Harkness2e chap14 ppt

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable

Diseases

2Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter Highlights• Infectious versus communicable

disease• Outbreak investigation: person, place,

time• Public health surveillance• Foodborne and waterborne illnesses• Sexually transmitted diseases


Question

Is the following statement true or false?A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.


Answer

TrueRationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.


Infectious Disease• Presence and replication of an

infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms

• Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host


Communicable Disease• For a disease to be communicable, or

contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host.


Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection

• Agent• Host

• Portals of entry and exit• Incubation period


• Environment: Reservoir• Transmission

• Airborne• Direct• Indirect• Droplet

Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection

(cont.)


Carrier

A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease


Colonization

The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue


Incubation Period

Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease


Question

Is the following statement true or false?An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable.


Answer

FalseRationale: An infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable.


Question

Is the following statement true or false?Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area.


Answer

FalseRationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected


Outbreak Investigation• Establishing the existence of an

outbreak• Describing cases by person, place, and

time


Types of Outbreaks• Endemic—the constant or usual

prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area

• Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected


Healthcare-Associated Infections

Nurses play an important role in the prevention of healthcare-associated infection and represent the first line of defense for such adverse outcomes.


Public Health Surveillance

Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness


Specific Communicable Diseases

Foodborne diseases• Noroviruses• Campylobacter enteritis• Listeria monocytogenes • Nontyphoid Salmonella • Escherichia coli O157:H7


Waterborne Diseases• Waterborne diseases associated with

drinking/potable water• Waterborne diseases associated with

recreational water


Question

Is the following statement true or false?The CDC reports indicate that more than one-fourth of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.


Answer

FalseRationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one-third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.


Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Chlamydia• Gonorrhea• Syphilis• Human Papillomavirus• Human Immunodeficiency Virus• Herpes Simplex Virus• Hepatitis B


Prevention and Control of Specific Infectious Diseases

• Foodborne diseases• Waterborne diseases• Sexually transmitted infections


CDC• Provides an effective system for STD

prevention to assist community/public health professionals in the design, implementation, and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs

Harkness2e chap14 ppt

Education

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