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Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational

Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved

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Behavior of Hazardous MaterialsBehavior of Hazardous Materials

When given an example of a hazmat When given an example of a hazmat incident, the first responder at the incident, the first responder at the

operational level shall determine the operational level shall determine the most likely behavior of the container most likely behavior of the container

and its contents and its contents

O B J E C T I V E

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Container BreachesContainer Breaches

Ø Identify three types of stress that can result in a container releasing its contents

Ø Identify five ways in which containers can breach

O B J E C T I V E S

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Container BreachesContainer Breaches

Ø Identify four ways that a container may release its contents

Ø Identify four dispersal patterns that can result from a release of a hazardous material

O B J E C T I V E S

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General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)

Ø Stressq Identify types of

stresses

Ø Breachq Predict the type of

breach

Ø Releaseq Predict the type of

release

Ø Engulfq Predict dispersion

patterns

Ø Contactq Predict the length of

exposure

Ø Harmq Predict the hazard

causing harm

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– Thermal Thermal

Ø Excessive heat or cold

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– Thermal Thermal

Ø May increase internal pressure and reduce container strength simultaneously, resulting in sudden failure

Ø Indications of thermal stressq The operation of a safety relief valve or the

bulging of a container

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– ThermalThermal

Ø When heat is applied to a closed container a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) may occurq The liquid inside boils and exerts pressure

on the containerq The vapor pressure increases until the

container failsq May result in an explosive release of the

material

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– Mechanical Mechanical

Ø Physical application of energy that results in container or attachment damage

Container Breaches

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218

Stress Events Stress Events –– Mechanical Mechanical

Ø Occurs when one object collides or contacts another

Ø Indications of mechanical stressq The container may become deformed or

penetrated

q It may also be punctured, gouged, scored, broken or torn

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– Chemical Chemical

Ø Resulting from an uncontrolled reaction or interaction of the container and/or its contents

Ø Can result in container deterioration that is sudden or long term

Container Breaches

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Stress Events Stress Events –– Chemical Chemical

Ø Indication of chemical stressq Containers which are undergoing corrosive

actions

q Pressure or heat resulting from the reaction of the substances

Container Breaches

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Stress EventsStress Events

Ø All three types of stress may be present at a hazmat incident

q Heating a container may weaken it as well as cause a chemical reaction to take place

q A mechanical stress may cause damage to a container as well as initiate a chemical reaction

Container Breaches

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Breach Events Breach Events –– Disintegration Disintegration

Ø Total loss of container integrity

q Glass container shattering

Container Breaches

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Breach Events Breach Events –– Runaway CrackingRunaway Cracking

Ø A small crack in a closed container which rapidly expands

Ø Results in container breaking into two or more pieces in a violent manner

Container Breaches

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Breach Events Breach Events –– Attachment FailureAttachment Failure

Ø Attachments may open up or break off

q Safety relief valves, fusible plugs, discharge valves, etc.

Container Breaches

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Breach Events Breach Events -- PuncturePuncture

Ø Generally caused by mechanical stresses and results in container failure

q Forklift piercing a 55 gallon drum

Container Breaches

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Breach Events Breach Events –– Split or TearSplit or Tear

Ø Commonly associated with fiber or plastic bags

q Split 55 gallon drums and seam or weld failures are other examples

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Detonation Detonation

Ø An instantaneous and explosive chemical reaction

Ø Released in 1/100th of a second or less

Ø Results in the fragmentation, shattering or disintegration of the container

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Detonation Detonation

Ø Includes the release of pressure and extreme heat

Ø The speed of this reaction affords first responders no time to react

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Violent RuptureViolent Rupture

Ø Chemical reactions which have a release rate of less than one second

Ø Associated with runaway cracking and overpressure of closed containers

Ø Containers and their contents may become projectiles as a result of the reaction

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Rapid ReliefRapid Relief

Ø The fast release of a pressurized hazardous material

Ø Can take several seconds to several minutes

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Rapid ReliefRapid Relief

Ø The pressure is released through relief valves, broken or damaged piping/valves, punctures, and tears or splits

Ø These type of releases typically give time for first responders to react and move to a safe location

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Spills and LeaksSpills and Leaks

Ø Slow release of hazardous materials

Ø Rate of release varies from minutes to days

Container Breaches

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Release Events Release Events –– Spills and LeaksSpills and Leaks

Ø Non-violent low pressure flows resulting from broken valves/piping, tears, splits or punctures of a container

Ø As a result of the slower release rate, first responders generally have adequate time to develop countermeasures

Container Breaches

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Engulfing EventsEngulfing Events

Ø Dependent on the following:q Amount of material

q Physical state of material (solid, liquid, gas)

q Weather conditions

q Topography

q Type of container breach

q Control efforts of emergency responders

q Type of release and its duration

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- HemisphereHemisphere

Ø Airborne hazardous material

Ø Semicircular or dome shaped

Ø Partially in contact with ground or water

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- CloudCloud


Ø Ball shaped pattern

Ø The material has risen above the ground or water

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- PlumePlume


Ø Irregularly shaped pattern

Ø Product drifts with the wind

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- ConeCone


Ø Triangular shaped pattern flowing away from the release point

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- StreamStream

Ø Liquid hazardous material

Ø Path determined by gravity and ground topography

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events –– Pool Pool

Ø Liquid hazardous material

Ø Flat, circular shaped pattern

Ø Spill spreads equally in all directions

Container Breaches

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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events –– Irregular Irregular

Ø Irregular deposit of hazardous materials

Ø Carried by contaminated personnel

Container Breaches

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Contact EventContact Event

Ø Factors influencing the length of time that a contact may occur:q Quantity of material releasedq Dispersion methodq Speed of release

Ø There are four general time periods associated with a contact event

Container Breaches

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Contact Event Contact Event –– Immediate Immediate

Ø Durations measured in seconds and milliseconds

Ø Examples include explosion, detonation, or deflagration

Container Breaches

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Contact Event Contact Event –– Short TermShort Term

Ø Durations of minutes to hours

Ø Lower hazard

Ø Small (short) releases

Ø Quickly brought under control

Ø Examples include transient vapor clouds

Container Breaches

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Contact Event Contact Event –– Medium TermMedium Term

Ø A period of days, weeks, or months

Ø Moderate to high hazard

Ø Lengthy or difficult decontamination

Ø Moderate cleanup is necessary

Ø Examples include lingering pesticides resulting from a fire or spill

Container Breaches

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Contact Event Contact Event –– Long TermLong Term

Ø Extends over years or generations

Ø Heavy contamination

Ø Lengthy and difficult decontamination

Ø Extensive cleanup required

Ø Examples include a permanent radioactive source such as Chernobyl

Container Breaches

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Harm EventHarm EventContainer Breaches

