Harvard University Democracy and Nuclear Weapons Cannot …National Geographic. Dec 2015 “The...

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MIT Building 34 April 2, 2016 Reducing the Dangers of Nuclear War Elaine Scarry Harvard University Democracy and Nuclear Weapons Cannot Co-Exist

Transcript of Harvard University Democracy and Nuclear Weapons Cannot …National Geographic. Dec 2015 “The...

Page 1: Harvard University Democracy and Nuclear Weapons Cannot …National Geographic. Dec 2015 “The Formidable, Fragile Beauty of Warming Landscapes” Photographs by Fernando Moleres

MITBuilding34April2,2016

ReducingtheDangersofNuclearWar

ElaineScarryHarvardUniversity

DemocracyandNuclearWeaponsCannotCo-Exist

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Alfred Eisenstaedt,“MotherandChildinHiroshima, Japan,December1945.”GettyImages

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Meridel Rubenstein“FourElements”1993

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NASA

BlueMarble

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InjurytothePersonsandtoEarth

InternationalLawprohibitsthisinjury

InternationalLawsolvestheproblemof“statisticalcompassion”

NationalLawsolvestheproblemof“statisticalcompassion”

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NuclearWeaponsFreeZonesInternationalLawandPolicy Institution

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NuclearWeaponsFreeZonesandNuclearWeaponsStatesWiki

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JohnAinslieDisarmingTridentTimetable

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• Two brakes onwarmaking inU.S.Constitution

Firstbrake:Article1section8clause11NowarwithoutaCongressional“DeclarationofWar”

Secondbrake:SecondAmendment

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WhataretheformalfeaturesofaCongressional“DeclarationofWar”inthefivecaseswheretheU.S.hashadadeclaration?

Warof1812(withEngland)Mexican-AmericanWar1846SpanishAmericanWar1898WorldWarIWorldWarII

Whataretheformalfeaturesofpresidentialdeliberationaboutusinganuclearweapon?

TaiwanStraitsCrisis1954BerlinCrisis1959

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• CongressionalDeliberationvs.PresidentialDeliberation•• VisibletothePublic InvisibletoPublicforthirty

years•• Clearsetofsentences Noclearstatementofaction•• ConspicuouslystagedvoteNovote•• ParticipantsequalParticipantsaresubordinates•• Dissentandcontestation: Nodissent.Nocontestation.• Testing Notesting.

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• SecondBrake:TheRighttoBearArms

1Constitutionarrangesformany“interveninglayersofresistanthumanity”

2Resistanthumanity?Dosoldiersdissent?

3SecondAmendmentarrivesduringratificationofConstitution:Adistributionalrequirementcreatedduringdistributionalmoment

4Supportedbymilitaristsandpacifistsalike

5CivilstatureinU.S.ispremisedonmilitarystature15th,19th,and26Amendments

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• Doublebrakeprovidestwogatesofauthorization

• DoublelocationiswhatdifferentiatesstatutorylawfromConstitutionallaw:ConstitutionallawrequirespassagebyCongressandratificationbypopulation

• 5000amendmentsproposed;27passed

WarmakingrequirespassagebyCongressandratificationbypopulation

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ConstitutionsofOtherNuclearStates`` FrenchConstitution

Article35Article89

IndianConstitutionArticle246

RussianFederationConstitution(l993)Article102Article59

•••

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fromElaineScarryThermonuclearMonarchy

AtthecloseoftheSecondTreatiseofGovernment(inthechapterexaminingthelegitimategroundsforrebellion),Lockequotesamemorableobservationaboutoneofhistory’styrants: “AndofCaligula...hewisht thatthepeoplehadbutoneneck,thathemightdispatchthemallatablow.” NuclearweaponsandthehighlypracticedarrangementsfortheirusehavemadeCaligula’swishcometrue:thepeopleofearthnowhavebutoneneckandcanbedispatchedallatablow.ItdoesnotmatterthatthethermonuclearmonarchswhopresideoverustodayareordinarilymuchnicerpeoplethanCaligula,foritisthenucleararchitectureitselfthatliteralizesandmonumentalizesCaligula;theindividualpersonalitiesofourmonarchs,andthealwaysamusingdifferencesamongthem,areatbestatemporarycheckonavaststructureofcrueltythatstandsreadytobeused.Itisnationalmonarchs,notterrorists,whohaveputthisinplaceandreadieditforuse,whetherbythemselvesorbystatelessactors.Anditisthesecolossalstructuresofillegitimatenon-governancethatmustbedismantled.

