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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2 Refugees Act 1998 (South Africa). 3 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“UNHCR”), UNHCR Statistical Year Book 2009, 2010, 40, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/4ce531e09.pdf [accessed 29 October 2012]. 4 National Consortium for Refugee Affairs, Summary of Key Findings: Refugee Protection in South Africa, 2006, 2, available at: http://www.cormsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/ncra06.pdf [accessed 10 November 2012]. See also: Refugees Act, above n 1, arts 11(h), 27(e)-(g). 5 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954), art 1(A) (‘1951 Convention’). 6 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, opened for signature 10 September 1969, 1001 UNTS 45 (entered into force 20 June 1974), art 1(2) (‘1969 OAU Refugee Convention’). 7 Refoulement is the return of an individual to a country where his/her life or liberty may be at risk. The principle of non-refoulement protects individuals from being returned to a place where his/her life or liberty may be at risk. Further discussion of the principle is found in below in Section 3. See also: UNHCR, The Principle of Non!Refoulement as a Norm of Customary International Law. Response to the Questions Posed to UNHCR by the Federal Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany in Cases 2 BvR 1938/93, 2 BvR 1953/93, 2 BvR 1954/93, 31 January 1994, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/437b6db64.html [accessed 30 September 2012] 8 William Thomas Worster, ‘The Evolving Definition of the Refugee In Contemporary International Law’ (2012) 30 Berkeley Journal of International Law 94. 9 UNHCR, UNHCR Global Trends 2011: A Year of Crises, 18 June 2012, 25, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fdeccbe2.html [accessed 10 November 2012] 10 Ibid.

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,49$=<414;%! *$! ?82283BA! ?83$*;&'&;! e%)&! ?8'3&'$%83&! 8>! %)&! *3%&'3#%*83#B! B&@#B! '&@*2&! >8'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11 DHA is responsible for carrying out activities related to refugees and asylum-seekers. See: Darshan Vigneswaran, ‘A Foot in the Door: Access to Asylum in South Africa’ (Working Paper, No 40, University of the Witwatersrand, August 2008). 12 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection: Persistent Bias and Incapacity in South African Refugee Status Determination’ (Research Report, African Centre for Migration & Society (‘ACMS’), June 2012). 13 UNHCR, 2012 UNHCR country operations profile - South Africa, 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e485aa6 [accessed 29 October 2012]. 14 UNHCR, Global Trends 2011, above n 9, 25. 15 See section 2(C) for further discussion on the ZDP. 16 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 16-17. 17 Julian M. Lehmann, ‘Rights at the Frontier: Border Control and Human Rights Protection of Irregular International Migrants’ (2011) 3 Goettingen Journal of International Law 733, 741. 18 Charter of the United Nations, signed 26 June 1945, 1 UNTS XVI (entered into force 24 October 1945), art 2 (7) 19 For further discussion see: UNHCR, UNHCR Note on the Principle of Non-Refoulement, November 1997, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/438c6d972.html [accessed 30 September 2012]

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20 Alice Farmer, ‘Non-Refoulement and Jus Cogens: Limiting Anti-Terror Measures That Threaten Refugee Protection’ (2008-2009) 23 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 1, 37. 21 Ellen F. D’Angelo, ‘Non-Refoulement: The Search for a Consistent Interpretation of Article 33’ (2009) 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 279. 22 Julian M. Lehmann, above n 17, 743-744. 23 Nils Coleman, ‘Non-Refoulement Revised Renewed Review of the Status of the Principle of Non-Refoulement as Customary International Law’ (2003) 5 European Journal of Migration and Law 23, 23. 24 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, above n 6, art 2(3). See also: Refugees Act 1998, above n 2, art 2. 25 Integrated Regional Information Networks (‘IRIN’), South Africa: Migrants face unlawful arrests and hasty deportations, 14 February 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4f3e49cc2.html [accessed 29 October 2012]. 26 Beitbridge Reporter, ‘1 200 Zimbabweans deported from South Africa’, Buloway24 News, 27 August 2012, available at: http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-19283-article-1+200+Zimbabweans+deported+from+South+Africa.html [accessed 29 October 2012]. 27 UN Human Rights Council, Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: South Africa, 12 March 2012, A/HRC/WG.6/13/ZAF/3, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fcc8fe82.html [accessed 29 October 2012].

