HAYW selezione - vivaizanzi.it · the introduction of rootstock D1, which is relatively resistant...

2 VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI

HAYWARD selezione CHICO

apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and

cane berries plum table grapeskiwifruit

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kiwifruitapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor

fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and cane berries plum table

grapeskiwifruit

CLIMATE

Actinidia deliciosa (cultivar Hay-ward) is more cold-tolerant than Actinidia chinensis (hairless, yellow-pulped cultivars) and can be grown even in cold-temper-ate zones such as the Padano-Venetian plain where A. chinen-sis is at high risk of damage from excessive cold. Areas with recurrent cold spells during the harvest period (end of October through early November in Hayward) should be avoided.The dormancy requirement is rather high in A. deliciosa, making it poorly adapted to the warm areas of the southern Mediterranean, and medium-low in A. chinensis.Kiwi is very sensitive to wind, both because of the potential for mechanical damage and because of the increased transpiration that is particularly a problem in this irrigation-intensive crop species (8-10,000m3/ha/year of water required).

SOIL

The best soils for kiwi orchards are loose-textured, deep, moist, high in organic matter, well-drained, with low active lime (<3%) and a pH ideally between 6 and 6,5 ( up to a maximum of about 7.5), and salinity less than 2mS/cm.This species can adapt to sandy or rocky soils if adequate irrigation is available and it is possible to apply organic soil amendments and mineral fertilizers, without which ferric chlorosis is likely.

PROPAGATION AND SELECTION OF

NURSERY MATERIAL

Methods for propagating kiwi include rooted cuttings, grafting and micropropagation.Cuttings of three types may be rooted: woody (hardwood), semi-woody or green (softwood).Woody cuttings are taken in mid-

winter, treated with 3-4000ppm IBA and rooted in the greenhouse in substrate with basal heating at 22-24°C.Rooting occurs within 50-60 days. Following the emergence of the first roots the cuttings are transplanted into pots and kept in unheated greenhouses until May.Semi-woody cuttings require an automated mist bed. These cuttings are taken between the beginning of July and the end of September, from current year’s growth of moderate vigour, excluding the apical portion of the shoot which is not yet lignified. To stimulate rooting, the cuttings are treated with IBA.After IBA treatment the cuttings are placed in boxes with substrate (mixtures may include clay, peat, sand, vermiculite, etc.) and are placed in the greenhouse for rooting.Within 50-60 days the cuttings form roots and are transplanted to small pots, then placed in

Excluding China, for which official production data is not available, Italy is far and away the most important kiwifruit producer in the world, with an annual harvest of 450,000 metric tons. This is

equivalent to 70% of European production and just under one-third of world production.Though Hayward remains the most important cultivar both in currently productive orchards as well as recently planted ones, new varieties have become commercially available, which offer physiologically ripe fruit at earlier harvest dates. The most innovative aspects of the new varieties are the non-fuzzy skin and yellow pulp of the species Actinidia chinensis which have been warmly received by consumers for the sweet flavour that sets these varieties apart from the comparatively acidic Hayward.Unfortunately, the spread of the bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is inflicting serious damage in all countries where kiwifruit is cultivated. A. chinensis varieties are particularly susceptible to infection. As for other bacterial infections, a true chemical cure doesn’t exist: the best prevention is a combination of good field management practices (avoid excessive vegetative growth by limiting nitrogen fertilization and irrigation, avoid excessive plant density), application of copper-based sprays at critical times when bacterial attack is most likely (leaf drop, bud break) and proper choice of orchard site.

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the greenhouse where mist and temperature are gradually decreased (“hardening off”). In late spring, after the danger of late frost is past, the young plants are placed outdoors.The procedure for propagation by green cuttings is similar to that for semi-woody cuttings except that the cuttings are taken earlier.Grafting is the most commonly used technique in New Zealand and Chile. In Italy grafting became more common after the introduction of rootstock D1, which is relatively resistant to active lime and can be used in areas and in soils where chlorosis is a particular problem.Various kinds of grafts are done:Dormant bud grafts, or “chip

budding”, is performed in August or September and may not have a high success rate. This technique uses a bud and a portion of the surrounding tissue from the cultivar to be propagated, grafted onto a one-year-old rooted cutting or seedling rootstock.Chip budding may also be performed in late winter instead of grafting with lengths of scion wood.Whip grafts as well as whip and tongue grafts are performed in January or February. A short section of scion wood with one or more buds is grafted to a young rootstock of similar diameter. Both scion wood and rootstock are cut on the diagonal. For the

whip graft these cut surfaces are matched and bound together. For the whip and tongue graft, a second cut is made on both scion and stock starting one-third of the way from the pointy end of the diagonal cut and cutting down the centre of the wood to form a tongue. The tongues of scion and stock are slipped together as the diagonal cuts are united, and the wound is bound.Currently, micropropagation is the technique most commonly used for kiwi plants because it permits the large-scale and rapid production of clones from a mother plant selected for productivity and fruit quality.