HarmHarm

Injury or damage resulting from Injury or damage resulting from exposure to hazardous materialsexposure to hazardous materials

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Harm EventHarm Event

Ø Three factors that determine the potential harm to an exposure

q Timing of release

q Size of release

q Toxicity of the material

Container Breaches

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Health HazardsHealth Hazards

Ø Identify the different types of health and physical hazards which can cause harm

Ø Identify and understand the health hazards associated with the following termsq Asphyxiant, convulsant, irritant/corrosive,

sensitizer/allergen and chronic health hazard

O B J E C T I V E S

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251

Thermal Thermal –– Heat Heat

Ø Operating in protective clothing can cause a responder to overheat

Ø Exposure to heat can result in:q Heat crampsq Heat exhaustionq Heatstroke

Health Hazards

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Thermal Thermal –– HeatHeatHealth Hazards

Ø Heavy perspiration

Ø Skin moist to the touch

Ø Physical weakness

Ø Muscle cramps

Heat CrampsHeat Cramps

Ø Heavy perspiration

Ø Skin cool, pale and moist

Ø Dizziness

Ø Mildly elevated temps

Ø Weak pulse

Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion

Ø No perspiration

Ø Hot dry skin

Ø Weakness & confusion

Ø High body temps

Ø Rapid pulse

Ø Convulsions

Ø Shallow breathing

Ø Headache

Heat StrokeHeat Stroke

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Thermal Thermal –– HeatHeat

Ø Preventive measures

q Drink plenty of fluids

q Mobile showers or misting setups

q Utilize rest areas with shade or AC

q Rotate personnel

q Avoid alcohol, coffee and caffeinated drinks

Health Hazards

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Thermal Thermal –– Cold Cold

Ø Present when dealing with cryogenic or liquefied gases

Ø Exposure to cold can result in:q Frost nipq Frost biteq Deep frost biteq Hypothermia

Health Hazards

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Thermal Thermal –– ColdColdHealth Hazards

ØWhitening or blanching of skin

Frost NipFrost Nip

Ø Waxy or white skin

Ø Outer layers of skin are firm to the touch

Ø Tissue underneath is still flexible

Superficial Superficial FrostbiteFrostbite

Ø Cold and pale skin

Ø Hard to the touch

Deep Deep FrostbiteFrostbite

Ø ShiveringØ Slow pulse and

respiratory rateØ Sleepiness,

apathy or listlessness

Ø Glassy eyesØ UnconsciousnessØ Freezing of

extremitiesØ Core temp of 95°F

or less

Ø Death

HypothermiaHypothermia

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MechanicalMechanical

Ø May occur as the result of being struck by an object, or rubbing up against one

Ø Failure of a pressurized container can result in serious mechanical injury to a first responder

Health Hazards

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PoisonsPoisons

Ø Can cause death or serious damage to the body

Ø There are many different types of poison, each having certain effects on the human anatomy

Health Hazards

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PoisonsPoisonsHealth Hazards

Kidneys

Blood

Central Nervous System

Liver

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Benzene, Nitrates, Arsine

Parathion

Ammonia, Phenols, Carbon

Tetrachloride

PoisonPoison Targeted Organs/ SystemTargeted Organs/ System

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CorrosivesCorrosives

Ø Chemicals which have destructive effects on materials and burn or destroy living tissue

Ø Contact with combustibles may result in a fire or explosion

Ø Divided into two groups, acids and bases

Health Hazards

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CorrosivesCorrosives

Ø Symptoms of contact with corrosives

q Nausea and vomiting

q Burning around the nose, eyes and mouth

q Difficulty breathing, coughing or swallowing

q Burning or skin irritation in a localized area

Health Hazards

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AsphyxiantsAsphyxiants

Ø Simple asphyxiantsq Typically inert gases which displace the

oxygen required for breathing

Ø Chemical asphyxiantsq Chemicals or substances which prevent the

body from utilizing oxygen

Health Hazards

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AsphyxiantsAsphyxiantsHealth Hazards

AnilineEthane

Hydrogen sulfideMethane

AcetonitrileNitrogen

Hydrogen cyanideHydrogen

BenzeneHelium

HydrazineCarbon dioxide

Carbon monoxideAcetylene

Chemical Chemical Simple Simple

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IrritantsIrritants

Ø Cause temporary inflammation of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract

Ø Symptoms include:q Redness, itching, discomfort, irritated eyes

or skin

q Coughing or difficulty breathing resulting from respiratory exposure

Health Hazards

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Sensitizers/AllergensSensitizers/Allergens

Ø Can cause allergic reactions after repeated exposures

Ø The reaction may not occur until several hours after the exposure

Ø Repeated exposures may cause a rash on the skin or an asthma-like reaction

Health Hazards

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ConvulsantsConvulsants

Ø Poisons which cause seizures in exposed individuals

Ø Muscle spasms may start soon after the exposure and may continue for 3-30 minutes

Ø Death results from asphyxiation or exhaustion

Health Hazards

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RadiationRadiation

Ø Can result in damage to the individual and to their future generations

Ø Radiation sickness or poisoning cannot be transmitted to someone elseq However, contaminated individuals may

carry dangerous material on their bodies

Health Hazards

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RadiationRadiation

Ø Potential areas for radiation to be present are:

q Medical centers

q Nuclear power plants

q Research facilities

q Industrial processes

Health Hazards

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RadiationRadiation

Ø Types of Radiationq Alphaq Beta q Gamma

Ø Time, distance, and shielding are three methods to provide protection from radiation exposures

Health Hazards

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RadiationRadiation

Ø Alphaq Turnout gear with SCBA will provide

adequate protection

Ø Betaq Turnout gear with SCBA will provide limited

protectionØ Gammaq Requires shielding using dense materials

such as lead

Health Hazards

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Etiological ExposuresEtiological Exposures

Ø An exposure to a microorganism that could result in a disease

Ø Most of these diseases are transmitted by blood or body fluids

Ø Simple protective garments provide protection against these diseasesq AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis and typhoid

Health Hazards

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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– Carcinogens Carcinogens

Ø Materials that cause cancerous growths in living tissue

Ø May be present at hazmat incidents or fires

Ø Important to always wear SCBA and appropriate PPE

Health Hazards

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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– MutagensMutagens

Ø Causes mutations in DNA and cellular material

Ø Exposed individuals may not be hurt but their offspring may be affected

Ø Radiation is considered a mutagen

Health Hazards

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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– TeratogensTeratogens

Ø Exposures may result in congenital malformations

Ø Pregnant women exposed to these chemicals may give birth to a deformed offspring

Ø Unlike mutagens, a teratogen is not hereditary

Health Hazards

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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- InhalationInhalation

Ø Materials are taken in through the nose or mouth

Ø Vapors, gases, fumes, smoke or aerosols

Health Hazards

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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- IngestionIngestion

