Hazardous Waste Classification in · PDF file1 Hazardous Waste Classification in California...

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Hazardous Waste Classification in California

Corey YepWaste Identification and Recycling Section

State Regulatory Programs DivisionHazardous Waste Management ProgramDepartment of Toxic Substances Control

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Purpose of Course

• To introduce the basic concepts of hazardous waste classification criteria in California

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Objectives

• Understand the term “waste”

• Understand exclusions and exemptions that may apply

• Understand what the hazardous waste listings and characteristics are

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Waste Classification Requirements

• Two sets of standards in CA

–Federal requirements

–State requirements

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Federal Requirements

• Statute: Chapter 42, United States Code (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act or RCRA)

• (on line at http://uscode.house.gov/usc.htm)

• Regulations: Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR)

• (on line at http://www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr40toc.htm)

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State Requirements

• Statute: California Health and Safety Code, Division 20, Chapter 6.5, Hazardous Waste Control Law

• (on line at http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html)

• Regulations: California Code of Regulations, Division 4.5, Title 22

• (on line at http://www.calregs.com/)

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State Requirements

• Important Note: Unlike the federal requirements, in California both statutes and regulations contain specific requirements

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California is a federally “authorized” state

• Generally, California’s requirements contain all hazardous waste requirements that apply in California

• Most newly adopted federal regulations do not apply in California until California adopts them

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Definition of Hazardous Waste§25117 HSC

• Hazardous Waste– waste that meets criteria adopted by

DTSC pursuant to § 25141 HSC – includes RCRA hazardous wastes

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Hazardous Waste Criteria§25141 HSC

• Criteria shall identify wastes because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics – causes or significantly contributes to an increase in

mortality, serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness

– pose substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment, due to …carcinogenicity, acute or chronic toxicity, bioaccumulative properties, or persistence in the environment, when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed

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Chapter 11 - Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes• Article 1

– General Provisions– Definition of Waste– Definition of Hazardous Waste

• Article 2– Criteria for Identifying the

Characteristics of Hazardous Waste

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Chapter 11 - Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes• Article 3

– Characteristics of Hazardous Waste• Article 4

– Lists of RCRA Hazardous Wastes• Article 5

– Categories of Hazardous Waste

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Waste Classification Process

Waste Identification

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Overview of the waste classification process

• Is the material a waste?– Is the material excluded or exempted?

• Is the waste excluded or exempted?• Is the waste listed in Article 4?• Is the waste listed in Appendix X?• Does the waste exhibit a

characteristic of hazardous waste?

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Waste: Layperson’s definition

• A material that has been used or has otherwise served its intended purpose and, for whatever reason (contaminated, spent, or intent) can or will no longer be used for its intended purpose

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Definition of Waste§25124 HSC §66261.2 22 CCR

• A waste is any discarded material (in any physical form, such as solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas) that is not excluded by 66261.4(a), 66261.4(e), or 25143.2(b) or 25143.2(d)

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Discarded22 CCR 66261.2(b)

• A material is discarded if it is:– Relinquished– Recycled– Inherently waste-like

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Relinquished22 CCR 66261.2(c)

• A material is relinquished if it is:– disposed of– burned or incinerated– accumulated, stored or treated (but

not recycled) before, or in lieu of, being relinquished

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Recycled22 CCR 66261.2(d)• A material is a waste if it is recycled

(or accumulated, stored or treated prior to recycling) if it is:– used in a manner constituting

disposal (placed on land)– burned for energy recovery– reclaimed– accumulated speculatively

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Inherently Waste-like22 CCR 66261.2(e)• A material is a waste if it is

inherently waste-like when it is recycled– RCRA waste codes F020, F021, F022,

F023, F026 and F028 (contain dioxins)

– secondary materials fed to a halogen acid furnace

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Packaging/Labeling22 CCR 66261.2(f)

• Materials are also wastes if they are:– mislabeled or inadequately labeled,

unless labeled correctly within 10 days– in a deteriorated or damaged

container, unless repackaged within 96 hours

• Must pose a threat to human health or the environment

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Waste Exclusions §25124 HSC

• Materials that are not discarded:– Intermediate manufacturing process

streams– Coolants, lubricants or cutting fluids

that are filtered to extend their useful life

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Waste Exclusions §25143.2 HSC

–Certain recyclable materials• ingredients in industrial processes•substitutes for commercial products•returned to original process w/out reclamation

•recycled/reused onsite

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Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(a)• Materials that are not wastes:

– Point source discharges subject to CWA (NPDES permits)

– Nuclear wastes– Spent sulfuric acid used to produce virgin

sulfuric acid– reclaimed pulping liquors– reclaimed secondary materials returned to

original process

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Overview of hazardous waste classification


• Is the waste excluded or exempted?• Is the waste listed in Article 4?• Is the waste listed in Appendix X?• Does the waste exhibit a characteristi

of hazardous waste?