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kiwifruitapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and


VARIETY CHOICE

HAYWARD selection CHICORipening date: late October – early NovemberType: ActinidiaGroup: deliciosaPlant: high vigour and high produc-tivity/yield, moderate cold toleranceFruit : regular elongated shape, rounded at the apex, large size (larg-er than 100 g), slightly fuzzy; skin greenish-brown with bright green flesh.Pollenizer: M52, Matua, TomuriOverall: The standard for kiwifruit internationally, high yield of fruit with good flavour and potential for long storage. Fruit are large and of regular shape. Requires only limited hand labour during thinning.

TRELLISING SYSTEMS AND PLANT SPACING

Double T-bar (4.5-5 m x 2.5-3 m)Single T-bar (4.5-5 m x 2 m)

Modified Double T-bar (4.5-5 m x 3 m)Geneva Double Curtain (4-5 m x 1-1.25 m)Pergola, or Arbor (5 m x 4-5 m)

Double T-bar: Plants may be either bare-root or potted. Young plants are topped at the height of 1.80 – 2.00 m to encourage branching and the formation of two permanent cordons which will extend in opposite directions down the central wire of the trellis. The fruit-bearing wood is renewed annually and is tied to the lateral wires of the trellis.The vines must not extend further than 60-70 cm from the wire, to permit good air circulation in the internal portion of the canopy which is essential for pollination.

Single T-bar: is the form of the Double T-bar appropriate for high density plantings where the distance between plants along the row is reduced to 2 m; training is similar to the Double T-bar except that there is only one permanent cordon.

Reduction of the distance between plants along the row keeps the single cordon more productive in the long term without requiring, after 8-10 years, renewal pruning which leaves the plants vulnerable to decay, compromising the efficiency of production.

Modified Double T-bar: is a variant of the Double T-bar, differing only in the height of the lateral wires supporting the fruiting wood, which are 20-30 cm lower than the permanent cordon. In this system the fruiting wood bends downward, allowing better exposure to sun and thus better fruit quality. More renewal wood is left. The floral shoots which develop on these branches are more abundant and longer, so that the branches tend to slow their tip growth centrally and distally, ending up shorter. This favours air flow and light penetration in the canopy.

Geneva Double Curtain: plants are trained to two permanent cordons that is tied, in contrast to the Double Pergola, to the lateral wires of the trellis. The fruiting wood that branches from these cordons are not secured to the trellis, making dormant pruning more rapid though green pruning must be more careful and harvest is more laborious.

Pergola, or Arbor: this form of trellising is appropriate for warmer areas. Four permanent cordons are established at around 2 meters above the ground, and fruiting wood develops at right angles to the principal cordons, creating the matrix of the overhead canopy. The weight-bearing structure of this trellis consists of poles arranged in squares or rectangles which hold up thick metal wires which in turn support the thinner wires which actually

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26 °C during the day and 10-14 °C at night.

THINNING

Thinning the crop is of critical im-portance to attaining the highest possible percentage of fruit with adequate commercial character-istics. The earlier the thinning is performed the more benefit there is to the remaining fruit. Two passes of thinning are advisable.1. Prior to bloom2. In the early stages of fruit

development.The first pass aims to remove lateral flowers and floral buds which seem likely to give rise to flattened or fan-shaped fruit. It is easier to remove the flowers at this stage than the tiny fruits later on.The second pass refines the work done in the first pass by removing any tiny fruits that appear deformed or insufficiently pollinated or fertilized.

environmental factors (relative humidity, wind, rain, etc.) and it is necessary to favour it with proper spacing of male plants in the orchard, ventilation fans, artificial pollination. Bees are not strongly attracted to kiwi flowers and thus have only a minor role in kiwi pollination. In kiwifruit the timing of bloom is dependent on variety. On average it lasts 7-10 days, though male plants may have an extended bloom (11-16 days) depending on cultivar and year. Lateral flowers tend to open later than central ones. To obtain high quality fruit, it is important to pollinate as many ovules as possible of the approximately 1500 in each female flower. To assure good pollination each female flower must be reached by a number of pollen grains about twice the number of ovules (2-3000 grains). The period during which stigmas are fertile and receptive is 4-5 days with optimal temperatures of 24-

constitute the support network of the plants.