Ø Materials are taken in through the mouth

Ø Commonly caused by eating, drinking or smoking contaminated materials

Health Hazards

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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- InjectionInjection

Ø Materials are taken in through a puncture or needle stick

Health Hazards

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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- AbsorptionAbsorption

Ø Materials are taken in through the skin or eyes

Ø Many poisons can be absorbed in this manner

Health Hazards

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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--TWATWA

Ø Threshold limit value/time weighted average

q Maximum concentration a person may be exposed to for 8 hours a day, 40 hours per week without suffering harmful effects

qMeasured in parts per million (ppm) or mg/m 3

q The lower the TLV, the more toxic the material

qDesigned primarily for exposures in the workplace

Health Hazards

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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--STELSTEL

Ø Threshold limit value/short term exposure limit

q Maximum exposure time is limited to 15 minutes no more than 4 times a day without suffering harmful effects

qMinimum 1 hour rest period between exposures

qMeasured in ppm or mg/m 3

Health Hazards

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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--CC

Ø Threshold limit value/ceiling level

q This value is the maximum concentration which should never be exceeded for any period of time

qMeasured in ppm or mg/m 3

Health Hazards

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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- PELPEL

Ø Permissible exposure limit (PEL)

q Similar to TLV-TWA

q Adopted by OSHA

q Maximum allowable exposure in an 8 hour day

q Measured in ppm or mg/m3

Health Hazards

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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- IDLHIDLH

Ø Immediately dangerous to life and health

q Any concentration of a toxic, corrosive or asphyxiating substance which poses an immediate threat to life

q Exposure can result in irreversible or delayed adverse health effects

q May interfere with a person’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere

q Measured in ppm or mg/m3

Health Hazards

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Estimating Potential HarmEstimating Potential Harm

Ø List the resources used to determine the size of the endangered area

Ø Determine the number and types of exposures in an area when provided with:q The name of the materialq Size of the areaq Surrounding conditions

O B J E C T I V E S

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Estimating Potential HarmEstimating Potential Harm

Ø Identify factors for determining health, physical and safety hazards in the endangered area

Ø Understand the basic concepts of using meters

O B J E C T I V E S

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Estimate Exposure PotentialEstimate Exposure Potential

Ø Determine the size of the endangered area based on the identity of the material

Ø Determine the conditions of the releaseq Size of the containerq Size of the breachq Wind direction & speed

Estimating Potential Harm

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Estimate Exposure PotentialEstimate Exposure Potential

Ø Determine the types of exposuresq Peopleq Environmentq Property

Ø Additional factorsq Time of dayq Occupancy typesq Release location


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Determine the Endangered AreaDetermine the Endangered Area

Ø DOT Emergency Response Guidebookq Initial isolation zoneq Protective action zone

Ø CHEMTREC/CANUTEC

Ø Manufacturer or shipper


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Determining HazardsDetermining Hazards

Ø Utilize the orange section of the ERG to determine the extent of the health, physical and safety hazards


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Determining Specific HazardsDetermining Specific Hazards

Ø CHEMTREC/CANTEC

Ø Shipper or Manufacturer

Ø Material Safety Data Sheets


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Determining the Extent of the HazardDetermining the Extent of the Hazard

Ø Key factor in deciding whether to intervene

Ø Consider the following:q What is the number of exposures?q Is the material a liquid, solid or gas?q How far away from the source is the

exposure?q How fast is the material being released?q What are the surrounding conditions?


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Determining Hazmat ConcentrationsDetermining Hazmat Concentrations

Ø Visual Indicatorsq Container shapes

q Placards

q Labels

q Leaking containers

q Frost

q Vapor

q Chemical reactions


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Determining Hazmat ConcentrationsDetermining Hazmat Concentrations

Ø Metering equipmentq Combustible gas

metersq Oxygen meters

q Toxicity monitors

Ø Many departments own multi-gas meters which incorporate all three into one unit


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MeteringMetering

Ø Metering operations do not typically fall under the responsibility of operational level personnel

Ø Operational level personnel should be familiar with the availability of this type of equipment and the trained personnel to operate it


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Important Metering ConceptsImportant Metering Concepts

Ø You must know the name of the material you are metering for in order to get an accurate reading

Ø Meters DO NOT determine the identity of the product, they merely tell you the concentration of a known substance


297


Ø Familiarize yourself with the vapor density of the gas you are metering forq Lighter than air gases will be located in the

upper levels of a roomq Heavier than air gases will be located in

the lower levels of a room

Ø Understanding where the gases should be located is important in effective metering operations


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Ø Review you organization’s procedures on the use of metering equipment


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Oxygen MetersOxygen Meters

Ø Hazmat responders should meter for oxygen to determine if the atmosphere is:

q Oxygen deficient

q Oxygen enriched

Ø Oxygen concentration readings are given as a percentage in air


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Combustible Gas MetersCombustible Gas Meters

Ø Used to determine the concentration of combustible gases in the atmosphere

Ø Combustible gas meters are calibrated to a specific gas

Ø Combustible gas meters require a 21% oxygen content in the atmosphere to get an accurate reading


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Combustible Gas MetersCombustible Gas Meters

Ø Combustible gas readings are given in percentage of the LELq When a meter registers 10% of the LEL,

responders should back out of the area until it can be ventilated


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Toxic MetersToxic Meters

Ø Used to determine the concentration of toxic gases in the atmosphere

Ø Most commonly used to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Ø Toxic gas readings are given in ppm


304

Terrorism and Hazardous MaterialsTerrorism and Hazardous Materials

Ø Identify the assistance which is available from federal defense authorities for terrorist incidents

Ø Review methods of contacting federal authorities as outlined in your LEPC and SOPs

O B J E C T I V E S

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Terrorism and Hazardous MaterialsTerrorism and Hazardous Materials

Ø Identify the types of materials which may be used in a terrorist incident and their corresponding DOT classes

Ø Understand the importance of preserving evidence at the scene

O B J E C T I V E S

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Potential Criminal and Terrorist TargetsPotential Criminal and Terrorist Targets

Ø Public or government buildings

Ø Mass transit systems

Ø Public assembly areas

Ø Locations with historical or symbolic significance

Ø Locations of high economic impact

Terrorism and Hazardous Materials

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Indications of Criminal or Terrorist ActivityIndications of Criminal or Terrorist Activity

Ø Unusual or tight security measures

Ø Unexplained vapor clouds

Ø Unexplainable irritations

Ø Hazardous materials released intentionally

Ø Unexplained death or sudden onset of illness

Ø Unusual odors or tastes


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Types of Warfare AgentsTypes of Warfare Agents

Ø Nerve agents

Ø Vesicants (blister agents)

Ø Blood agents

Ø Choking agents

Ø Irritants (riot control agents)