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Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(b)

• Wastes that are not hazardous wastes:– Infectious wastes (animal carcasses)– Wastes excluded under 40 CFR §261.4 *– Used oil re-refining still bottoms used in

asphalt products– Used CFCs that are reclaimed– Mining wastes

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Hazardous Waste Exclusions 22 CCR §66261.4(b)*Wastes excluded under 261.4(b), unless the waste also exhibits an Article 3 characteristic

• Household wastes• Agricultural wastes

used as fertilizers• Mining overburden• Fossil fuel

combustion wastes

• Trivalent chromium wastes (leather tanning)

• Mining wastes• Cement kiln dust• Arsenic treated

wood• And more...

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Hazardous Waste Exemptions22 CCR §66261.4(c-g)

– materials in product or raw material storage tanks are exempt until removed (within 90 days of ceasing operation)

– samples - subject to regulation as a waste after use as a sample ceases

– treatability study samples for generator and labs

– controlled substances

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25141.5(b)(2)(B) HSC

• These wastes are not hazardous wastes if only hazardous by oral LD50 criteriaacetic acid calcium fluoridealuminum chloride calcium formateammonium bromide calcium propionateammonium sulfate cesium chlorideanisole magnesium chlorideboric acid potassium chloride

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25141.5(b)(2)(B) HSC

• These wastes are not hazardous wastes if only hazardous by oral LD50 criteriasodium bicarbonate food flavoring oils:sodium borate allspice oildecahydrate ceylon cinnamon oilsodium carbonate clarified slurry oilsodium chloride dill oilssodium iodide lauryl leaf oilssodium tetraborate

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25141.5(b)(3)(A) HSC

• Effective January 1, 1996• Excluded from hazardous waste

classification for disposal purposes only• Hazardous only because of Total

Threshold Limit Concentration

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25141.5(b)(3)(A) HSC

• Must follow predisposal hazardous waste management requirements in regulations adopted by DTSC

• Does not apply to:– liquids, sludges, sludge-likes, soils, finely

divided or tarry materials– organic constituents

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25143.1 HSC

• Geothermal drilling wastes

• Mining wastes – still subject to TPCA– still subject to Ch. 6.8, HSC

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions §25143.1.5 HSC

• Treated wood wastes– Effective January 1, 1996– treated wood wastes exclusively from

electric, gas or telephone service– must be disposed in a landfill that is

authorized to accept treated wood wastes

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• Cementitious materials – effective January 1, 1996– cement, cement kiln dust, clinker, clinker dust– not required to be tested for solid corrosivity– if hazardous solely due to corrosivity for

solids, excluded from classification as hazardous waste

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• Petroleum contaminated debris if– wood, paper, textiles, concrete

rubble, metallic objects, solid manufactured objects

– not Federally regulated– does not contain free liquids– disposed in Class I or II landfill

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Statutory Exclusions/Exemptions• Asbestos wastes

– §25143.7 HSC– may be disposed in a landfill that is not Class I

• Biohazardous waste– §25117.5 and §117635 HSC– formaldehyde fixed human surgery specimens

or tissues– Wastes contaminated with chemotherapeutic

agents– pharmaceuticals

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Hazardous Waste Exemptions 22 CCR §66261.7• Contaminated containers• Exempted if “empty”

– RCRA empty• Empty containers are not hazardous wastes• Residues remaining in empty containers are not

hazardous wastes• Still a CA hazardous waste unless CA empty too

– California empty

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California empty• Containers empty when:

– Pourable wastes no longer pour when container inverted

– Nonpourable wastes are scraped or otherwise removed

– 5 gallons or smaller - destroyed and disposed– Larger than 5 gallons - reclaimed for scrap

value, reconditioned, remanufactured, or refilled

– Aerosols if completely discharged of contents and propellant

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Hazardous Waste IdentificationListings

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of hazardous waste?