PRUNING FOR PRODUCTION

In the phase of production, both dormant pruning and summer green pruning are performed. The goal of pruning kiwi is to remove branches which have fruited and leave in their place first-year branches. Dormant pruning aims to equilibrate vegetative growth and fruiting (the optimum number of buds is between 200-250,000/ha) considering the age of the plant, assuring the renewal of fruiting wood. Green pruning attempts to control the competition between vegetative growth and fruit, guaranteeing adequate light penetration and air circulation within the canopy.The recommended timing of dormant pruning is between 15-20 days after leaf drop and the end of January. It is important to prune within these dates to avoid cutting during the period when wounds produce excessive exudate.Green pruning is recommended twice during the vegetative period; a first pass at least 10 days prior to bloom to eliminate excessively vigorous dorsal sprouts which would not be useful for the next year, with the goal of improving air flow and pollen circulation at bloom, followed by a second lighter pass in June to remove other excessively vigorous shoots in competition with the developing fruit.

POLLINATION

Kiwifruit is dioecious, with some plants producing only female flowers and other plants producing only male flowers. Pollination depends mainly on

Species Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium

KIWI 130-140 15-20 100-120 200-235 10-12

APPLE 90-100 13-20 115-150 120-135 18-21

PEAR 70-90 5-10 65-85 135-140 12-15

PEACH 90-150 10-20 100-125 110-130 21-24

CHERRY 90-100 10-20 85-100 90-95 15-18

CITRUS 100-180 25-40 90-110 - -

GRAPE 60-100 10-15 65-85 40-90 9-15

Tab. 1 MEDIAN ANNUAL USE (KG/HA) OF MACROELEMENTS FOR SOME FRUIT SPECIES

Tab. 2 VOLUME OF IRRIGATION WATER AND SCHEDULING WITH MICROIRRIGATION

MONTH SOIL WATER APPLIED ROTATION (days) MANAGEMENT (mm/day) with drip with sprinkler

APRIL GREEN COVER 1 2 2-3

MAY GREEN COVER 2 1-2 2-3

JUNE GREEN COVER 4 1-2 1-2

JULY GREEN COVER 5 1 1-2

AUGUST GREEN COVER 4,5 1-2 1-2

SEPTEMBER GREEN COVER 3,5 1-2 2-3

OCTOBER GREEN COVER 2 2 3-4

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quirements: the first is the month following bud break and the sec-ond is the period following fruit set.If nutritional deficiencies are present during these times, quality and quantity of production is strongly depressed.In fact, floral buds present in the basal nodes of the branch grow at the same time as the young fruiting shoots until bloom, and the size of the floral bud at bloom

is closely correlated with final fruit size.Rapid fruit development in the 40-50 days after fruit set requires an adequate supply of nutrients, particularly nitrogen.The plant must also have adequate nutrients available in the next phases of growth to guarantee both good fruit growth as well as development of the shoots which will bear the following year’s crop.

It is a good rule to leave no more than 4 fruits on each fruiting shoot.

FERTILISATION

Kiwifruit is a particularly demand-ing species in terms of plant nu-trition in addition to being very sensitive to chlorosis. During the growing season kiwi has two periods of peak nutritional re-

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Germination Bud growing Flower buds Flowering Fruit setting Fruit enlargement

Maturation

soil application

KATA BIOL

IDROL-VEG

ENERFOL 8-10-45

foliar application

LEVO-ENERGY

LEACOMBI

ENERFOL 20-20-20

IDROL-VEG

For further information please contact our Technical Department

IRRIGATION

The native climate of kiwifruit is very humid during the summer months, unlike ours, which makes irrigation management key to high quality production and high yield.The irrigation requirement of kiwifruit is not constant through the vegetative season.The early stages of fruit growth occur, in our climate (Emilia-Romagna), during the period of minimum rainfall and high temperatures, making irrigation management of fundamental importance; the tiny fruits that

have set grow from 30 mm diameter in mid-June to 45 mm diameter at the end of July.From the first days of August through harvest the fruit grow another 7-10 mm with a volume increase of 40%.The volume of water used annually for irrigation can exceed 5000 m3/ha.

HARVEST

The timing of the kiwifruit harvest affects the storability and the quality of the fruit. Fruit is harvested in a single pass

through the orchard by detaching each fruit from the peduncle.Of the physical parameters (firmness, flesh colour, acidity and soluble sugars) used to determine the optimum timing of harvest, the most reliable is the residual soluble solids content (RSR). The value of flesh firmness as measured by a penetrometer with an 8 mm tip should be between 5 and 6 kg/cm2. Harvest RSR of 6.5% is the minimum beneath which post-harvest storability becomes compromised in the medium-long term as does the correct development of flavour and aroma.