Ø Biological agents and toxins


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Nerve AgentsNerve Agents

Ø Related to organophosphorus pesticidesq Tuban (GA)q Sarin (GB)q Soman (GD)q V agent (VX)

Ø These compounds all fall under DOT hazard class 6.1


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Ø These agents were designed for the sole purpose of killing people

Ø Ability to kill large numbers of people is dependent on the dispersion device


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Ø To produce the desired effect, people must touch it in its liquid form or inhale it in its aerosol form

q These materials do not remain in vapor form for very long


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Ø Military warfare agents have vapor pressures lower than water

q Vapors are not created from a pool of liquid

q Generally not a major hazard unless the liquid form is touched or placed on the skin


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Blister Agents (Vesicants)Blister Agents (Vesicants)

Ø Designed to incapacitate the enemyq Although toxic at high concentrations, the

primary hazard is skin contact resulting in blistering and severe irritation

Ø Examples include:q Mustard gas (H)q Distilled mustard (HD)q Nitrogen mustard (HN)q Lewsite (L)


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Blister Agents (Vesicants)Blister Agents (Vesicants)

Ø These compounds all fall under DOT hazard class 6.1

Ø Exposure effects can be delayed from 15 minutes to several hours

Ø Quick identification is key to patient treatment


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Blood AgentsBlood Agents

Ø Disrupt the blood’s ability to transport oxygen

Ø Examples include:q Hydrogen cyanide (AC) DOT 6.1

q Cyanogen chloride (CK) DOT 2.3


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Choking AgentsChoking Agents

Ø Common in industrial applications

Ø Examples include:q Chlorine (CL)q Phosgene (CG)

Ø These fall under DOT hazard class 2.3


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IrritantsIrritants

Ø Most commonly used of all the potential terrorism agents

Ø Examples include:q Mace (CN) DOT 6.1q Tear gas (CS) DOT 6.1

q Pepper spray (OC) DOT 2.2


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IrritantsIrritants

Ø These materials are not extremely toxic

Ø Symptoms generally dissipate within 15-20 minutes after being exposed to fresh air


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Biological Agents and ToxinsBiological Agents and Toxins

Ø Most likely to be used in a terrorist incident

Ø Examples include:q Anthrax DOT 6.2q Mycotoxins DOT 6.1 or 6.2q Plague DOT 6.2q Tularemia DOT 6.2q Ricin DOT 6.1


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Ø This grouping of agents is the easiest for a terrorist to produce

Ø Routes of entry are dependent on the compound and include skin contact, inhalation and injection


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Ø Anthraxq Naturally occurring bacteria found in dead

sheepq Exposure through skin contact or inhalation

of the anthrax sporesq Relatively easy to obtain, however, the

fatal type of anthrax is difficult to culture and produce

q Must be distributed under certain conditions to be effective


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Ø Ricinq Easy to produceq 10,000 times more toxic than Sarinq Difficult to distribute; must be injected to

be effectiveq People exposed via inhalation or ingestion

would most likely become sick and recoverq Popular amongst domestic terrorists,

second only to explosives


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Other Terrorism AgentsOther Terrorism Agents

Ø Explosivesq The leading choice amongst domestic

terrorists

q FBI bomb data reports that there are an average of 3,000 bombings a year in the United States


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Actions to Be Taken at Terrorist IncidentsActions to Be Taken at Terrorist Incidents

Ø Relay any suspicious or criminal activity to dispatch upon arrival on the scene

Ø Document initial on-scene observations

Ø Isolate potentially exposed people


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Large Scale DecontaminationLarge Scale Decontamination

Ø Review you organization’s SOPs as well as your LERP to determine large scale decontamination procedures


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Evidence PreservationEvidence Preservation

Ø It is vital that emergency responders consider the preservation of evidence

q Do not move or touch anything that appears to be evidence unless absolutely necessary

q Gently cover evidence which may be damaged by the weather or other external sources

q Document all actions


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Evidence CollectionEvidence Collection

Ø The collection of evidence should be conducted by law enforcement personnel only

Ø PUBLIC SAFETY SAMPLING ????


328

SafetySafety

Ø Consider the following safety issues when making an entry

q There may be secondary events designed to incapacitate emergency responders

q Armed resistance and use of weapons

q Booby traps

q Secondary contamination from handling patients


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Additional Assistance ResourcesAdditional Assistance Resources

Ø FBI Hazardous Materials Response Unit (HMRU) provides assistance with:

q Identification

q Mitigation

q Evidence collection


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Ø Army’s Technical Escort Unit (TEU) providesq Identificationq Mitigation

Ø Team members can provide assistance with chemical, biological and explosive materials


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Ø Marine Corp ’s Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF)

q Responds across the country and the world for terrorist acts

q Consists of three main sections: qDecontamination, security and medical

q They can also provide detection and mitigation assistance


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Requesting Additional AssistanceRequesting Additional Assistance

Ø Review the procedures outlined in your SOP’s and LERP for requesting federal and military assistance at a terrorist incident


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Planning the ResponsePlanning the Response

Given situations involving hazardous Given situations involving hazardous materials releases in facility and materials releases in facility and

transportation situations, the transportation situations, the operational level first responder shall operational level first responder shall determine the appropriate response determine the appropriate response

plan for the incident.plan for the incident.

O B J E C T I V E

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Scene Control & SafetyScene Control & Safety

Ø Using the initial isolation and protective action distances, take the proper actions to prevent further injury to people

Ø List the techniques for the following protective actionsq Evacuationq Protect-in-place

O B J E C T I V E S

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Ø Identify the procedures used to establish control zones at a hazmat incident

Ø Identify the methods for determining the boundaries of the control zones

Ø Describe the information which should be discussed in a safety briefing

O B J E C T I V E S

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Ø Describe the importance of the buddy system

Ø Identify the reasons for using a backup team

Ø List safety precautions which should be observed while operating on scene

O B J E C T I V E S

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Scene Control & PrioritiesScene Control & Priorities

Ø Isolate the area and deny entry

Ø Determine the appropriate protective actionsq Protect-in-placeq Evacuation

Ø Set up and maintain control zones

Scene Control & Safety

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Determine the Endangered AreaDetermine the Endangered Area

Name of Material UN/NA ID Number

Product Highlighted

No

ReferenceOrange Section

Yes

ReferenceGreen Section


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341

Controlling the Endangered AreaControlling the Endangered Area

Ø Isolate the area of the spill using the Initial Isolation Distances listed in the ERG

q Remove people from the isolation area

q Deny entry to the isolated area by unauthorized persons

Ø If required, evacuate or protect -in-place those people found within the Protective Action Zone


342

Initial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesInitial Isolation & Protective Action Distances

Ø The Initial Isolation Zone is established by creating a circle around the spill using the minimum isolation distance

Ø The Protective Action Zone is shaped like a square and provides downwind protection


343

Initial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesInitial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesScene Control & Safety