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!28 Oxford University Press, Oxford Dictionaries, 2012, available at: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/deportation [accessed 25 November 2012]. 29 Julian M. Lehmann, above n 17, 259.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!30 For further discussion on safeguards for illegal and legal migrants at risk of deportation see: Ibid. 31 UNHCR, Principle of Non-Refoulement, above n 19. 32 UNHCR, Non!Refoulement as a Norm of Customary International Law, above n 7, 1. 33 Richard Perruchoud and Jillyanne Redpath-Cross (eds), Glossary on Migration (International Organization for Migration, 2nd ed, 2011) 61. 34 Alexander Betts and Esra Kaytaz, ‘National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime’ (Research Paper, No 175, UNHCR, July 2009) 1. 35 1951 Convention, above n 5, art 1(A). For further discussion of the definition see section III(A). 36 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, above n 6, art 1(2). For further discussion of the definition see section III(B).

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!37 See: Human Rights Watch, World Report 2009 - South Africa, 14 January 2009, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49705f91c.html [accessed 25 November 2012] 38 Several prominent local organisations have been highlighted: Lawyers for Human Rights (“LHR”); Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (“CoRMSA”); African Centre for Migration & Society (“ACMS”); and, People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (“PASSOP”).

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!41 United Kingdom: Home Office, Country of Origin Information Report - Zimbabwe, 19 August 2011, 22, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e56135d2.html [accessed 25 November 2012] 42 Ibid, 22-23. 43 Ibid, 24. 44 Human Rights Watch, Neighbors in Need – Zimbabweans Seeking Refuge in South Africa, 18 June 2008, 1, available at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/06/18/neighbors-need-0 [accessed 29 October 2012]. 45 Ibid, 4. 46 Ibid, 4. 47 Ibid, 4. 48 Ibid, 5. 49 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2009 - Zimbabwe, 14 January 2009, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49705f861a.html [accessed 25 November 2012]

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!50 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12. For further discussion see section II(F)(ii) below. 51 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2010 - Zimbabwe, 20 January 2010, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b586cd81a.html [accessed 25 November 2012]. 52 IRIN, Zimbabwe - crisis over?, 12 September 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/5052fdef2.html [accessed 25 November 2012] 53 Ibid. 54 Human Rights Watch, Zimbabwe: Police Raid Threatens Broader Crackdown, 9 November 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/50a20e302.html [accessed 25 November 2012] 55 Freedom House, Countries at the Crossroads 2012 - Zimbabwe, 20 September 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/505c17251a.html [accessed 25 November 2012] 56 Human Rights Watch, Neighbors in Need, above n 44, 23.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!57 UNHCR, Global Trends 2011, above n 9, 25. 58 World Food Programme, ‘Zimbabwe: Food Assistance Gives Lifeline to Returnees’, Reliefweb, 5 November 2012, available at: http://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-food-assistance-gives-lifeline-returnees [accessed 11 November 2012]. 