Hard Disk and I-o Devices

8/8/2019 Hard Disk and I-o Devices

1/28

By

Albatross

Components of Computer


2/28

Computing

Ramesh IIIT-44

y Generally Computing can be defined as Counting or Calculation

y Computing, also known as computer science, is usually defined as the activity of using and

improving computer technology, computer hardware and software


3/28

History of Computing

Ramesh IIIT-44

y Methods used for computing in earlier days intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with

or without the aid of tables.

y The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus.

y These methods lack in technology to make the design

work.


4/28

First Computer

Ramesh IIIT-44

y ENIAC , short for ElectronicNumerical Integrator And Computer, was the first general-purpose,

electronic computer.

y It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of

computing problems.

y ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic

Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb.


5/28

Generations of Computers

Ramesh IIIT-44

There are 6 generation types:

Zeroth Generation of Computers[1942-1946]: Marked by the invention ofMechanical

Computers

First Generation of Computers[1946-1954]:Marked by the use of vacuum tubes or valves


6/28

Ramesh IIIT-44

Second Generation of Computers[1954-1964]:Marked by the use of transistors

Third Generation of Computers[1964-1980]:Marked by the use of Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation of Computers[1980s-present]:Marked by the use of LSI and VLSI

Fifth Generation Computers[ tommorows Computers]


7/28

Types of Microprocessors


8/28

Introductiony A microprocessor -- also

known as a CPU or is acomplete computationengine that is fabricated on

a single chip.

y Microprocessors firststarted appearing in the

1970s in electroniccalculators.


9/28

Classification

Hardware characteristicsy Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

y Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

y Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)

y Superscalar Processors

characteristics of application areasy GPP (General Purpose Processor)

y SPP (Special Purpose Processor)

ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)

ASIP (Application-Specific Instruction-set Processor)

DSP (Digital Signal Processor)


10/28

CISCComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)- easy to program and make efficient use of memory.

-Each instruction in a CISC instruction set might perform a

series of operations inside the processor.-reduces the number of instructions required to implement a

given program.


11/28

RISCy Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

RISC is a CPU design strategy with simplified instructions &

can provide higher performance.-one instruction per clock cycle.


12/28

VLIWy Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)

VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take

advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP).-Many parallel functional units are executed.


13/28

Superscalar ProcessorsSuperscalar Processors

- Subclass ofRISCs or CISCs

-Multiple instruction pipelines for overlapping execution ofinstructions


14/28

General purpose processors

-used for General purpose applications

Microcontrollers:-industrial applications


15/28

Special purpose processorsy DSPThese are programmable microprocessor for extensive

numerical real-time computations.

yASIC

algorithm completely implemented in hardware.

ASIP

Hardware and instruction set are designed together for one

special application


16/28

Random Access Memory


17/28

Types ofRAM

y SRAM

y DRAM(Dynamic random access memory)

y

FPM

DRAM-

L2 cache:176MB

psy EDODRAM- L2 cache:264MBps

y SDRAM -L2 cache:528MBps

y DDR SDRAM-L2 cache:1064MBps

y RDRAM- L2 cache:1600MBpsy VRAM


18/28

Fast page mode ramEDO RAM

SD RAM

DDRRAM


19/28

DDR 2 RAM

RD RAM

DDR3 SDRAM


20/28

Hard disk

HDDs record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic

material directionally, to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary

digit

They read the data back by detecting the magnetization

of the material


21/28

HardDisk

spindle

Actuator

arm

platter

actuator


22/28

Types of hard disks

IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE drives are also known as PATA drives(

Parallel advance technology attachment )

SATA : Serial advance technology attachment

SCSI : Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is pronounced as scuzzy.

SAS : Serial Attached SCSI


23/28

IDE/PATAIDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins.

IDE/PATA Drives offer 133MB/sec transfer rate.

It sends 8 bit data at a time.

PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD.

Two drives can be connected in a single pata cable.

One as master and other as slave.

The configuration of master and slave is done by

different combination of jumpers in the hdd.


24/28

SATA

SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for sending and

receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded.

SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate. It sends data bit by

bit.

SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD.

Only one drive can be connected in a single sata cable.


25/28

SCSI

y SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins.

y SCSI Drive offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate.

y This drives are hot swappable.

y SCSI cables are used to connect SCSI HDD.Maximum of 16 drives can

be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd have a 8 bytes

hexadecimal code known as WWN (world wide name) for its

identification in the cable.


26/28

SASy SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate.

y This drives are hot swappable.

y SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives.

y M

aximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single sas cable.


27/28

Input/Output Devices


28/28

THANK YOU

Hard Disk and I-o Devices

Documents

Transcript of Hard Disk and I-o Devices