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Determining the Initial Isolation ZoneDetermining the Initial Isolation Zone

Isolation distances for non-highlighted

materials

Reference the proper guide

number


345

Determining the Initial Isolation ZoneDetermining the Initial Isolation Zone

Isolation distances

for highlighted materials


346

Determining Protective Action DistancesDetermining Protective Action Distances

Ø Protective action zoneq Area adjacent to and downwind of the

initial isolation zone

q Area in imminent danger of becoming contaminated within 30 minutes of the material being released

q The distances for this zone are in the green section of the ERG


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Determining Protective Action DistancesDetermining Protective Action Distances

Highlighted Materials Protective

Action Distances


348

Protective Action OptionsProtective Action Options

Ø Protective action zone options

q Evacuate

q Protect-in-place

q Combination of the two methods


349

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– Evacuation Evacuation

Ø The removal of all persons from the threatened area

Ø Best option if time is available

Ø Evacuation begins with those nearest to the incident that are either downwind or crosswind from it, and within the distance listed in the ERG


48



350

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– EvacuationEvacuation

Ø Used for…

q Uncontrollable leaks

q Explosive materials

q Unknown gas leaks from large capacity containers


351

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– Evacuation Evacuation

Ø Things to consider…

q Notify people where to go

q Move evacuees to a safe location

q Provide evacuees with basic needs

q Keep evacuees informed of the situation


352

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--Place Place

Ø People are directed to stay in a building

q Healthcare, educational and detention occupancies


49



353

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--PlacePlace

Ø Used for…q Material spreading too quickly or too

dangerous to risk exposure

q Moderate to low hazard hazmat release

q Leaks which can be quickly controlled

q Vapor clouds expected to rapidly disperse

q The hazardous material has been completely released from its container


354

Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--PlacePlace

Ø Things to consider…

q Close all doors and windows

q Shut off HVAC systems


355

Scene Control ZonesScene Control Zones

Ø Control zones regulate the movement of response personnel and reduce the potential for contamination

Ø Zones are set up to divide the level of hazards at an incident and should be clearly marked

Ø The zones may be adjusted based on any changes in the incident


50



356

Scene Control ZonesScene Control ZonesScene Control & Safety

357

Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Hot ZoneHot Zone

Ø The contaminated area immediately surrounding the release

Ø It should be large enough to prevent persons outside the zone from being exposed to the material

Ø Typically the size of the isolation distance and may include the protective action area


358

Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Hot ZoneHot Zone

Ø Work in the hot zone is performed by hazmat technicians wearing chemical PPE designed for the released product

Ø Only persons necessary to control the incident should be allowed in this area


51



359

Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Warm ZoneWarm Zone

Ø Area between the hot and cold zone

Ø Used to support responders in the hot zone

Ø Appropriate PPE may be required

Ø Decontamination operations are conducted in this zone


360

Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Cold ZoneCold Zone

Ø Encompasses the warm zone

Ø Personnel are not required to wear any special PPE in this area

Ø Contains the command post, staging area, and treatment/triage area


361

Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones -- AdditionalAdditional

Ø No Hazard Zoneq Mediaq Public

52



362

Media Media and the and the PublicPublic

COLDCOLD

WARMWARM

DeconDecon

Scene Control ZonesScene Control ZonesScene Control & Safety

Command Command & &

StagingStaging

HOTHOT

ZONEZONE

363

Determining Scene Control ZonesDetermining Scene Control Zones

Ø Initial determinations based on:

q Emergency response guide

q CHEMTREC/CANUTEC

q Scene observations and assessments


364

Determining Scene Control ZonesDetermining Scene Control Zones

Ø Long term determinationsq Monitoring and sampling of materials

q Evaluation of the extent of contamination

q Plume and dispersion models

q Changes in weather or other conditions

Ø Use the initial action guides and protective action distances in the ERG


53



365

Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel

Ø Initial evaluationq What has occurred so far

q What are current conditions

q What is likely to occur

Ø List associated hazardsq Mechanical dangers

q Respiratory dangers

q Skin absorption dangers


366


Ø Describe the siteq Containers involved

q Topographical information

q Potential exposures

q Location of the control zones

q Location of the decontamination area

q Location of the command post

q Medical assistance area


367


Ø Review tasks to be performedq Identify the goal of the operationq Describe duties for each responderq Determine task completion times

Ø Identify PPE requirementsq Requirements for entry, backup and rescue

teamsq Requirements for decon workers


54



368


Ø Communications protocols

q Contacts for emergency situations

Ø Escape routes


369


Ø Potential terrorist incidentsq There may be secondary events designed

to incapacitate emergency responders

q Armed resistance and use of weapons

q Booby traps

q Secondary contamination from handling patients


370

Buddy SystemBuddy System

Ø Always use the buddy system when operating at a hazmat incident


55



371

Buddy SystemBuddy System

Ø Improves the ability to keep an accurate account of personnel operating at the scene

Ø Chemical protective suits reduce mobility and visibility, requiring multiple personnel to complete necessary tasks


372

Backup PersonnelBackup Personnel

Ø Crucial for emergencies involving entry personnelq Equal PPE to the initial team

q Back up teams must be in place prior to primary team starting operations

q Must be available for immediate response


373

Safety Precautions to ConsiderSafety Precautions to Consider……

Ø Approaching the scene

q Approach from the uphill/upwind side

q Be familiar with the topography prior to entry

q Avoid contact with the product


56



374

Safety Precautions to ConsiderSafety Precautions to Consider……

Ø While working at the scene consider…q Current and expected weather conditions

q Location of utilities

q Ignition sources

q Container integrity

q Behavior of the product

q Appropriate level of PPE for the material


376

Incident Management System (IMS)Incident Management System (IMS)

Ø List hazmat response levels as dictated by your Local Emergency Response Plan

Ø Identify the criteria for command post placement

Ø Identify the purpose, need, benefits and elements of an IMS at a hazmat incident

O B J E C T I V E S

57



377

Incident Management System (IMS)Incident Management System (IMS)

Ø Describe the procedures for requesting additional assistance

Ø Describe and identify the authority and responsibilities of the incident safety officer

O B J E C T I V E S

378

Incident Management System Incident Management System

Ø A crucial component in the organization of emergency incidents, including hazmat responses

Ø Can be developed locally or adopted from a nationally recognized system

Ø Becomes part of the Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP)

Incident Management System (IMS)

379

Requirements of an IMSRequirements of an IMS

Ø Common terminologyq Terms used to describe organizational

elements, resources and facilities need to be consistent

Ø Modular organizationq System should be designed from the top

down with various branches/sections added depending on size and complexity of incident


58



380

Requirements of an IMSRequirements of an IMS

Ø Integrated communicationq Communication systems must allow the

various agencies involved to communicate with each other

Ø Unified command structureq Each agency with jurisdictional

responsibilities needs to be represented in the command structure


381

Incident Management System LayoutIncident Management System LayoutIncident Management System (IMS)

