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Transcript of Hands-On Ethical Hacking and Network Defense Chapter 4 Footprinting and Social Engineering Last...
Hands-On Ethical Hands-On Ethical Hacking and Network Hacking and Network
DefenseDefense
Chapter 4Chapter 4Footprinting and Social EngineeringFootprinting and Social Engineering
Last modified 9-8-10
ObjectivesObjectives
Use Web tools for footprintingUse Web tools for footprinting Conduct competitive intelligenceConduct competitive intelligence Describe DNS zone transfersDescribe DNS zone transfers Identify the types of social Identify the types of social
engineeringengineering
Using Web Tools for Using Web Tools for FootprintingFootprinting
““Case the joint”Case the joint”• Look over the locationLook over the location• Find weakness in security systemsFind weakness in security systems• Types of locks, alarmsTypes of locks, alarms
In computer jargon, this is called In computer jargon, this is called footprintingfootprinting• Discover information about Discover information about
The organizationThe organization Its networkIts network
Table 4-1 Summary of Web tools
Rafasoft.comRafasoft.com
Table 4-1 Summary of Web tools (cont’d.)
Conducting Competitive Conducting Competitive IntelligenceIntelligence
Numerous resources to find Numerous resources to find information legallyinformation legally
Competitive IntelligenceCompetitive Intelligence• Gathering information using technologyGathering information using technology
Identify methods others can use to find Identify methods others can use to find information about your organizationinformation about your organization
Limit amount of information company Limit amount of information company makes publicmakes public
Analyzing a Company’s Web Analyzing a Company’s Web SiteSite
Web pages are an easy source of Web pages are an easy source of informationinformation
Many tools availableMany tools available ParosParos
• Powerful tool for UNIX and WindowsPowerful tool for UNIX and Windows• www.parosproxy.orgwww.parosproxy.org• Requires Java Requires Java
www.sun.comwww.sun.com
Setting a Proxy Server in FirefoxSetting a Proxy Server in Firefox
• ToolsTools• OptionsOptions• AdvancedAdvanced• SettingsSettings
Basic Proxy UseBasic Proxy Use
Shows Shows each each request request and and responseresponse
Spider ResultsSpider Results In Paros:In Paros:
• AnalyzeAnalyze• SpiderSpider
Finds all the pages Finds all the pages in a sitein a site
Scan ResultsScan Results
In Paros:In Paros:• AnalyzeAnalyze• ScanScan
Finds security Finds security risks in a siterisks in a site
Other ProxiesOther Proxies WebScarab from OWASPWebScarab from OWASP
• Very powerful, used for WebGoat Very powerful, used for WebGoat application security training application security training
• Link Ch 4iLink Ch 4i Tamper DataTamper Data
• Firefox plug-in for easy interception and Firefox plug-in for easy interception and alteration of requestsalteration of requests
Using Other Footprinting ToolsUsing Other Footprinting Tools
WhoisWhois• Commonly used toolCommonly used tool• Gathers IP address and domain Gathers IP address and domain
informationinformation• Attackers can also use itAttackers can also use it
Host commandHost command• Can look up one IP address, or the whole Can look up one IP address, or the whole
DNS Zone fileDNS Zone file All the servers in the domainAll the servers in the domain
ARIN Whois ARIN Whois from Linuxfrom Linux
host mit.eduhost mit.edu nc whois.arin.netnc whois.arin.net 18.7.22.6918.7.22.69
This shows This shows registration registration information for the information for the domaindomain
Sam SpadeSam Spade
GUI toolGUI tool Available Available
for UNIX for UNIX and and WindowsWindows
Easy to useEasy to use
Using E-mail AddressesUsing E-mail Addresses
E-mail addresses help you retrieve E-mail addresses help you retrieve even more information than the even more information than the previous commandsprevious commands
Find e-mail address formatFind e-mail address format• Guess other employees’ e-mail accountsGuess other employees’ e-mail accounts
Tool to find corporate employee Tool to find corporate employee informationinformation• Groups.google.comGroups.google.com
Using HTTP BasicsUsing HTTP Basics
HTTP operates on port 80HTTP operates on port 80 Use HTTP language to pull Use HTTP language to pull
information from a Web serverinformation from a Web server Basic understanding of HTTP is Basic understanding of HTTP is
beneficial for security testersbeneficial for security testers Return codesReturn codes
• Reveal information about server OSReveal information about server OS
Using HTTP Basics (continued)Using HTTP Basics (continued)
HTTP methodsHTTP methods• GET / HTTP/1.1. is the most basic GET / HTTP/1.1. is the most basic
methodmethod• Can determine information about server Can determine information about server
OS from the server’s generated output OS from the server’s generated output
Using Telnet as a BrowserUsing Telnet as a Browser
Use WindowsUse Windows• If Telnet is not installed, use Control If Telnet is not installed, use Control
Panel, Programs and Features, Panel, Programs and Features, Add/Remove Windows ComponentsAdd/Remove Windows Components
telnet samsclass.info 80telnet samsclass.info 80 Press Ctrl+]Press Ctrl+] Set localechoSet localecho Press Enter twicePress Enter twice
Using the OPTIONS MethodUsing the OPTIONS Method
Using the GET MethodUsing the GET Method
iClicker Questions
A. Spider
B. Proxy
C. Whois
D. GET
E. HEAD
Which technique automatically retrieves every page from an entire Web site?