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Listed Hazardous Wastes 22 CCR Article 4• A waste is compared to the wastes

described in the list• The source of the waste (i.e., the

process that generated the waste) is more important than the waste’s characteristics or constituents

• must meet all conditions of the listing

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Three categories of lists

1. Non-specific sources (F)

2. Specific sources (K)

3. Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, and spill residues (P, U)

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of hazardous waste?

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Appendix X

• List of 791 chemicals• List of 66 common names or types of

hazardous wastes• List creates a “presumption”• Wastes listed or containing a listed

chemical are presumed hazardous• Can be classified as nonhazardous using

testing or knowledge, as with other wastes

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Hazardous Waste IdentificationCharacteristics

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of hazardous waste?

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Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes22 CCR Article 3

• Ignitability• Corrosivity• Reactivity• Toxicity

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Ignitability 22 CCR §66261.21

• Liquid with a flashpoint < 140°F (60°C)• Not a liquid and is capable, under STP, of

causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changesand, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard

• Ignitable compressed gas• Oxidizer

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Corrosivity 22 CCR §66261.22

• pH–Aqueous solution with a pH ≤ 2

or > 12.5

–Not aqueous and, when mixed with an equal weight of water, has pH ≤ 2 or > 12.5 (CA only)

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Corrosivity 22 CCR §66261.22

• Steel corrosion rate– Liquid that corrodes steel at a rate

greater than 6.35mm per year– Not liquid, and, when mixed with an

equal weight of water, corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35mm per year (CA only)

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Reactivity 22 CCR §66261.23• explode or react violently when exposed

to water or under normal handling conditions

• create toxic fumes or gases when exposed to water or under common handling conditions

• meets the criteria for classification as an explosive under Department of Transportation rules.

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Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24• Extractable Constituents

– Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

– Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances• Waste Extraction Test (WET)• Total Concentration

– The TCLP is not interchangeable with the WET or the total analysis.

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TCLP WET• Simulated landfill leachate• Acetic acid extractant• 18 hour extraction• 8 inorganic constituents• 23 organic constituents• less aggressive for

inorganic constituents• zero headspace extractor

for volatile organic compounds

• Simulated landfill leachate• Citric acid extractant• 48 hour extraction• 19 inorganic constituents• 18 organic constituents• more aggressive for

inorganic constituents• not necessary for organic

compounds

TCLP vs. WET

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Federal Toxicity Characteristic 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)• D004 Arsenic• D005 Barium• D018 Benzene• D006 Cadmium• D019 Carbon

tetrachloride• D020 Chlordane• D021 Chlorobenzene• D022 Chloroform

• D007 Chromium• D023 o-Cresol• D024 m-Cresol• D025 p-Cresol• D026 Cresol• D016 2,4-D• D027 1,4-Dichloro-

benzene• D028 1,2-Dichloro-

ethane

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Federal Toxicity Characteristic 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)• D029 1,1

Dichloroethylene• D030 2,4

Dinitrotoluene• D012 Endrin• D031 Heptachlor

(and its epoxide)• D032

Hexachlorobenzene• D033 Hexachlorobu-

tadiene

• D034Hexachloroethane

• D008 Lead• D013 Lindane• D009 Mercury• D014 Methoxychlor• D035 Methyl ethyl

ketone• D036 Nitrobenzene• D037

Pentachlorophenol

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Federal Toxicity Characteristic 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)

• D038 Pyridine• D010 Selenium• D011 Silver• D039 Tetrachloro-

ethylene• D015 Toxaphene• D040 Trichloro-

ethylene

• D041 2,4,5 Trichloro-phenol

• D042 2,4,6 Trichloro-phenol

• D017 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)

• D043 Vinyl chloride

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Federal Toxicity Characteristic 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)• Each constituent has a Regulatory

Threshold (RT)• If the measured concentration in the

TCLP extract equals or exceeds the RT, the waste is toxic and hazardous

• Wastes hazardous for a particular constituent are identified by that waste code

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Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)

• Inorganic constituents– Both WET soluble and total

concentrations• Organic constituents

– Both WET soluble and total concentrations

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Inorganic Constituents 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)(A)• Antimony• Arsenic• Asbestos• Barium• Beryllium• Cadmium• Chromium• Chromium VI

• Silver• Thallium• Vanadium• Zinc

• Cobalt• Copper• Fluoride Salts• Lead• Mercury• Molybdenum• Nickel• Selenium

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Organic constituents 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)(B)