Liaison

Safety Officer

PIO

Command

Operations Planning Logistics Finance

382

Incident Commander ResponsibilitiesIncident Commander Responsibilities

Ø Designate a safety officer

Ø Establish the site safety plan

Ø Implement site security and control plan

Ø Identify the materials and conditions involved in the incident


59



383

Incident Commander ResponsibilitiesIncident Commander Responsibilities

Ø Implement appropriate emergency operations

Ø Ensure that proper protective equipment is used at all times

Ø Setup a decontamination operation


384

Safety Officer ResponsibilitiesSafety Officer Responsibilities

Ø This position must be designated at all hazardous materials incidents

Ø Monitor and identify potentially hazardous or unsafe situations

Ø When necessary, the safety officer has the authority to stop any operation deemed unsafe immediately


385

Safety Officer ResponsibilitiesSafety Officer Responsibilities

Ø Maintain communications contact with IC

Ø Assist in incident planning

Ø Identify potentially hazardous situations on scene

Ø Review incident action plan for possible safety concerns

Ø Identify and immediately correct any possibly unsafe situations


60



386

Locating the Command PostLocating the Command Post

Ø The initial command post may be the first responding vehicle until a formal location can be established


387


Ø The IC should always be accessible

Ø A conveniently located building, specially equipped vehicle or a predetermined location at a facility is ideal

Ø Should always be located in the cold zone


388


Ø Additional Factorsq It should be clearly markedq Allows for controlled accessq Locate it uphill and upwindq Set it up with the intention of not having to

relocate itq The location should be relayed to the

dispatchers and responding unitsq Should allow for a view of the scene if

possible


61



389

Hazardous Materials Response LevelsHazardous Materials Response Levels

Ø Usually designated level I, II, & III and based on the level of risk an incident involves

Ø The Local Emergency Response Plan and department SOPs should dictate the resources necessary for each level


390


Placard not required –NFPA 0 or 1 in all categories

Small containers – pails, drums, bags, packages or cylinders

Low fire/explosion potential

No release or a small release contained with available resources

Contact with the materials is non-life threatening

Minimal impact on the environment

Container is not damaged

Level I IncidentsLevel I Incidents


391

Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level ILevel I

Ø Least serious and most easily handled of the three levels

Ø It can be controlled by the organization having jurisdiction without additional assistance

Ø If evacuation is required, it is limited to the immediate area of the incident


62



392

Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level ILevel I

Ø Examples of level I incidentsq Gas leaks on the consumer side of the

meter

q Small diesel fuel or gasoline leaks from an automobile

q Leaks involving “consumer commodities”such as thinners, paint, bleach, swimming pool chemicals, etc.


393


DOT placarded –NFPA 2 for any category

Medium containers – 1 ton cylinders, portable tanks, small packages

Medium fire/explosion potential

Release may not be controlled without special equipment

Localized area – limited evacuation required

Moderate impact on the environment

Container is damaged, but still able to contain the product

Level II IncidentsLevel II Incidents


394

Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IILevel II

Ø Beyond the capabilities of the first responders

Ø Requires the response of a formal hazmat response team

Ø May require limited evacuation of surrounding area


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395


Ø Requires the use of chemical PPE

Ø Involves diking and confinement of the product

Ø Plugging and patching operations

Ø Sampling and testing of unknown substances

Ø Decontamination operations


396


Ø Examples of level II incidents

q Leaks or spills requiring large scale evacuations

q Incidents involving extremely hazardous substances

q Fire with a potential BLEVE threat

q Major incident involving a flammable liquid spill or overflow


397


Poisons, explosives etc. – NFPA 3 or 4 for any category

Large containers – tank cars, tank trucks, fixed facility tanks

High fire/explosion potential

Release may not be controlled, even with special equipment

Large area –mass evacuation required

Severe impact on the environment

Container is badly damaged, catastrophic rupture is possible

Level III IncidentsLevel III Incidents


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398

Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IIILevel III

Ø The most serious of the three levels

Ø May require resources from the state and federal agencies as well as private industry

Ø May necessitate the effort of several agencies to mitigate the incident

Ø Requires large scale evacuations


399


Ø Use of specialized spill and leak control techniques

Ø Sampling and monitoring equipment are sophisticated in nature

Ø Requires government and industry specialists

Ø Use of large scale decontamination setups


400


Ø Examples of Level III incidentsq Train derailment involving a leaking chlorine

car

q Incidents resulting in the activation of the federal response system

q Incidents exceeding the capabilities of the local hazmat response team(s)


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401

Requesting Additional ResourcesRequesting Additional Resources

Ø Familiarize yourself with available resourcesq Hazmat response teams, mutual aid,

environmental protection agencies, etc.

Ø Establish and maintain a listing of available resources


402

Requesting Additional ResourcesRequesting Additional Resources

Ø Review the resource listing present in your Local Emergency Response Plan

Ø Dispatchers should relay all information to responding units and make notifications to supervisors or other agencies as SOPs dictate


66



404

Response ObjectivesResponse Objectives

Ø Describe the different types of responses used at hazmat incidents

Ø While operating in a defensive manner, determine what exposures can be saved at a hazmat incident

Ø Identify the tactical priorities of the first responder at a hazmat incident

O B J E C T I V E S

405

Types of Responses Types of Responses –– Nonintervention Nonintervention

Ø Utilized when…

q Incident is beyond the capabilities of the responders

q Imminent explosion is probable

q Potential for massive release exists

q LERP or facility plan dictates this approach as determined by a site pre-plan

Response Objectives

406

Types of Responses Types of Responses –– NoninterventionNonintervention

Ø Actions taken…

q Relocate responders and other personnel to a safe distance

q Relay conditions to dispatch and request additional resources

q Establish scene control and an incident management system

q Evacuate or protect-in-place as necessary

Response Objectives

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407

Types of Responses Types of Responses –– Defensive Defensive

Ø Utilized when…

q Responders have adequate training and equipment to confine the product

q LERP or facility plan dictates this approach as determined by a site pre-plan of the hazards