A. OPTIONS
B. Proxy
C. Whois
D. GET
E. HEAD
Which technique is used by a browser to view a Web page?
A. OPTIONS
B. Proxy
C. Whois
D. PUT
E. HEAD
Which technique tells you contact information for the owner of a Web site?
A. PUT
B. Proxy
C. Telnet
D. GET
E. HEAD
Which technique lets you type in HTTP requests manually?
Other Methods of Gathering Other Methods of Gathering InformationInformation
CookiesCookies Web bugsWeb bugs
Detecting Cookies and Web Detecting Cookies and Web BugsBugs
CookieCookie• Text file generated by a Web serverText file generated by a Web server• Stored on a user’s browserStored on a user’s browser• Information sent back to Web server Information sent back to Web server
when user returnswhen user returns• Used to customize Web pagesUsed to customize Web pages• Some cookies store personal informationSome cookies store personal information
Security issueSecurity issue
Viewing CookiesViewing Cookies In FirefoxIn Firefox Tools, Options Tools, Options Privacy tabPrivacy tab Show CookiesShow Cookies
Detecting Cookies and Web Detecting Cookies and Web Bugs (continued)Bugs (continued)
Web bugWeb bug• 1-pixel x 1-pixel image file (usually 1-pixel x 1-pixel image file (usually
transparent)transparent)• Referenced in an <IMG> tagReferenced in an <IMG> tag• Usually works with a cookieUsually works with a cookie• Purpose similar to that of spyware and Purpose similar to that of spyware and
adwareadware• Comes from third-party companies Comes from third-party companies
specializing in data collectionspecializing in data collection
GhosteryGhostery
Firefox extension to reveal Web bugsFirefox extension to reveal Web bugs Count of trackers appears in status barCount of trackers appears in status bar
• Link Ch 4jLink Ch 4j
Using Domain Name Service Using Domain Name Service (DNS) Zone Transfers(DNS) Zone Transfers
DNSDNS• Resolves host names to IP addressesResolves host names to IP addresses• People prefer using URLs to IP addressesPeople prefer using URLs to IP addresses
Zone Transfer toolsZone Transfer tools• DigDig• HostHost
Primary DNS ServerPrimary DNS Server Determining company’s primary DNS Determining company’s primary DNS
serverserver• Look for the Start of Authority (SOA) Look for the Start of Authority (SOA)
recordrecord• Shows zones or IP addressesShows zones or IP addresses
Using dig to find the SOAUsing dig to find the SOA dig soa mit.edudig soa mit.edu Shows three Shows three
servers, with IP servers, with IP addressesaddresses
This is a start at This is a start at mapping the MIT mapping the MIT networknetwork
Using (DNS) Zone TransfersUsing (DNS) Zone Transfers Zone TransferZone Transfer
• Enables you to see all hosts on a Enables you to see all hosts on a networknetwork
• Gives you organization’s network Gives you organization’s network diagramdiagram
MIT has protected their network – zone MIT has protected their network – zone transfers no longer worktransfers no longer work
dig @BITSY.mit.edu mit.edu axfrdig @BITSY.mit.edu mit.edu axfr Command fails nowCommand fails now
Blocking Zone TransfersBlocking Zone Transfers
• See link Ch 4eSee link Ch 4e
Introduction to Social Introduction to Social EngineeringEngineering
Older than computersOlder than computers Targets the human component of a Targets the human component of a
networknetwork GoalsGoals
• Obtain confidential information Obtain confidential information (passwords)(passwords)
• Obtain personal informationObtain personal information
TacticsTactics
• PersuasionPersuasion• IntimidationIntimidation• CoercionCoercion• Extortion/blackmailingExtortion/blackmailing
Introduction to Social Introduction to Social Engineering (continued)Engineering (continued)
The biggest security threat to The biggest security threat to networksnetworks
Most difficult to protect againstMost difficult to protect against Main idea:Main idea:
• ““Why to crack a password when you can Why to crack a password when you can simply ask for it?”simply ask for it?”
