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Transcript of Hardware
Hardware
Overview of the CPU and its parts, memory, binary codes, peripheral devices, other system components
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Schematic model of a computer system
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COMPUTATION CYCLE
I-cycle E-cycle
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CPU
ALU control unit registers data buses Moore’s law: transistor density doubles
every 18 months (today >100 M/chip)
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HOW ARE THEY INTERCONNECTED?
Through the system bus
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Memory Main memory RAM
EDO RAM (Extended Data Out RAM)DRAM (Dynamic RAM – faster)SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM – even faster)
ROM PROM (WORM) EPROM PCMCIA cards (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) Flash memory – non-volatile chip – memory sticks
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Memory types
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Cache memory
Easily accessible fast memory for frequently used data; located near the CPU
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BINARY NUMBERS vs. BINARY CODES
Binary numbers Standard binary codes
» ASCII (American Std. Code for Information Interchange)
» EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
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Abbreviations & numbers of bytes they represent
Abbreviations Full nameHow to compute Numbers of bytes
Approxi-mation
B Byte 1 1 One
KB Kilobyte 1024 1,024 Thousand
MB Megabyte 1024**2 1,048,576 Million
GB Gigabyte 1024**3 1,073,741,824 Billion
TB Terabyte 1024**4 1,099,511,627,776 Trillion
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SPEED OF COMPUTERS
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing)Using ALL instructions in the CPU (many PC’s)
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)Using only the necessary instructions in the CPU
(faster than CISC)
VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)Including more words per instructions. (faster than
RISC)
Parallel processing (more processors)
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Classes of computer systemsFactors & System types PC's
Network systems
Work stations
Midrange (minis)
Main-frames
Super computers
CPU speed (MIPS) 5-20 1-5 50-100 25-100 40-4500
60B-3 Trillion IPS
RAM size (MB) 16-128 4-16 32-512 32-1024 512-10248192 and
more
Function
Personal productivity, home computing
Data entry, Internet connection
Engineering, science, sw development, graphics design
Small corporate computing
Enterprise systems, large firms, government
Science, climate modeling, product dev., mktg.
Largest manuafacturers
HP, Dell, Gateway Oracle, IBM
Sun, IBM, Toshiba
HP, IBM, NEC IBM, NEC Cray
Price range ($) 1000-5000 500-1500 4000-2500020000-130000 250k-3M 2M- 10M
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Types of storage devices
Magnetic disks (random access)o hard discso flexible disks
Memory sticks (random) Optical disks (random) Magnetic tapes (sequential)
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Hard disks
track/surface/cylinder concept read-write head column head-surface clearance removable hard disks data access times
– seek time– rotation time– transfer time
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Hard disks (cont’d)
physical sizes of hard disks storage capacities of hard disks will a disk twice the size store twice the
data?
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Flexible disks
Sizes Storage capacities
– HD diskettes – 1.44 MB– ZIP disks – 100, 250, 750 MB – Memory sticks – >512 MB
Formatting Access times for some types of disks:
– large DASD 1-10 msec– winchester 10-20 msec– floppy 175-300 msec– optical 100-500 msec
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Other disk technologies
Floptical disks (optical seek/magnetic store)– write & erase!
Cache disk (not a disk – it is a fast memory) RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks) Expandable storage devices
– Disk cartridges
– ZIP
– Memory sticks
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Other disk technologies (cont’d)
Optical disks, CD’s (3-650 MB) WORM optical disks MO (Magneto-Optical) disks:
– Magnetic/CDROM technologies combined– write & erase!!
DVD (17 gig: a larger capacity CD-ROM) Indexed organization of disks for storage and retrieval SAN (Storage Area Networks) – networked storage
devices
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Tapes
Sequential access Method of storage and parity Tape cartridges Purpose and utility of tape
storage Blocking and density Capacity: about 10 GB
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Some features of some secondary storage devices
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Input devices
Keyboard Mouse Bar code scanner RFID receivers Voice recognition MICR reader OCR
Pen input Touch screen Iris scanners Magnetic card
scanners Image scanners ATM (I/O)
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MICR on checks
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Output devices
Monitors– CRT– LCD
Printers Plotters Sound
– Speakers– MP3
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Standards which ensure seamless operation & interfacing
Musical instruments digital standards Multimedia standards Plug and play standards Small Computer System Interface standards
(SCSI) Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association (PCMCIA) standards
End Hardware