Response Objectives

408

Types of Responses Types of Responses –– DefensiveDefensive

Ø Actions taken…

q Relay incident conditions to dispatch center

q Set up an incident management system and control zones

q Evacuate or protect-in-place as necessary

q Utilize defensive operations to control and confine the product

q Request additional resources as required

Response Objectives

409

Types of Responses Types of Responses –– OffensiveOffensive

Ø This type of response is limited to the technician level

Ø First responders are not trained to initiate offensive operations

Response Objectives

68



410

Tactical ConsiderationsTactical Considerations

Ø Identified materialsq Determine threat to life safety, the

environment, and property

Ø Unidentified materialsq Assume the worstq Control ignition sources, confine runoff and

avoid contact with the material

Response Objectives

411

Tactical ConsiderationsTactical Considerations

Ø Determine the integrity of the container

q Container not damaged

q Damaged with no release of material

q Damaged with a release of material and no fire

q Damaged with a release of material and fire

Response Objectives

412

Tactical PrioritiesTactical Priorities

Ø Rescue

Ø Protect exposures

Ø Extinguish fires

Ø Confine the product

Ø Contain the product

Ø Recover the product

Response Objectives

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413

Rescue OperationsRescue Operations

Ø First priority to consider at any incident

Ø Risk vs. benefit analysis

Ø Escape plan should be established prior to entry

Response Objectives

414


Ø In multiple victim situations, first rescue victims which can be most easily saved

Ø A thorough primary search should be quickly conducted if conditions allow

Ø Always be aware of the potential for conditions to quickly degrade

Response Objectives

415


Ø Items to considerq What is the nature of the material involved

and the severity of the incident?q Is the proper personal protective

equipment available?q How may victims are there? What is their

condition?q How long will rescue operations take?q Is the necessary equipment available to

complete the rescue?

Response Objectives

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416

Protection of ExposuresProtection of Exposures

Ø Determine the number of exposures involved in the incident

Ø Decide how may exposures have already been lost

Ø Determine the best manner in which to protect people, the environment, and property from further damage

Response Objectives

417


Ø People:

q Most important consideration is life safety

q Evacuation

q Protect-in-place

Response Objectives

418


Ø Environment:q Airq Surface waterq Wildlifeq Water tableq Surrounding land

Ø It may take years to notice the effect

Response Objectives

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419

Protection of Exposures Protection of Exposures

Ø Propertyq Contamination of exposed items

q Dilution or diversion of hazardous materials may be the best option

q Do not risk life or the environment to save property

q It may be necessary to “write it off” if the danger is too great

Response Objectives

420

Extinguishment of FireExtinguishment of Fire

Ø May be necessary in order to conduct rescue operations

Ø Careful evaluation is necessary prior to committing emergency personnel

Ø Fire streams may worsen the situation

Response Objectives

421

Extinguishment of FireExtinguishment of Fire

Ø Allowing the material to burn may be a viable alternative

Response Objectives

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422

ConfinementConfinement

Ø Consists of controlling the flow of a hazardous material

Ø Considered a defensive action

Response Objectives

423

ContainmentContainment

Ø Prevention of additional releases from the container

Ø Not a first responder level skill

Ø Performed by responders at the technician level

Response Objectives

424

ContainmentContainment

Ø Factors which affect containmentq The condition of the container

q Chemical/physical properties of the material

q The material’s rate of release

q Overall assessment of the incident

Response Objectives

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425

RecoveryRecovery

Ø Defensive actions should be planned with future recovery operations in mind

Ø This reduces the amount of time needed for cleanup as well as limiting the number of exposures

Ø Often conducted by companies specializing in this field

Response Objectives

427

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

Ø List the types of respiratory protection available to hazmat responders

Ø Identify the appropriate PPE necessary for a given defensive operation

Ø List the advantages and limitations of the levels of PPE outlined in this section

O B J E C T I V E S

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428

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

Ø Given the name of a material, determine if the PPE available to the first responder in a given situation is adequate

Ø Demonstrate the ability to don, work in and doff personal protective equipment

O B J E C T I V E S

429

Choosing Appropriate PPEChoosing Appropriate PPE

Ø Determine the identity of the involved products

Ø Determine exposure typeq Skinq Respiratoryq Ingestion

Ø Determine availability of appropriate PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

430

Choosing Appropriate PPEChoosing Appropriate PPE

Ø First responders are not expected or trained to use special chemical protective clothing

Ø The type of PPE available is an important factor in determining the type of defensive action which may be utilized


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431

Personal Protective ClothingPersonal Protective Clothing

Ø Structural firefighting clothing

Ø Chemical protective clothingq Vapor protective suitsq Liquid splash protective suits

Ø High temperature protective clothing


432

Structural Firefighting ClothingStructural Firefighting Clothing

Ø Structural firefighting clothing is not designed to provide chemical protection


433

Structural Firefighting Clothing Structural Firefighting Clothing

Ø First responders must recognize the limitations of firefighting equipment in a hazardous materials environment

Ø Advantagesq Effective protection against heat and flame

contactq Familiar to emergency responders


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434

Structural Firefighting ClothingStructural Firefighting Clothing

Ø Disadvantagesq Provides limited splash protection

q Absorbs liquids

q Easily permeated and penetrated by most hazardous chemicals


435

Chemical Protective Clothing LevelsChemical Protective Clothing Levels

Ø Level Aq Encapsulating suit

which covers both the wearer and their SCBA

Ø Level Bq Consists of a

garment designed for splash protection as well as a SCBA

Ø Level Cq Level B splash

protection garment with a respirator instead of SCBA

Ø Level Dq Ordinary work

clothes or uniform and no respiratory protection


436

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””

Ø Fully encapsulating suit which covers both the wearer and their SCBA

Ø Protects against vapors, gases, mists, and particles


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437


Ø Components of Level “A” protectionq Encapsulating suit with attached gloves

and bootsq Inner and outer glovesq Hard hatq Communications systemq SCBAq Flame resistant coverallsq Overboots


438

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””Personal Protective Equipment

Ethyl acetate

TolueneDimenthyl formanide

TetrahydrofuranDiethylamine

TetrachloroethyleneDichloromethane

Sulfuric acidChlorine

Sodium hydroxideCarbon disulfide

NitrobenzeneAnhydrous ammonia

MethanolAcetonitrile

HexaneAcetone

NFPA 1931 NFPA 1931 –– Minimum Chemical Certification Minimum Chemical Certification for Level A Suitsfor Level A Suits

439


Ø Advantages

q Tested for compatibility with 21 specific chemicals

q Data sheet provided with suit to show which chemicals it is certified for

q Provides vapor protection


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440


Ø Disadvantages

q Suit impairs the ability to move, communicate and see

q Must consider the potential for heat stress

q First responders do not have the training necessary to operate at this level

q Cannot be used with chemicals that it has not been tested against


441

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””

Ø Consists of a garment designed for splash protection as well as a SCBA


442


Ø Components of Level “B” protectionq Chemical splash protective suit

q Hard hat

q Inner and outer gloves

q SCBA

q Communications system

q Flame resistant coveralls

q Outer boots


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443

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””Personal Protective Equipment

TolueneHexane

TetrahydrofuranEthyl acetate

Sulfuric acidDiethylamine

Sodium hydroxideAcetone

NFPA 1931 NFPA 1931 –– Minimum Chemical Certification Minimum Chemical Certification for Level B Suitsfor Level B Suits