• Users divulge their passwords to IT Users divulge their passwords to IT personnelpersonnel
Social Engineer Studies Human Social Engineer Studies Human BehaviorBehavior
• Recognize personality traitsRecognize personality traits• Understand how to read body languageUnderstand how to read body language
Introduction to Social Introduction to Social Engineering (continued)Engineering (continued)
TechniquesTechniques• UrgencyUrgency• Quid pro quoQuid pro quo• Status quoStatus quo• KindnessKindness• PositionPosition
Preventing Social EngineeringPreventing Social Engineering Train user not to reveal any Train user not to reveal any
information to outsidersinformation to outsiders Verify caller identityVerify caller identity
• Ask questionsAsk questions• Call back to confirmCall back to confirm
Security drillsSecurity drills
Defcon Social Engineering Defcon Social Engineering ContestContest
Link Ch 4kLink Ch 4k
The Art of Shoulder SurfingThe Art of Shoulder Surfing Shoulder surferShoulder surfer
• Reads what users enter on keyboardsReads what users enter on keyboards Logon namesLogon names PasswordsPasswords PINsPINs
Tools for Shoulder SurfingTools for Shoulder Surfing Binoculars or telescopes or cameras Binoculars or telescopes or cameras
in cell phonesin cell phones Knowledge of key positions and Knowledge of key positions and
typing techniquestyping techniques Knowledge of popular letter Knowledge of popular letter
substitutionssubstitutions• s equals $, a equals @s equals $, a equals @
The Art of Shoulder Surfing The Art of Shoulder Surfing (continued)(continued)
PreventionPrevention• Avoid typing when someone is nearbyAvoid typing when someone is nearby• Avoid typing when someone nearby is Avoid typing when someone nearby is
talking on cell phonetalking on cell phone• Computer monitors should face away Computer monitors should face away
from door or cubicle entrywayfrom door or cubicle entryway• Immediately change password if you Immediately change password if you
suspect someone is observing yoususpect someone is observing you
Dumpster DivingDumpster Diving Attacker finds information in victim’s trashAttacker finds information in victim’s trash
• Discarded computer manualsDiscarded computer manuals Notes or passwords written in themNotes or passwords written in them
• Telephone directoriesTelephone directories• Calendars with schedulesCalendars with schedules• Financial reportsFinancial reports• Interoffice memosInteroffice memos• Company policyCompany policy• Utility billsUtility bills• Resumes of employeesResumes of employees
The Art of Dumpster Diving The Art of Dumpster Diving (continued)(continued)
PreventionPrevention• Educate your users about dumpster Educate your users about dumpster
divingdiving• Proper trash disposalProper trash disposal• Use “disk shredder” software to erase Use “disk shredder” software to erase
disks before discarding themdisks before discarding them Software writes random bitsSoftware writes random bits Done at least seven timesDone at least seven times
• Discard computer manuals offsiteDiscard computer manuals offsite• Shred documents before disposalShred documents before disposal
PiggybackingPiggybacking Trailing closely behind an employee Trailing closely behind an employee
cleared to enter restricted areascleared to enter restricted areas How it works:How it works:
• Watch authorized personnel enter an areaWatch authorized personnel enter an area• Quickly join them at security entranceQuickly join them at security entrance• Exploit the desire of other to be polite and Exploit the desire of other to be polite and
helpfulhelpful• Attacker wears a fake badge or security Attacker wears a fake badge or security
cardcard
Piggybacking PreventionPiggybacking Prevention
• Use turnstilesUse turnstiles• Train personnel to notify the presence of Train personnel to notify the presence of
strangersstrangers• Do not hold secured doors for anyoneDo not hold secured doors for anyone
Even for people you knowEven for people you know• All employees must use secure cardsAll employees must use secure cards
PhishingPhishing Deceptive emails or text messagesDeceptive emails or text messages Can take money, passwords, or Can take money, passwords, or
install malware on your computerinstall malware on your computer
iClicker Questions
A.Zone transferB.Web bugC.PiggybackingD.DNSE.Cookie
Which technique marks your computer with a text file from a Web server?
A.Zone transferB.Web bugC.ProxyD.GhosteryE.GET
Which technique can find all the computers on a network?
A.Zone transferB.Web bugC.ProxyD.GhosteryE.GET
Which technique uses a tiny image to spy on Web browsers?
A.PhishingB.ProxyC.PiggybackingD.Shoulder surfingE. Dumpster diving
Which technique defeats physical security at an entrance to a building?