59 Alexander Betts and Esra Kaytaz, above n 34, 6. 60 Human Rights Watch, Neighbors in Need, above n 44, 1. 61 Human Rights Watch, South Africa: End Strain on Asylum System and Protect Zimbabweans, 8 January 2009, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49670ba4c.html [accessed 9 September 2011] 62 Ibid.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!63 IRIN, South Africa: Deportation of Zimbabweans tearing families apart, 25 October 2011, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4eb39aeb2.html [accessed 11 November 2012] 64 Roni Amit, ‘The Zimbabwean Documentation Process: Lessons Learned’ (Research Report, African Centre for Migration & Society, January 2011). 65 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 16-17. 66 Roni Amit, ‘The Zimbabwean Documentation Process’, above n 64, 24. 67 IRIN, above n 63. 68 Roni Amit, above n 64. 69 Ibid.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!70 Ibid, 24. 71 IRIN, Migrants face unlawful arrests, above n 25. 72 Ibid. 73 Beitbridge Reporter, above n 26. 74 Lawyers for Human Rights - South Africa, Submission to the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, 30 January 2012, available at: http://www.lhr.org.za/publications/lhr-submission-special-rapporteur-human-rights-migrants [accessed 29 October 2012]. 75 IRIN, above n 71. 76 PASSOP is a South African NGO, originally founded by Zimbabweans in response to xenophobia in South Africa. They work to assist all asylum-seekers, refugees and immigrants in Cape Town. They are actively involved in supporting Zimbabweans against deportations by the South African government. See: PASSOP, About PASSOP, available at: http://www.passop.co.za/about-us/background [accessed 25 November 2012]. 77 Solidarity Peace Trust and PASSOP, Perils and Pitfalls – Migrants and Deportation in South Africa (Durban: Solidarity Peace Trust, 2012) 34.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!78 Alex Bell, ‘Zimbabwe: Concerned Raised Over Irregularities in SA Deportation Process’, SW Radio Africa (London), 4 September 2012, available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/201209050183.html [accessed 11 November 2012]. 79 Alex Bell, ‘SA slammed for deportations of hundreds of Zimbabweans’, SW Radio Africa, 14 October 2011, available at: http://www.swradioafrica.com/2011/10/14/sa-slammed-for-deportations-of-hundreds-of-zimbabweans/ [accessed 11 November 2012]. 80 United States Department of State, 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – South Africa, 24 May 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fc75a60c3.html [accessed 29 October 2012]. 81 LHR, above n 74. 82 Chris Ncube, ‘Campaign to end detention of minors’, The Zimbabwean, 28 March 2012, available at: http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/news/zimbabwe/57416/campaign-to-end-detention-of.html?utm_source=thezim&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=listarticle&utm_content=textlink [accessed 18 November 2012]. 83 Itai Mazire, ‘Minors stranded in Musina’, The Sunday Mail, 18 August 2012, available at: http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30651:minors-stranded-in-musina&catid=38:local-news&Itemid=131#.UJ9aVaT9FQ0 [accessed 11 November 2012]. 84 Darren Taylor, ‘Monitors Highlight ‘Gaps’ in New South African Immigration Policy’, Voice of America News, 5 November 2010, available at: http://www.migration.org.za/news/2010/monitors-highlight-gaps-new-south-african-immigration-policy-5-november-2010 [accessed 11 November 2012].