444


Ø Advantages

q Tested for compatibility with 7 specific chemicals

q Data sheet provided with suit shows which chemicals it is certified for


445


Ø Disadvantages

q Suit impairs the ability to move, communicate and see

q Cannot be used with chemicals that it has not been tested against

q Since SCBA may be located on the outside of the suit, compatibility issues must be considered


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446

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””Personal Protective Equipment

Coverall EncapsulatingTwo-Piece

447


Ø The level “B” encapsulated suit is the most common suit used by hazmat teams

Ø Provides protection against splash hazards but not chemical vapors or gases

Ø First responders may use level “B”protection during decontamination procedures


448

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““CC””

Ø The same type of garment is utilized as in Level “B”protection

Ø Allows for respiratory protection other than SCBA


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449


Ø Components of Level “C” protectionq Chemical splash protective suit

q Air-purifying respirator (APR)

q Hard hat

q Inner and outer gloves

q Flame resistance coveralls

q Outer boots


450


Ø Advantagesq Mobility is increased because SCBA is not

required

Ø Disadvantagesq This type of protection cannot be utilized

unless the specific material is known and can be measured


451

Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““DD””

Ø Requires no respiratory protection

Ø Ordinary work clothes or uniforms


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452


Ø Components of Level “D” protection

q Work clothes or uniform

q Hard hat or helmet

q Chemical or work gloves

q Safety glasses

q Safety shoes or boots


453


Ø Used when respiratory protection is unnecessary and there is no splash hazard

Ø Provides protection against workplace hazards, not chemicals


454

High Temperature Protective ClothingHigh Temperature Protective Clothing

Ø Approach suitsq Firefighting operations with high levels of

radiated heat

Ø Proximity suitsq Allows close approach to fires for rescue

and suppression operations

Ø Fire entry suitsq Allows the wearer to work in total flame

environment for short periods of time


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455

High Temperature Protective ClothingHigh Temperature Protective Clothing

Ø Suits do not provide chemical protection

Ø They are bulky and cumbersome

Ø They require specialized training to operate in them


456

Protective Breathing EquipmentProtective Breathing Equipment

Ø Protects against the inhalation of toxic substances

Ø Each type of respiratory protection has its advantages and disadvantages


457

OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA

Ø Most commonly used breathing apparatus in the fire service

Ø Only positive pressure SCBA should be used


84



458

OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBAPersonal Protective Equipment

FacepieceFacepiece

RegulatorRegulatorCompressed Compressed Air CylinderAir Cylinder

Backpack Backpack AssemblyAssembly

459


Ø Breathing air is compressed and stored in a cylinder carried on the wearer’s back

Ø Exhaled air is vented to the outside atmosphere through the mask


460


Ø Air supply duration is dependent on:q Wearer’s fitnessq Degree of physical exertionq The unit’s design

Ø Always remember to include decontamination time when calculating the length of time a responder can work


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461


Ø Disadvantagesq Limited usage timeq Heavy q Difficult to use in confined spaces

Ø Advantagesq Good mobilityq Highest level of protection


462

ClosedClosed--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA

Ø Consists of a cylinder of oxygen, a filtering system, a regulator and valves

Ø Exhaled air is cleaned/filtered and then oxygen is added

Ø Usage times range from 30 minutes to 4 hours


463

ClosedClosed--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA

Ø Disadvantagesq More complicated than open-circuit SCBAq Requires special training to use

Ø Advantagesq Duration of air supply exceeds open-circuit

SCBAq Typically weighs less than open-circuit

SCBA


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464

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

Ø Airline is attached to one or more cylinders


465


Ø The line is connected to a unit consisting of an open-circuit face-piece, a regulator and an emergency egress cylinder

Ø Not commonly used by the fire service for hazmat applications


466


Ø Advantagesq Provides the wearer with an increased

amount of working time

q Allows the responder to work without a cumbersome backpack assembly

q Lighter than SCBA


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467


Ø Disadvantages q Maximum travel distance of only 300’ away

from the regulated air source

q Potential exists for the wearer to become entangled in the air line

q Hose material may come in contact and react with the hazardous material


468

Air Purifying Respirator (APR)Air Purifying Respirator (APR)

Ø Uses filtered ambient air

Ø Must not be used in emergency situations


469

Air Purifying Respirator (APR)Air Purifying Respirator (APR)

Ø Advantagesq Allows for greater mobilityq Lightweight and easy to use

Ø Disadvantagesq Cannot be used in oxygen deficient

atmospheresq Limited usage timeq Can only be used for specific products


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470

Limitations of the WearerLimitations of the Wearer

Ø Physicalq Physical conditionq Agility/balanceq Facial features

Ø Mentalq Emotional stabilityq Self-confidenceq Proper training in the use of the equipment


471

Limitations of the WearerLimitations of the Wearer

Ø Medicalq Muscular/skeletal conditionq Cardiovascular conditioningq Respiratory conditioning


472

Limitations of the EquipmentLimitations of the Equipment

Ø Respirator masks limit visibility

Ø Ability to communicate is reduced

Ø Weight of the equipment

Ø Reduction of mobility

Ø Air purify respirators have limited applications


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473

Limitations of the Air SupplyLimitations of the Air Supply

Ø Physical condition of the user

Ø Amount of physical exertion necessary

Ø Condition of the breathing apparatus

Ø Cylinder pressure prior to use

Ø Experience and training with the equipment


474

Respiratory Equipment Inspection ProceduresRespiratory Equipment Inspection Procedures

Ø Check cylinder pressure

Ø Activate the low air supply alarm

Ø Compare the gauge on the cylinder to the gauge on the regulator


475


Ø Ensure the harness assembly is in good condition and the straps are fully extended


90



476


Ø Inspect all hoses and make sure all hose connections are tight

Ø Check emergency bypass and main line valves for proper operation


477


Ø Check face-piece to ensure that it is in good condition and the straps are fully extended

Ø Test the operation of the PASS device


478

Respiratory Equipment MaintenanceRespiratory Equipment Maintenance

Ø Clean the harness assembly with a mild soap and water solution

Ø Do not allow water to enter the opening on the regulator assembly


91



479

Respiratory Equipment MaintenanceRespiratory Equipment Maintenance

Ø Follow the manufacturer’s recommendation on disinfecting the face-piece


480

Donning SCBADonning SCBA

Ø Coat method


481


Ø Over-the-head method


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482


Ø Seat mounted SCBA


483

Working in SCBAWorking in SCBA

Ø Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures

Ø Control breathing

Ø Monitor air pressure

Ø Ensure a good face-piece seal


484

Doffing SCBADoffing SCBA

Ø Prior to removal of the SCBA, wearer must be thoroughly decontaminated

Ø Keep the regulator and the face-piece clean by not laying it on the ground or a similarly dirty surface


93



End of Part IIEnd of Part II

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Hazmat Ops Part III

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