Nutrition programme to improve production of Kiwifruit

L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it

3-5 kg/haFacilitates rooting. Increases the roots

and corresponding uptake area

40 l/haStimulates the vegetative restart and improves soil structure

5-10 kg/haEnhances vegetative restart and roots development

40 l/ha Anti-salinity biostimulant.

Increases the leaf development

5-10 kg/haVegetative push

3 kg/ha As exceptional greening andbiostimulant, enhances the pollen and the ovary

fertility. Facilitates the fertilisation

3 l/haEnhances the quality. Excellent carrier

1,5 l/haPrevents Iron chlorosis

and the microdeficiencies

3 kg/haBiostimulant resulting in expanded and shiny leaves,

fruits more uniform

3 kg/ha Balanced foliar fertilisation

1,5 l/haCures Iron chlorosis and the microdeficiencies

Gestione multifunzionale del territorio

Gestione multifunzionale del territorio

Syngenta è uno dei principali attori dell’agro-industria mondiale. Il gruppo impiega più di 26.000 persone in oltre 90 paesi che operano con un unico proposito: Bringing plant potential to life (Sviluppare il potenziale delle piante al servizio della vita).

® e TM Marchi registrati di una società del Gruppo Syngenta.

www.syngenta.it

Operation Pollinator è un’iniziativa di Syngenta per dimostrare che un’agricoltura produttiva e un ambiente vivo e ricco in termini di biodiversità possono convivere. Basato su ricerche scientifiche ed esperienze di agricoltori selezionati, Operation Pollinator è un progetto che può concretamente aiutare a migliorare l’ambiente agricolo incrementando il numero degli insetti impollinatori.

Monitoraggi effettuati da enti indipendenti hanno dimostrato che, creando habitat adatti agli impollinatori, si possono aumentare fino al 600% il numero di bombi, fino a 12 volte il numero di farfalle, fino a 10 volte il numero di altri insetti. Per saperne di più: www.operationpollinator.com

Operation PollinatorProteggiamo gli impollinatori

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cane berries plum table grapes

Pest and disease management for kiwifruitDISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

END

OF

DO

RM

ANCY

TH

RO

UG

H

SWO

LLEN

B

UD

S BACTERIAL DISEASE (Pseudomonas spp) COPPER HYDROXIDE 25% 180-280 g/hl

WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

GLIFOSATE 27,9%1,5 - 4 l/ha Autumn weeds.

4 - 8 l/ha Perennial weeds.

DISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

FRO

M F

IRST

LEA

FES

UN

FOLD

ED

TO E

ND

OF

FLO

WER

ING

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

OF FERRIC CHLOROSIS

CHELATED IRON EDDHA 6,2%

CHELATED IRON EDDHA 5,5%

30-50 g/plant 60-150 g/plant 75-100 g/plant 150-250 g/plant

Medium-small plants.Big plants.

Preventive application.Curative application.

WHITE SCALE (Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona)APPLAUD PLUS BUPROFEZIN 25% 150-200 g/hl

BOTRYTIS (Botrytis cinerea) ROVRAL WG IPRODIONE 75% 70 g/hl

PHYTOPHTORA (Phytophtora spp) M - METALXYL 43,88% 1-2 ml/mq Apply uniformly around the

base of each vine.


FRO

M B

EGIN

NIN

G

OF

FRU

IT D

EVEL

OPM

ENT

TO

PR

E-H

ARVE

ST

APHIDS (Aphis spp) LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48% 10-15 ml/hl Max 150 ml/ha.

LEAFROLLER(Argyrotaenia pulchellana)

BACILLUS THURINGENSIS var KURSTAKI 6,4% 100 g/hl

LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48% 20-25 ml/hl Max 150 ml/ha.

METCALFA PRUINOSA (Metcalfa pruinosa) TREBON UP ETOFENPROX 30% 50 ml/hl

INCREASING FRUIT SIZE SITOFEX FORCHLORFENURON 0,92% 1 - 1,3 lt/ha

To be applied 3 weeks after flowering. Maximum water

volume: 1000 lt/ha.


FRO

M E

ND

O

F H

ARVE

ST

TO C

OM

PLET

E LE

AVES

FAL

L

BOTRYTIS (Botrytis cinerea) FLUDIOXINIL 20,4% 130 ml/hl

Dip fruit in prepared solution for 30 seconds and allow fruit

to drain before storage.

BACTERIAL DISEASE (Pseudomonas spp) COPPER HYDROXIDE 25% 180-280 g/hl Many treatments,

following rains and leaves fall.

BEF

OR

E LE

AVES

FA

LL

WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

GLIFOSATE 27,9%1,5 - 4 l/ha Autumn weeds.

4 - 8 l/ha Perennial weeds.

PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.

HAYW selezione - vivaizanzi.it · the introduction of rootstock D1, which is relatively resistant...

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