Hazardous industrial factorsand their influence on human health

Classification of hazardous environmental factors

Physical

Chemical

Biological

In developing health standards with such concepts are operated as

- the maximum permissible concentration (MPC),

- the maximum allowable levels (MAL).

4

The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) - the maximum amount of a toxic substance in a unit volume or mass of water, air or soil, which has almost no effect on human health.

The maximum allowable levels (MAL) - repeated throughout life or constant influence of environmental factors (noise, vibration, pollution, low temperature, etc.) that do not cause physical or mental illness, and changes in health status.

5

Physical factors of the work environment- weather condition,- high and low temperatures, - the change in atmospheric pressure,- electromagnetic, - Ionizing radiation,- vibration, noise,

are the cause of vibration disease, cochlear neuritis, radiation pathology, decompression of disease.

6

Meteorological factors

are the cause of diseases associated with changes in atmospheric pressure.

When working on the raising the height of a low-pressure conditions (climbers in the mountains, pilots in high altitude flights, astronauts) mountain sickness can develop.

7

When working in depth under impact of high atmospheric pressure, for example, people who deal with diving and caisson work and working in compression pressure chambers, caisson disease (aeroembolism) develops.

8

Weather conditionsWeather conditions are characterized by such physical factors of an atmosphere:- in temperature (t), - relative humidity (w), - in the speed of movement of air (v), - thermal radiation.

These factors effect weather or a microclimate on workplaces and in industrial areas.

9

For keeping of a constant body temperature an organism should be in stabile temperature condition. Correct thermoregulation in an organism it can be carried out only at the certain condition of an environment, i.e. at the certain combinations of temperature, humidity and speed of movement of air.

At the person taking place in rest and staying in conditions of meteorological comfort are:temperature 18-20 °С;relative humidity of 40-60 %;speed of movement of air of 0,2-0,3 km/s.

10

Heat in human consumption:heating of air inhaled and received food and water - 5-10%;the rest of the heat (90-95%) is dissipated into the environment through the skin:• radiation (heat objects having a lower temperature ~ 45%);• convection for heating clothes and close to the body of the air layers of ~ 30%;• evaporation of moisture from the skin and lungs of about 25%.

11

With prolonged exposure of the body to high temperature of the atmosphere, especially in the absence of air movement and high humidity, temperature regulation is disturbed, the body is overheated and dehydrated, which leads to disruption of physiological processes, causing serious health problems:

exhaustion, convulsions, collapse and heat stroke.

12

Microclimate cooling is a combination of parameters, in which the total heat transfer to the environment exceeds the body's heat production.

This leads to a general and/or local shortage of heat in the body.

13

Symptoms of hypothermia stages with the growth of the danger of hypothermia:

• deviation from normal behavior, aggression, and later apathy;• weariness;• the loss of a sense of danger;• clumsiness of movement, speech;• loss of consciousness;• death.

14

Electromagnetic radiation

16

Electromagnetic spectrum

17

18

19

20

Vibration

Mechanical vibrational motion, repeated at certain intervals.

The oscillation frequency is measured in hertz (Hz),

velocity - in meters per second (m/s),

acceleration (m/s2).

Remote control to adjust the level of vibration - 112 dB (115-109) and 76 dB (73-109).

22

Vibration with a frequency of 8 Hz and 16 Hz refers to the low-frequency, 31,5 and 63 Hz - the mid-range, from 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - the drivers.

The greatest risk of developing the disease in the frequency of vibration of 16-250 Hz.

23

Vibration diseaseVibration disease is an occupational disease caused by an effect of high levels of vibration on the workers' body, characterized polymorphic clinical symptoms.

24

Vibration disease is the third leading occupational diseases (7-25%).

25

Types of vibrationDepending on the type of contact with the working body vibration can be distinguished between local and general vibration.

Local vibration occurs by transfer through the upper extremity.

26

Types of vibrationGeneral vibration is transmitted through the bearing surfaces of the body of a seated or standing person (bench, floor, processed product, platform, etc.).