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85 IRIN, Tearing families apart, above n 63. 86 Roselyne Sachiti, ‘Zimbabwe: South Africa Deportations Stir Hornet’s Nest’, The Herald, available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/201202150469.html?viewall=1 [accessed 11 November 2012]. 87 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12. 88 UN Human Rights Council, above n 27. 89 IRIN, South Africa: Asylum-seekers resort to border jumping, 9 February 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4f3503492.html [accessed 29 October 2012]. 90 Ibid. 91 United States Department of State, above n 80.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!92 UNHCR, Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report – Universal Periodic Review: South Africa, November 2011, 2, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ed724952.html [accessed 29 October 2012]. 93 Julian M. Lehmann, above n 17, 759. 94 Darshan Vigneswaran, above n 11, 11. 95 NGO Statement on Africa, delivered to the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme Standing Committee 53rd Meeting, 13 – 15 March 2012, available at: http://www.lhr.org.za/programme/refugee-and-migrant-rights-programme-rmrp [accessed 11 November 2012].

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!96 Darshan Vigneswaran, above n 11, 4. 97 Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa, Protection Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Immigrants in South Africa, 18 June 2009, 85, available at: http://www.cormsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/Resources/CoRMSA%20Report%202009%20-%20Protecting%20Refugees,%20Asylum%20Seekers%20and%20Immigrants%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf [accessed 25 November 2012]. 98 Solidarity Peace Trust and PASSOP, above n 77, 14. 99 Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa, CoRMSA condemns irregularities during the deportation of Zimbabwean nationals in Musina, 24 October 2011, available at: http://www.cormsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Press-statement-CoRMSA-condemns-irregularities-during-the-deportation-of-Zimbabwean-nationals-in-Musina.pdf [accessed 25 November2012]. 100 Human Rights Watch, South Africa: Open New Johannesburg Refugee Center, 3 June 2011, available at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/02/south-africa-open-new-johannesburg-refugee-center [accessed 18 November 2012]. 101 Ibid.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!102 Ibid. 103 IRIN, SOUTH AFRICA: Red tape ensnares asylum-seekers, 20 January 2012, available at: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94692/SOUTH-AFRICA-Red-tape-ensnares-asylum-seekers [accessed 26 November 2012]. 104 Amnesty International, South Africa: Call for South Africa to fulfil its international and domestic obligations in the protection of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers, 20 December 2011, available at: http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/AFR53/007/2011/fr/b49b164c-3667-474e-8358-8e7c74eb9ac7/afr530072011en.html [accessed 26 November 2012]. 105 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 17. 106 IRIN, Red tape, above n 103.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!107 Darshan Vigneswaran, above n 11, 16. 108 Chris Ncube, ‘Asylum Seekers Face Detention’, The Zimbabwean.co.uk, 24 October 2011, available at: http://www.lhr.org.za/news/2011/asylum-seekers-face-detention [accessed 11 November 2012]. 109 See: Roni Amit, ‘Protection and Pragmatism: Addressing Administrative Failures in South Africa’s Refugee Status Determination Decisions’ (Report, Forced Migation Studies Programme – Wits University, April 2010). See also: Tal Hanna Schreier, ‘An Evaluation of South Africa’s Application of the OAU Refugee Definition’ (2008) 25[2] Refuge 53. 110 Jeff Crisp and Esther Kiragu, ‘Refugee Protection and International Migration: A review of UNHCR’s role in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa’ (Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR, August 2010) 17. 111 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 18.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!117 UNHCR, Non!Refoulement as a Norm of Customary International Law, above n 7, 1. 118 1951 Convention, above n 5, art 1(A). 119 Ibid, art 33(1). 120 UNHCR, Non!Refoulement as a Norm of Customary International Law, above n 7. 121 Alice Farmer, above n 20. 122 Nils Coleman, above n 23. 123 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, ‘Non-Refoulement and the New Asylum Seeker’ (1988) Immigration & Nationality Law Review 387, 398. 124 Ellen F. D’Angelo, above n 21. 125 For discussion of some recent State practice: Ibid.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!126 UNHCR, Non!Refoulement as a Norm of Customary International Law, above n 7, 9. 127 Ibid. 128 Ellen F. D’Angelo, above n 21. 129 South Africa signed the Convention on 15 December 1995. See: African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Ratification Table: AU Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, available at: http://www.achpr.org/instruments/refugee-convention/ratification/ [accessed 25 November 2012]. 130 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, above n 6, art 1(2).

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!134 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 20. 135 Jeff Crisp and Esther Kiragu, above n 110, 14. 136 Human Rights Watch, Neighbors in Need, above n 44. 137 Alexander Betts and Esra Kaytaz, above n 34. 138 Ibid, 1.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!139 Human Rights Watch, Neighbors in Need, above n 44. 140 Ibid, 52 – 53. 141 Katharine Child, ‘Home Affairs Resumes Zim Deportations’, Mail and Guardian, 7 October 2011, available at: http://www.lhr.org.za/news/2011/home-affairs-resumes-zim-deportations [accessed 11 November 2012]. 142 IRIN, South Africa - Zimbabwe: Tussle over planned resumption of deportations, 11 November 2010, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ce24758c.html [accessed 18 November 2012] 143 Jeff Crisp and Esther Kiragu, above n 110, 13. 144 United Kingdom: Home Office, Operational Guidance Note: Zimbabwe, August 2012, OGN v10.0, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/5022340f2.html [accessed 29 October 2012]

