic Characteristics2. Traffic Studies and Analysis3. Traffic operation-control and regulation4. Planning and analysis5. Geometric Design6. Administration and Management

What is Traffic Study???.....

Traffic studies may be grouped into three main categories:

1. Inventories2. Administrative studies3. Dynamic studies.

Types & purpose of traffic surveys

Volume study Speed studyOrigin and destination – O & D studyTraffic capacity studyAccident studyParking study

(1)Traffic volume study

Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected period.

Traffic volume studies are conducted to collect data on the number of vehicles and/or pedestrians that pass a point on a highway facility during a specified time period.

This time period varies from as little as 15 min to as much as a year, depending on the anticipated use of the data.

Objectives of the volume study

To determine of vehicle composition in traffic stream.To determine the service flow rate in PCU/PCE unit.To estimate of ADT based on expansion factor.

To determine the directional distribution(DD).

To draw flow fluctuation curves

Scope of the Study

Effectiveness of a traffic control measure

To check existing, operating service condition of a roadway section

Planning traffic operation and control of existing facility

To design intersection, signal timings, channelization

Structural design of pavements, geometric design and road way capacity

Volume Study

Traffic volume studies are usually conducted when certain volume characteristics are needed, some of which follow:

Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Peak Hour Volume (PHV) Vehicle Classification (VC) Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)

MethodologyTraffic volume study

Automatic Counting Method

Contact system based 

Contactless system based

Manual Counting Method

Direct Method

indirect Method

Manual Counting Method: Direct method

Data is counted by using hand tally and manual counters/enumerators. Advantages: By this method traffic volume as well as

vehicle classification and turning proportions can be obtained. Data can be used immediately after collection.

Disadvantages: This method is not practicable for long duration count and when flow is high. Error is common especially when volume is high. Count cannot be cross checked. Count cannot be done in bad weather. 

Mechanical Counting Boards

Mechanical count boards consist of counters mounted on a board that record each direction of travel. Common counts include pedestrian, bicycle, vehicle classification, and traffic volume counts.

Electronic Counting Boards

Electronic counting boards are battery-operated, lighter, more compact, and easier to handle. They have an internal clock that automatically separates the data by time interval.

Instruments used in Direct method

Hand Counter Instrument to Measure Distance

Manual Counting Method: Indirect MethodIn this method, data is collected using video camera. Video is captured for long time and data is collected later by rewinding. Advantages: Besides traffic volume, several traffic

parameters can be obtained from recorded film. Data can be cross checked and quality can be ensured. This method is applicable when volume is high. It is suitable for non-lane based traffic operation. 

Disadvantages: A suitable elevated place is required for filming operation. Data cannot be used immediately after collection.

Manual Counting Method: Indirect Method

Video cameras are mounted to record the traffic condition on a road.

Automatic counting method:

In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human involvement. 

Contact system based (pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezoelectric method)

Contactless system based (electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro wave, CCTV/video image processing method etc.)

Advantages: This method is suitable for long duration or continuous count. Count is not affected by bad weather condition. Disadvantages: It requires strict lane discipline. Non motorized vehicles are hard to detect

Equipment used for Automatic counting method: Contact system

Pneumatic Road Tube Counter

Motion sensors 

Equipment used for Automatic counting method: Contactless system

Vehicle numbers are recorder using ultrasound, light beam or other infrared technology.

Traffic volume data can be presented in any of the forms-

1) Average annual Daily traffic :ADT: Average daily traffic is the volume of traffic counted on the roadway(two way) over a given time period (greater than one day but less than one year) divided by the number of days in that time period.AADT: Average annual daily traffic is obtained by adding daily traffic counts over one year divided by 365 days.

2)Variations Charts:These help in deciding the facilities and regulations needed during peak traffic regulations.3)Traffic flow maps-These help to find the traffic volume distribution at a glance.Volume flow diagram-These data are needed for intersection design.4)Thirtieth highest hourly volume:It is found from the plot between hourly volume and the no of hours in an year that the traffic volume is exceeded.

(2)Speed study

Speed studies are necessary because the actual speed of vehicles over a particular may vary depending on various factors such as geometric features, traffic conditions, time, place, environment and driver.

Speed studies un be studied under following heads:

Spot speed: This is the instantaneous speed of vehicle at a specified section or location.

Average speed: Average speed is the average of the spot speeds of all the vehicles passing a given point on the roadways

Running speed: It is the average speed maintained by a vehicles over a particular stretch of road , while the vehicle is in motion

Travel speed(overall speed): it is the effective speed with which a vehicle traverse a particular route between two stations.

Travel speed =

By measuring time Required to travel known distance

Radar speed meter

Photographic method

Measurement of spot speed

Long base method Short base method

1)Direct timing procedure2)Enoscope3)Pressure contact tubes

(3)PARKING SPACE

STUDY

INTRODUCTIONParking is one of the major problems that is

created by the increasing road traffic. It is an impact of transport development.

The availability of less space in urban areas has increased the demand for parking space especially in areas like Central business district. This affects the mode choice also.

This has a great economical impact.

Effect of parking

CongestionAccidentsObstruction to fire fighting

operationsEffect on environment

General Terms of Parking Facilities

1. Parking Accumulation :-The total number of vehicles parked in an area at a specified moment.

2. Parking volume:-The number of vehicles parked in a particular area over a given period of time. It is usually measured in vehicles per day.

3. Parking load:-The area under the parking accumulation curve during a specified period.

4 Parking duration:-The length of time spent in a parking space.5 Parking index:-Percentage of parking bays actually occupied by parked vehicles as compared to the theoretical number available.6 Parking turn over:-Rate of the usage of the available parking space. Thus if there were 10 parking spaces used by 100 vehicles in a period of say 12 hours then the parking turnover would be

On street parkingOn street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself. Off-street parkingParking bay like at the mall

Parking system

On – street or Kerb Parking

1. Parallel Parking

2. 30 degree parking

3. 45 degree parking

4. 60 degree Parking

5. 90 degree Parking

Parallel Parking

30 degree parking

45 degree parking

60 degree Parking

90 degree Parking

Off-street Parking

1.Surface car parks

2.Multistoried car parks

3.Roof parks

4.Mechanical parks

5.Underground car parks

Off-street Parking

Surface car parks

Multistoried car parks

Roof parks

Mechanical parks

Underground car parks

Peripheral Parking Schemes

1. Park and walk Under this scheme the motorists are included to park at the outskirts of the town and walk down to the town.2. Park and ride This scheme provide for peripheral parking facilities and public transport side to the destinations in the town.

Parking studies

Inventory of existing parking space supply and measure current

levels of space usage (accumulation and space turn over).

Identify salient parking characteristics (duration, purpose, trip

destination and walking distances to destination).

Qualify demands and needs.

Estimate facility capital and operating costs, usage and revenues.

Types of Parking Surveys

Parking Space in inventory

Parking Usage Survey by Patrol

Questionnaire Type Parking Usage Survey

Cordon Count

Comprehensive Parking Studies Location where parked

Trip purpose and frequency

Primary trip destination

Length of time parked

Parking fees paid and

Distance walked from primary space to primary destination

Thank You