Harvestmen (Opiliones) of Canada
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Harvestmen (Opiliones) of CanadaHarvestmen (Opiliones) of Canada
Robert HolmbergCentre for ScienceAthabasca UniversityAthabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, CanadaE-mail: [email protected]
Robert HolmbergCentre for ScienceAthabasca UniversityAthabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, CanadaE-mail: [email protected]
17th International Congress of Arachnology, Brazil, 200717th International Congress of Arachnology, Brazil, 2007
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Harvestmen as They Appear to Most PeopleHarvestmen as They Appear to Most People
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Characteristics of OpilionesCharacteristics of Opiliones
• prosoma and opisthosoma broadly fused
• no venom nor silk glands
• no extra-oral digestion
• tracheal respiration
• 3rd largest arachnid order
• prosoma and opisthosoma broadly fused
• no venom nor silk glands
• no extra-oral digestion
• tracheal respiration
• 3rd largest arachnid order Palpatores, Phalangiidae: Rilaena triangularis
from Hillyard & Sankey 1989
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Characteristics of Opiliones
• palps leg-like, swollen, or raptorial
• palps leg-like, swollen, or raptorial
• 2 medial eyes• 2 medial eyes
Palpatores, Sabaconidae:Sabacon #1 by Nadine Duperre
• chelate chelicerae• chelate chelicerae
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Characteristics of OpilionesCharacteristics of Opiliones
• pair of scent glands• pair of scent glands
Palpatores, Phalangiidae: Phalangium opilio; from Holmberg 1970
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Characteristics of OpilionesCharacteristics of Opiliones
• sperm transfer by penis
• females with ovipositor
• sperm transfer by penis
• females with ovipositor
Palpatores, Phalangiidae: Oligolophus tridens from V. Silhavy 1956
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Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & MountainsOpiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains
Opiliones BC ABTriaenonychidae
Paranonychus brunneus +
Sclerobunus robustus +
Ischyropsalidae
Hesperonemastoma modesta
+
Taracus sp. + +
Laniatores
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Taracus sp. – very large chelicerae
Photo: D.J. Buckle
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Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (continued)
Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (continued)
Opiliones BC ABLeptobunidae
Leptobunus parvulus +
Leuronycus pacificus +
Nemostomatidae
Dendrolasma mirabilis +
Ortholasma pictipes +
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Dendrolasma mirabilis – hood areaDendrolasma mirabilis – hood area
Photo by Aldo Pelegrin
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Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (continued)
Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (continued)
Opiliones BC ABPhalangiidae
Liopilio glaber + +
Odiellus pictus + +
Oligolophus tridens +
Opilio parietinus + +
Paroligolophus agrestis + +
Phalangium opilio + +
Rilaena triangularis +
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Kakwa Wildland Park, Alberta, July 2006
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Liopilio glaber and habitat
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Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (concluded)
Opiliones of Canada – West Coast & Mountains (concluded)
Opiliones BC ABSabaconidae
Sabacon occidentalis +
Sabacon #1 + +
Sclerosomatidae
Hadrobunus grandis ?
Leiobunum aldrichi ?
Leiobunum exilipes ?
Nelima paessleri + +
Togwoteeus biceps + +
Totals (7 families) 19+ 9
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Nelima paessleri – overwintering
behaviour
Nelima paessleri – overwintering
behaviour
From Holmberg et al., 1984.
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Opiliones SK MBPhalangiidae
Odiellus pictus + +
Opilio parietinus + +
Phalangium opilio + +
Sclerosomatidae
Leiobunum calcar + +
Leiobunum crassipalpe
+
Leiobunum vitattum + +
Togwoteeus biceps +
Totals (2 families) 6 6
Opiliones of Canada – Central PlainsOpiliones of Canada – Central Plains
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Palpatores, Sclerosomatidae Togwoteeus biceps; from Holmberg & Cokendolpher, 1997
Distributions & Habitats:
patchy knowledge for most species
Distributions & Habitats:
patchy knowledge for most species
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Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and EastOpiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East
Opiliones ON QCCaddidae
Acropsopilio boopis + +
Caddo agilis + +
Caddo pepperella +
Ceratolasmatidae
Crosbycus dasycnemus +
Nemostomatidae
Nemastoma bimaculatum +
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Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (continued)
Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (continued)
Opiliones ON QCPhalangiidae
Mitopus morio +
Odiellus pictus + +
Oligolophus tridens +
Opilio parietinus + +
Phalangium opilio + +
Sabaconidae
Sabacon cavicolens + +
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Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (continued)
Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (continued)
Opiliones ON QCSclerosomatidae
Hadrobunus maculosus +
Leiobunum aldrichi +
Leiobunum bracchiolum +
Leiobunum calcar + +
Leiobunum crassipalpe +
Leiobunum elegans + +
Leiobunum flavum +
Leiobunum formosum + +
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Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (concluded)
Opiliones of Canada – Great Lakes and East (concluded)
Opiliones ON QCSclerosomatidae
Leiobunum nigripes ?
Leiobunum politum + +
Leiobunum ventricosum + +
Leiobunum verrucosum +
Leiobunum vitattum + +
Totals (6 families) 17 18
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Opiliones of Canada – MaritimesOpiliones of Canada – MaritimesOpiliones NB NS PE NFCaddidae
Acropsopilio boopis +
Caddo agilis + + +
Nemostomatidae
Nemastoma bimaculatum +
Phalangiidae
Mitopus morio + + +
Odiellus pictus + + + +
Oligolophus tridens + + + +
Paraoligolophus agrestis +
Phalangium opilio + + + +
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Female (above) and male (to the right) of Phalangium opilio
Species Introductions to Canada
Photo; D.J. Buckle
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Introductions from EuropeIntroductions from Europe
Opiliones Date Location
Nemastoma bimaculatum <1977 Quebec
Oligolophus tridens <1947 East & west coasts
Paroligolophus agrestis <1950 East & west coasts
Rilaena triangularis <1953 West & east coasts
Opilio parietinus <1868 Across NA
Phalangium opilio <1890 Across NA
Opilio parietinus female
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Opiliones of Canada – Maritimes (concluded)Opiliones of Canada – Maritimes (concluded)
Opiliones NB NS PE NFSabaconidae
Sabacon cavicolens +
Sclerosomatidae
Leiobunum calcar + + +
Leiobunum elegans + + +
Leiobunum politum +
Leiobunum ventricosum +
Totals (5 families) 9 10 3 8
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Opiliones of Canada – Northern TerritoriesOpiliones of Canada – Northern Territories
Opiliones YK NT NU
Phalangiidae
Liopilio yukon +
Mitopus morio +
Phalangium opilio + +
Totals (1 family) 2 1 1
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Distribution of Mitopus morio
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Known Species of Opiliones from Canada
Known Species of Opiliones from Canada
Family SpeciesCaddidae 3
Ceratolasmatidae 1
Ischyropsalidae 2
Leptobunidae 2
Nemostomatidae 3
Phalangiidae 10
Sabaconidae 3
Sclerosomatidae 16
Triaenonychidae 2
Total (9 families) 42+
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Questions?Questions?