• Aldrin• Chlordane• DDT,DDE, DDD• 2,4-Dichlorophen

oxyacetic acid• Dieldren• Dioxin

(2,3,7,8-TCDD)• Endrin

• Heptachlor• Kepone• Organic Lead

Compounds• Lindane• Methoxychlor• Mirex• Pentachloro

phenol

• PCBs• Toxaphene• Trichloro-

ethylene• 2,4,5-Tri-

chloro phenoxy-propionic acid (Silvex)

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Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic Substances22 CCR §66261.24(a)(2)

• Toxic and hazardous if • > Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration

(STLC) by the WET (mg/L)• > Total Threshold Limit Concentration

(TTLC) by analysis for total concentration in waste (mg/kg)

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WET versus TCLP

• Relationship between total concentrations and WET and TCLP methods

• WET method involves a 10-fold dilution of waste to extractant fluid of solid portion of waste

• TCLP method involves a 20-fold dilution of waste to extractant fluid of solid portion of waste

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WET versus TCLP

• If the chemical in a solid waste is 100% soluble in the waste, then the maximum extractable concentration result would be:– WET: 1/10 the total concentration– TCLP: 1/20 the total concentration

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Example

• 530 mg/kg total lead concentration, the maximum soluble results would be– WET: 53 mg/l– TCLP: 26.5 mg/l

• Both federal and state soluble thresholds for lead are 5 mg/l

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Acute Toxicity

• Oral Toxicity• Dermal Toxicity• Inhalation Toxicity• Acute Aquatic Toxicity

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Acute Oral Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(3)

• Effective January 1, 1997

• Waste is hazardous if oral LD50<2500 mg/kg (§ 25141.5 HSC)

• Regulations state oral LD50<5000 mg/kg

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Acute Toxicity 22 CCR §66261.24(a)(4), (5) & (6)

• Waste is hazardous if dermal LD50 <4300 mg/kg

• Waste is hazardous if inhalation LC50 < 10,000 ppm

• Waste is Hazardous if acute aquatic toxicity 96-hour LC50 < 500 mg/liter

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Carcinogenicity [22 CCR §66261.24(a)(7)]Hazardous if present in a waste in single or combined concentration exceeding 0.001 % (10 ppm)

• 2-acetylaminofluorene• acrylonitrile• 4-aminodiphenyl• benzidine• bis(chloromethyl)ether• Methyl chloromethyl

ether• 1,2-dibromo-3-

chloropropane• 3,3-dichlorobenzidine

• Dimethylaminoazoben-zene

• ethyleneimine• alpha-naphthylamine• beta-naphthylamine• 4-nitrobiphenyl• N-nitrosodimethylamine• beta-propiolactone• vinyl chloride

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Experience or Testing22 CCR §66261.24(a)(8)• Wastes shown through experience or

testing to pose a hazard• The criteria were not expected to

capture all possible wastes that could be hazardous

• DTSC is required to modify Chapter 11 if a waste is identified as hazardous using this section and has statewide application (§ 25141.5 HSC)

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• Mixtures– Characteristic– RCRA Listed

• Derived From• Contained In

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Mixture Rule • Characteristic HW - nonRCRA and RCRA

– Evaluate the mixture for hazardous waste characteristics

– Intentional mixture to avoid regulation is treatment, and requires authorization

• Listed HW Mixtures– RCRA listed hazardous wastes mixtures are

hazardous wastes – concentrations are irrelevant

• Exemptions– delisted or listed only for characteristic (ex. F003)

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Derived From Rule • Wastes derived from the treatment,

storage or disposal – Characteristic Wastes

• Evaluate the mixture for HW characteristics• RCRA or nonRCRA characteristic

– RCRA Listed Wastes• hazardous waste, even if treatment destroyed

chemicals of concern• Exemption - delisted or listed only for

characteristic (ex. F003)

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Contained-in Policy

• Applies to contaminated media and debris

• Environmental media (water or soil) that contain listed wastes are hazardous wastes – unless it is demonstrated that the listed

waste is present in insignificant concentrations (risk-based evaluation)

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Hazardous Waste Categories

22 CCR Article 5

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Categories of Hazardous Wastes22 CCR Article 5• RCRA Hazardous Wastes• NonRCRA Hazardous Wastes

– Extremely Hazardous Wastes– Special Wastes

• Other - Universal Wastes – 22 CCR §66273

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Category Dictates:• Land disposal restrictions/treatment

standards• Fees

– Generator– Disposal

• DTSC discretionary authority– variances– tiered permitting

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RCRA Hazardous Wastes22 CCR §66261.100