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Meridel Rubenstien “NuclearTrigger”1993

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TheFlooroftheWorldElaineScarry

Imaginethatthereonedaycametoexistonearth—sometimeinthefuture—asolitarycountrywithanewtechnology.Thetechnologyhasletthissolitarycountrystationadoor(ormoreprecisely,aseriesofdoors)underthefloorofeveryothercountryintheworld.

Iftheleaderofthesolitarycountryeverfeelsimperiledorimpededbyanothercountry,hecanopenthetrapdoorand,inasingleday,eliminatethepopulationofthatrivalcountry.Becausethearrangementofdoorsbeneatheachnationalfloorissectioned,theleadercanalter- nativelychoosetoeliminatejustpartoftheenemycountry,afourthofit,orathirdofit;hemightchoosetoopenthedoorsbeneaththeflooroftheopponent’smilitaryinstallationsonly,therebyeliminatingthoseinstallationsand,say,one-thirtiethofthecountry’spopulation.Asashorthand,thisingenioustechnologyandthepoliciesthatenableitsusemightbecalledtheFlexibleFloorDoctrine ....

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ArchitectCarolinaDayer’s Renderingof“TheFlooroftheWorld”

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ArchitectMagdalenaEgues’s Renderingof“TheFlooroftheWorld”

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AdrianaRossArchitect

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AdrianaRossArchitect

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ArchitecturalStudentKristineProchnau’s Renderingof“Floorof theWorld”

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NationalGeographic.Dec2015“TheFormidable,FragileBeautyofWarmingLandscapes”PhotographsbyFernandoMoleres IcesheetsinGreenland.

ScientificAmerican“ArcticBeautyinBlackandWhite:AlaskaBeforetheEffectsofGlobalWarming”8blackandwhitephotographs.

WiredMagazine:“BeautifulPolarPhotosTellaHauntingStoryaboutClimateChange”PhotographsbyCamilleSeaman(andstorybyJakob Schiller)

NASA.“ClimateChange:VitalSignsofthePlanet:BeautifulEarth

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La formidable histoire de Badaboum - Enssib

La formidable histoire de Badaboum - Enssib

Fragile equilibriums

Fragile equilibriums

“A FAR MORE FORMIDABLE TASK”

“A FAR MORE FORMIDABLE TASK”

The Joy Formidable - We Are Animals

The Joy Formidable - We Are Animals

FRAGILE and SEMI-FRAGILE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES for IMAGE ...dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/506/1/FragileWatermarking... · FRAGILE and SEMI-FRAGILE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES

FRAGILE and SEMI-FRAGILE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES for IMAGE ...dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/506/1/FragileWatermarking... · FRAGILE and SEMI-FRAGILE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES

Fragile Memories

Fragile Memories

Fragile Spanish

Fragile Spanish

Fragile Networks2

Fragile Networks2

presentation_week_3 fragile

presentation_week_3 fragile

Dimension FRAGILE

Dimension FRAGILE

Fragile Wit

Fragile Wit

Charles Aznavour - For Me Formidable

Charles Aznavour - For Me Formidable

Fragile-to-Fragile Cooperation - G7+-Policy... · 2. The concept of Fragile-to-Fragile Cooperation F2F cooperation is the support g7+ can provide to each other, including through

Fragile-to-Fragile Cooperation - G7+-Policy... · 2. The concept of Fragile-to-Fragile Cooperation F2F cooperation is the support g7+ can provide to each other, including through

Sting Fragile

Sting Fragile

From Fragile States to Fragile Cities: Redefining Spaces ...

From Fragile States to Fragile Cities: Redefining Spaces ...

FRAGILE FRAGILE *Laboratorio Creativamente' mcetiario ... · FRAGILE FRAGILE *Laboratorio Creativamente' mcetiario Classl seconde AGILE FRAGILE AGILE FRAGILE FRAGILE FR FRAGILÆ

FRAGILE FRAGILE *Laboratorio Creativamente' mcetiario ... · FRAGILE FRAGILE *Laboratorio Creativamente' mcetiario Classl seconde AGILE FRAGILE AGILE FRAGILE FRAGILE FR FRAGILÆ

The Joy Formidable

The Joy Formidable

The Formidable Glass

The Formidable Glass

The Formidable Pen

The Formidable Pen

Fragile - Sting

Fragile - Sting