Haris Setyaningrum King Saud University Email: [email protected] Hypera postica Gyllenahl...
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Transcript of Haris Setyaningrum King Saud University Email: [email protected] Hypera postica Gyllenahl...
Haris Setyaningrum
King Saud UniversityEmail: [email protected]
Hypera postica Gyllenahl(Coleoptera : Curculionidae)
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Important Alfalfa weevils
Can cause skeletonization leaves
Frosting Can lay 500-2000
eggsFeed during dayLong distance flight
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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Life cycle
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Fig.3
Life Cycle of the Alfalfa Weevil in South Dakota
Alfalfa weevil adults
Alfalfa weevils overwinter as adults under soil clods and plant debris in shelter belts,on the field, and along ditches and fence lines.
An adult alfalfa weevil is about 1/4-inch long. It is capable of long distance flight.
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Fig. 4
Alfalfal weevil eggs
Eggs are laid in alfalfa stems in the spring. Each female weevil can lay between 500-2,000 eggs during its life span.
Every laying period lay 2-25 eggs
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Fig. 5
Alfalfa weevils Larvae
Larvae that hatch from the eggs are usually noticed on alfalfa from late-April through early-June (in south Dakota) or mid spring in others country
Egg hatch is not simultaneous so different sizes of larvae can be seen on alfalfa at any given time. A fully-grown larva is about 3/8 inch long.
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Fig. 6
Alfalfa weevils Larvae
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Larvae are consumers of leaf tissues. However, they do not consume entire leaves but rather “skeletonize” them. The stems and leaf veins are left intact. Infested alfalfa appears “frosted”when viewed from a distance.
The cocoon
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• Fully-grown larvae drop to the ground and spin cocoons that look like tiny silken balls wrappedin dry pieces of leaves. The pupa inside a cocoon is an inactive stage of the alfalfa weevil.
Fig. 7
Distribution
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Austria • Croatia • Cyprus • Denmark • France • Germany • Italy • Japan • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Sweden • Switzerland • Ukraine • United Kingdom • United States . North Africa . India . Midle east . And Western Asia ( www.w3.org and Shuobu. et.al) Fig.8
Symptoms
SkeletonizeFrosting Notch in main stem,
side shoots and leaf stem
ragged and torn leaf margins
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Host
Mostly Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Asrtragalus sinicus (Chinese milk veth)
Medicago lupulina (black medick)
M.hisipida (burr medic) Melitotus officinalis (yellow
sweet clover) Trifolium pretense (red
clover) T.repens (white clover) Vicia sativa (narrow-leaved
vetch). (Takagi et.al)
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Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) adult, pursuing an alfalfa weevil adult
First stage Microctonus aethiopoides larva, dissected from an adult alfalfa weevil
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Biologial control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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Fully grown Microctonus aethiopoides larva (below), dissected from an alfalfa weevil adult shortly before it leaves host to pupate
Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) adults are parasitoids of alfalfa weevil larvae
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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First stage Bathyplectes curculionis larva, dissected from an alfalfa weevil larva
Cocoons of Bathyplectes curculionis
Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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Cocoons of Bathyplectes anurus
Bathyplectes anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) adults are parasitoids of alfalfa weevil larvae
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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Adults of Oomyzus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) attacking an alfalfa weevil larva
Larvae of Oomyzus incertus, dissected from an alfalfa weevil larva
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Biological control in organic farming, used natural enemies
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Pupae of Oomyzus incertus, dissected from a mummy formed from the integument of the alfalfa weevil larva.
Zoophthora phytonomi (Entomophthora: Entomophthoraceae) is an important pathogen of alfalfa weevil
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Insecticides
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Brand name Active ingredient Product per acrePre-harvest interval
(days)
Ambush permethrin 6.4-12.8 fluid ounces0-14 depending on
rate usedBaythroid 2 cyfluthrin 1.6-2.8 fluid ounces 7Dimethoate 4 E.C. dimethoate 0.5-1 pint 10
Furadan 4 F carbofuran 0.5-2 pints7-28 depending on
rate usedImidan 70-WSB phosmet 1.33 pounds 7 Lannate LV methomyl 3 pints 7
Lorsban 4E chlorpyrifos 1-2 pints14-21 depending on
rate usedMalathion 57 EC malathion 1.5-2.25 pints 0Mustang zeta-cypermethrin 2.4-4.3 fluid ounces 7
Penncap-M methy parathion 2-3 pints15 (and 2-day reentry
interval)
Pounce 3.2 EC permethrin 4-8 fluid ounces0-14 depending on
rate usedSevin XLR PLUS carbaryl 1.5 quarts 7Warrior lambda-cyhalothrin 2.56-3.84 fluid ounces 7
Table 1
Economic important
Alfalfa weevil attack so many crops
Both larvae and adults feed on leaves host
Widely spread in many countriesThe most serious pest of alfalfa
in the United States (USDA 1991, Takagi,et.al)
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Refferences
Takagi, Masami.et,al. Classical biological control of Alfalfa weevil in Japan. Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. Japan.
Catangui, Michael A. 2001. Alfalfa Weevil : Evaluation of control practice in South Dakota (Extension Entomology Fact Sheet 001). Department of Plant Science South Dakota State University. Dakota
Shoubu, Megumi. et.al. 2005. Establishment of Bathyplectus anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera :Curculionidae) in Japan. Journal Biological Control (34) . pp 144–151
Figure : Fig 1,fig, 2,fig 4,fig 5, fig 6, fig 7 and annotations: Cook , Kelly A. 2003. alfalfa weevil ,
Hypera postica Gyllenahl. Extension fact sheet. University of Illinois, department of crop seciences
Fig 3 and table 1: Catangui, Michael A. 2001. Alfalfa Weevil : Evaluation of control practice in South Dakota (Extension Entomology Fact Sheet 001). Department of Plant Science South Dakota State University. Dakota
Fig 8, http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml Fig 9 – 18 and annotations: Flanders ,Kathy L. and Radcliffe, Edward B . 2000. Alfalfa
IPM. Radcliffes’s IPM World text books. University of Minnesota
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