Harvesting Wildlife Presentation to North Carolina State University University June 22, 2007 Greg...
-
Upload
violet-rendel -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
2
Transcript of Harvesting Wildlife Presentation to North Carolina State University University June 22, 2007 Greg...
Harvesting Wildlife
Presentation to North Carolina State University University
June 22, 2007Greg Baxter
School of Natural and Rural Systems Management
The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus
Wildlife includes living, wild harvested resources
Includes;
• animals and their products (e.g. skins, ivory)
• plants and their products (e.g. seeds, wax, natural pigments)
Types of harvesting
• Commercial– e.g. whales or kangaroos– profit driven– large numbers (roos >2,000,000 p.a.)– harvest not always benefit to locals
Types of harvesting• Commercial
– e.g. whales or kangaroos– profit driven– large numbers
• Subsistence– to satisfy personal needs– can be large numbers, but local extent– now confined to Africa, S. America, parts of
S.E. Asia
Types of harvesting• Commercial
– e.g. whales or kangaroos– profit driven– large numbers– no benefit to locals
• Subsistence– to satisfy personal needs– can be large numbers, but local extent– now confined to Africa, S. America, parts of S.E. Asia
• ‘Bush meat’– to meet demands of poor urban immigrants– driven by taste and cost– huge, growing demand– transport of products
Types of harvesting• Commercial• Subsistence
• ‘Bush meat’
– to meet demands of poor urban immigrants– driven by taste and cost– huge, growing demand
– transport of products
• Cultural (including medicines)– e.g. dugongs by Aust. Aborigines, beluga whales by
Inuit– small scale– local– can affect endangered/vulnerable species
Types of harvesting• Commercial• Subsistence• ‘Bush meat’• Cultural
• Collector (including trophy hunting)– people want to own exotic animals/products– want hunting experience– national and international– huge volumes– consumer divorced from consequences of
collecting
Each type of harvesting
• has different driver
• different aerial extent
• different mode of operation
Therefore different modes of control/enforcement are applicable
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence
Bush Meat
Cultural
Collector
Different harvests require different controls
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence Local & widespr-ead
No Subsist-ence
Nil Taken
Bush Meat
Cultural
Collector
Different harvests require different controls
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence Local & widespread
No Subsist-ence
Nil Taken
Bush Meat V. widespread
Yes &
Increasing
Tradition, taste & econom.
Large & growing
Taken
Cultural
Collector
Different harvests require different controls
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence Local but widespread
No Subsist-ence
Nil Taken
Bush Meat V. widespread
Yes &
Increasing
Tradition, taste & econom.
Large & growing
Taken
Cultural Local but
widespread
Yes Tradition & econ.
Small, except medicine
Often targeted
Collector
Different harvests require different controls
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence Local but widespread
No Subsist-ence
Nil Taken
Bush Meat V. widespread
Yes &
Increasing
Tradition, taste & econom.
Large & growing
Taken
Cultural Local but
widespread
Yes Tradition & econ.
Small, except medicine
Often targeted
Collector Global Yes Desire/ fashion
Huge Often targeted
Different harvests require different controls
Mode of harvest variesMode
Commercial Firearms, live & lethal traps, mustering, lassoing
Subsistence Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Bush Meat Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Cultural Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Collector Live traps (transport), hand
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
• Policing and enforcement insufficient
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
• Policing and enforcement insufficient
• Must address poverty
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
• Policing and enforcement insufficient
• Must address poverty
• Must address cultural issues
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
• Policing and enforcement insufficient
• Must address poverty
• Must address cultural issues
• Understand there powerful vested interests
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
• Policing and enforcement insufficient
• Must address poverty
• Must address cultural issues
• Understand there powerful vested interests
• Recognise economic and conservation outcomes can be achieved
Quotas
Preselected proportion of population(s) taken
Requires;
•Accurate & precise population estimate EACH harvest
•Regular population monitoring (absolute abundance)
•Good control over non-quota (illegal) take
Obtaining an estimate of absolute abundance
• Time consuming
• Costly
• Complex
An example from the kangaroo industry
(Acknowledgement to Gordon Grigg)
Regulating Effort
Limit how and/or when harvest can occur
e.g. nest mesh size, rifle calibre, closed season(s)
Requires;• Compliance with regulations
• Appropriate effort is specified
• Monitoring of population trend
Does Not Require;• Estimate of absolute abundance
Control is self-tracking with changes in population size
Spatial Control
Limit WHERE animals can be taken, not how many, or how
= places where animals can be harvested
Spatial Control
Harvest between 0 – 100% in black squares
Animals disperse into hunting areas
Then, monitor trend in non-hunted areas
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is about constant, maintain situation
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is decreasing, restrict hunting areas
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is increasing, increase hunting areas
Spatial Control
Requires;
Estimate of relative abundance – easy, cheap, repeatable
Used;
Fisheries, marine parks e.g. GBRMPA
How is harvest set for quotas?
Must understand the link between harvest size and population size and know what population size is
Assumes sustainable harvest
Harvest
Population Size
How is harvest set
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
There are two population sizes (A & B) that will deliver any given SY
Harvest at the higher one
A B
How is harvest set
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
MSY
There is only one populations size (A) that will produce the maximum sustained yield (MSY).
A
Harvesting at MSY is dangerous
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
MSY
Even a small error in population size estimate will lead to over-harvest
Population usually discounted by 15% and population harvested there
AA – 15%
Can harvest have a conservation benefit?
If the following conditions are met:
• Benefit accrues to the land owner/occupier
• Exploitation does not endanger the species (or look alikes)
• Populations are monitored and managed
• Exploitation enhances habitat