• Not excluded • Listed (F,K,P,U lists)• Ignitable• Corrosive liquid• Reactive• Toxic (using TCLP)• Wastes are presumed RCRA unless

determined otherwise

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NonRCRA Hazardous Wastes22 CCR §66261.101• Not listed (F,K,P,U lists) • Corrosive solid• Toxic for anything except for federal

toxicity [22 CCR §66261.24(a)(1)]• Excluded under 40 CFR 261.4 and

exhibits any of the Article 3 criteria• Containers that are “RCRA-empty” but

not “California-empty”

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Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria22 CCR §66261.110

• Acute Oral Toxicity – Extremely hazardous if LD50 ≤ 50 mg/kg

• Acute Dermal Toxicity– Extremely hazardous if LD50 ≤ 43 mg/kg

• Acute Inhalation Toxicity– Extremely hazardous if LC50 ≤ 100 ppm

• Carcinogenicity– single or combined concentration > 0.1 %

(1000 ppm)

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Extremely Hazardous Waste Criteria 22 CCR §66261.110 & §66261.113• Experience or Testing• Water Reactive• Calculated Acute Toxicity• Persistent and Bioaccumulative Toxic

Substances – Total concentrations only– List and TTLCs differ from hazardous waste

TTLCs

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Special Waste22 CCR §66261.120• Subset of nonRCRA hazardous wastes• Typically in larger waste volumes but

pose lesser hazards• NOT self implementing - a generator

must apply to DTSC to receive special waste classification

• Eligible to be managed according to less stringent standards (not automatic)

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Special Waste Criteria22 CCR §66261.122

• Can be hazardous for only inorganic constituents

• Constituent concentrations may exceed their respective STLCs or TTLCs

• WET-soluble concentration (when expressed in mg/kg) cannot exceed its TTLC value

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Special Waste Management22 CCR §66261.126

• Waste can go into Class III landfill• Landfill must have WDRs for special

waste• Landfill operator must have a

variance from DTSC

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Universal Waste Rule22 CCR §66273

– Fluorescent tubes, batteries, thermostats, CRTs

– Relaxed standards to encourage proper management, recycling, and disposal

– Emergency regulations - CRTs

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Universal Waste Rule22 CCR §66273

• Final rule for fluorescent tubes, thermostats, batteries – effective February 8, 2002– household exemption sunset in 4 years– small generators exemption - after 2

year a reduction and then sunsets in 4 years

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Universal Waste Rule

• SB 633 – effective January 1, 2002– mercury light switches removed from

vehicles as universal waste– §25214.6 HSC– regulations are needed to clarify

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Universal Waste Rule

• AB 1158– aerosol cans are universal waste – §25201.16 HSC– statutes are sufficiently clear for

universal waste management

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Generator Options Miscellaneous Information

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Waste Classification Options• Self-classify, and manage accordingly

[§66260.200(c)]– Generator responsibility

• DTSC concurrence [§66260.200(d)]• DTSC reclassification [§66260.200(f)]

– public notice if granted (§25141.6 HSC)– adopt regulations if broad application

(§25141.5 HSC)• DTSC special waste (§66261.124)• All DTSC determinations are subject to

fee for service

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Generator Options - Variance22 CCR §66260.210 & §25143 HSC

• Allows generator to manage hazardous waste differently hazardous waste management requirements in regulations or statute

• must obtain DTSC approval• must meet criteria outlined in statute

and regulations

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Generator Options - Variance22 CCR §66260.210 & §25143 HSC

• Variance criteria– requirements, waste, waste quantity,

management activity or management unit is insignificant or unimportant as a hazard to human health or environment when managed according to variance conditions

– requirements imposed, waste handling, processing, disposal or waste management activity is adequately managed by another governmental agency

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Miscellaneous Hazardous Waste Classification Information• §25157.8 HSC • AB 2784 (1998) and AB 414 (2001)• Effective January 1, 1999• Wastes with lead ≥ 350ppm must be

disposed in Class I landfill• Exception: waste disposed before

August 21, 1998

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Miscellaneous Hazardous Waste Classification Information• Wastes with lead ≥ 350ppm are not

hazardous wastes unless they also exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (no other hazardous waste requirements required other than disposal to Class I landfill)

• sunsets July 1, 2006 (extended from July 1, 2003)

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Hazardous Waste Classification

• Department of Toxic Substances Control

• Waste Identification and Recycling Section – Evaluating goals and customer needs

– Helpline: 916-322-7676

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