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!152 Marrisa Jackson, ‘Closing the Gap: Towards a Rights-Based Approach to Refugee Law’ (2011) 4 North Western Interdisciplinary Law Review 147, 149. 153 Ibid, 155. 154 Alexander Betts, ‘Towards a ‘soft law’ framework for the protection of vulnerable migrants’ (Research Paper, No 162, UNHCR, August 2008) 2. 155 Ibid.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!156 This assumption is based on the author’s five years experience working with asylum-seekers and refugees with UNHCR and a legal aid NGO. Commonly individuals express their most pressing concerns/needs, which is commonly lack of food or education. Further questioning is needed to understand their secondary or tertiary concerns, which can often be political persecution or persecution based on the other Convention grounds. 157 Jennifer A. Klinck, ‘Recognizing Socio-Economic Refugees in South Africa: a Principled and Rights-Based Approach to Section 3(b) of the Refugees Act’ (2009) 21 International Journal of Refuge Law 653, 655. 158 Julian M. Lehmann, above n 17, 748. 159 Michelle Foster, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007) 248.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!160 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 10. 161 George Okoth-Obbo, ‘Thirty Year On: A Legal Review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa’ (2001), 21[1] Refugee Survey Quarterly 79, 85. 162 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, above n 6, art 1(2) 163 Alexander Betts and Esra Kaytaz, above n 34, 7-8.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!164 Hathaway, above n 151, 17. 165 Micah Bond Rankin, ‘Extending the limits or narrowing the scope? Deconstructing the OAU refugee definition thirty years on’ (Working paper, No 113, UNHCR, April 2005) 8. 166 M R Rwelamira, ‘Two Decades of the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of the Refugee Problem in Africa’ (1989) 1 International Journal of Refugee Law 557, 558. 167 Micah Bond Rankin, above n 165, 19. 168 Jennifer A. Klinck, above n 157, 664. 169 Alexander Betts and Esra Kaytaz, above n 34, 25.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!170 Michael Barutciski, ‘The Development of Refugee Law and Policy in South Africa: A Commentary on the 1997 Green Paper and the 1998 White Paper/Draft Bill’ (1998) 10 International Journal of Refugee Law 700. 171 Draft Green Paper, No. 18033, Notice 849 of 1997 (South Africa). 172 Draft White Paper, Notice 1122 of 1998, South Africa, July 1998. 173 Tal Hanna Schreier, above n 109, 54 174 Jennifer A. Klinck, above n 157, 653. 175 Ibid, 699.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!176 Ibid, 690. 177 Fatima Khan, ‘Patterns and policies of migration in South Africa: Changing patterns and the need for a comprehensive approach’ (Draft paper for discussion, University of Cape Town – Refugee Rights Project, 3 October 2007) 9. 178 Robert L Newmark, ‘Non-Refoulement Run Afoul: The Questionable Legality of Extraterritorial Repatriation Programs’ (1993) 71 Washington University Law Quarterly 833, 844.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!180 UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No. 1: Gender-Related Persecution Within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 7 May 2002, HCR/GIP/02/01, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3d36f1c64.html [accessed 26 November 2012] 181 Meghan Casey, ‘Refugee Women as Cultural Others: Constructing Social Group and Nexus for FGM, Sex Trafficking, and Domestic Violence Asylum Claims in the United States’ (2012) 10[2] Seattle Journal for Social Justice 981, 989. 182 United States Department of State, above n 80. 183 Freedom House, above n 55. 184 United States Department of State, above n 80.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!185 UNHCR, Gender-Related Persecution, above n 180, 3. 186 Ibid, 3. 187 Ibid, 4. 188 Refugees Act, above n 2, art 1(xxi). 189 Roni Amit, ‘All Roads Lead to Rejection’, above n 12, 75. 190 Ibid, 76.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!191 South Africa signed the Convention on 29 January 1993 and ratified it on 16 June 1995. See: United Nations Treaty collections, 26 November 2012, available at: http://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-11&chapter=4&lang=en [accessed 26 November 2012]. 192 U.N. Comm. on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General Comment No. 6: Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside Their Country of Origin, 1 27, U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2005/6 (1 Sep 2005). For further discussion see: Vijay M Padmanabhan, ‘To Transfer or not to Transfer: Identifying and Protecting Relevant Human Rights Interests in Non-Refoulement’ (2011-2012) 80 Fordham Law Review 73, 88. 193 Refugees Act, above n 2, art 32(1).

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!194 United States Department of State, above n 80. 195 Ibid. 196 UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No. 8: Child Asylum Claims under Articles 1(A)2 and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, 22 December 2009, HCR/GIP/09/08, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b2f4f6d2.html [accessed 18 November 2012]. 197 Ibid, 6. 198 Ibid, 8.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!199 Refugees Act, above n 2, art 1(xxi). 200 UNHCR, Conclusion on refugees with disabilities and other persons with disabilities protected and assisted by UNHCR, No. 110 (LXI) - 2010, 12 October 2010, No. 110 (LXI) - 2010, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cbeaf8c2.html [accessed 18 November 2012]. 201 United Kingdom: Home Office, Operational Guidance Note, above n 144. 202 IRIN, Tussle over, above n 142. 203 Jo Vearey and Matthew Wilhelm!Solomon, ‘Deportation and Public Health: Concerns around the ending of the Zimbabwean Documentation Process’ (Issue brief, No 9, African Centre for Migration & Society, October 2011) 2. 204 United Kingdom: Home Office, Country of Origin, above n 41, 147.

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!205 United States Department of State, above n 80. 206 For further discussion on the requirements of cumulative discrimination amounting to persecution see: UNHCR, Gender-Related Persecution, above n 180.

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