27

Gloves, helmets, earplugs, special suits and kneecaps are used for protection from local vibration.

28

A basic way of protection from general vibration is vibroisolation of the vibration source.

Vibroactivity units are installed on vibration isolators (spring, elastic strips, pneumatic devices, etc.) to protect from the effects of vibration.

.

29

Chemical factors of the work environment

Effect of chemicals causes acute and chronic intoxication.

The most common toxicity of benzene and its homologues

.

and compounds of hard metals: lead, mercury, arsenic.

31

Benzene (C6H6, PhH) is an organic chemical compound, a colorless liquid with a pleasant sweet smell.

MPC – 5 мг/м3

32

Benzene and its derivatives are widely used in various industries.Used as a solvent for vanishes and paints for different compounds and synthetic products insecticides, drugs and explosives (trinitrotoluol).

33

Pathways and excretion of Pathways and excretion of benzene benzene

from the bodyfrom the body

Respiratory path

and through intact skin

34

Pesticide poisoning

To control pests and diseases of agricultural crops, a variety of chemical pesticides - pesticides. Direct contact that occurs during transportation, storage, seed treatment and sowing, spraying plants, etc.

36

Depending of the chemical composition there are:

Organochlorine - DDT;

Organophosphorus - karbofos, malation;

Organomercury - fungioks, agronad;

Arsenic - rat poison.

37

EtiologyThis group of compounds is expressed by cumulative properties.

They enter the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and intact skin.

They excrete from an organism through kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, sweat and mammary glands.

38

Industrial dust (aerosols) One deals with excessive dustiness in such cases:In the foundry which is characterized by the presence of dust containing silica in combination with toxic gases;

In machining production there are effects of mixed dust, for example during welding.

39

Industrial dust (aerosols) In production of building materials – cement and asbestos factories, production of silica brick

In textile, flour, sugar production and agriculture (exposure to organic dust vegetable, mineral dust).

40

Diseases caused by exposure to industrial dust

Chronic disease caused by prolonged inhalation and deposition of dust in the lungs with development of diffuse fibrosis.

Pneumoconioses:

- Silicosis; - Sylikatozy; - Berylliosis.

41

Maximum permissible concentrationMaximum permissible concentration (MPC) of industrial (MPC) of industrial dust containing is dust containing is 1 – 4 mg/m1 – 4 mg/m33

42

Working with antibiotics, fungi-producers, protein-vitamin concentrate, enzyme preparations can cause dysbiosis, skin candidiasis, mucous membranes, visceral candidiasis and respiratory diseases.

Biological factors

43

Infectious and parasitic diseases which occur during work process are called professional diseases, for example brucellosis, tuberculosis, infectious hepatitis.

44

Bisynosis is an occupational lung disease of individuals who are exposed to the dust of organic fibrous materials (cotton, flax, hemp) for a long time, permissible concentration of the dust of vegetable and animal origin.

Maximum permissible concentrationMaximum permissible concentration (MPC) of (MPC) of natural dust containing is natural dust containing is 2 – 6 mg/m2 – 6 mg/m33

.

45

The basis of clinical symptom of bisinosis are bronchial obstruction - due to sensibilization: histamine and others (fungi and bacteria).

Patients complain of difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, dry cough, weakness.

46

Test work #3

1. What are the basic hazardous environmental factors?a) physical, chemical, biological b) physical, chemical, biological, psychological c) physical and chemical d) anthropogenic, natural, social

2. Maximum amount of a toxic substance which has no effect on human health is defined as:

a) deadline b) latent effectc) the maximum permissible concentration and the maximum allowable levels d) the maximum permissible concentration

3. What means are used for protection from local vibration?a) vibroprotection respirators b) medical gownsc) vibroprotection gloves, kneecaps d) lead aprons

4. The ionizing radiation sources are:• X-rays b) radioactive materials c) cosmic rays d) all answers right

5. What are physical hazards you know? (Make as more examples as you can)6. What are the pathways of benzene to the body?7. What are the types of vibration?