Hands Joss Does Twitter Think Article 1 Edited U

7/30/2019 Hands Joss Does Twitter Think Article 1 Edited U

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Commentary

DoesTwitterThink?

JossHands

Thereappearstobeanewpoweratworkinthepolitical,culturalandsociallifeofthe

world:thepowerofsocialmedia.Thecapacityforpreviouslyun-connectedcitizensto

locateeachotherthroughthesedigitalnetworks,tofindcommonground,toacton

sharedbeliefsandaimsandtocultivatemutualpassionsisnowfirmlyapartofour

cultureandpolitics.However,theissuesthathavedominatedthepoliticalagenda,at

leastinnewscommentaryandpublicdiscourse,havetendedtowardssimplistic

disputesovercauseandeffectthatbracketoutmoreexpansiveandfundamental

questionsaboutthenatureofsocialmedia,itsroleincontributingtoanyindividualsor

groupssenseofself,collectivedynamicsandpoliticalcapacities.

Thecapacities(ormoreaccuratelyaffordances)ofsocialmediaarehighlycomplex,rich

andvaried.Theycomefromthemixtureofsocialandpoliticalchoices,commercial

imperatives,technicaldevelopment,andinterventionsfromusers,andoftenemerge

unforeseenintheoriginaldesignphase.Onesuchunintendedaffordance,whichhas

evolvedthroughsocialmediause,hasbeentheabilitytoself-organiseinnewways,in

configurationsofleaderlessgroupsandhorizontalnetworks.1Whathavenotbeenso

widelyexplored,certainlynotinthepublicsphere,arethemorefundamentalchanges

thesetechnologiesallowforinhumanagency,decision-making,politicaladvocacyand

actuallyexistingdemocracy.Herethereisamovefromthinkingaboutgaugingimpactto

understandinghowthemechanismsandprocessesthatallowactionstotakeplaceatall,

whichincludesexploringhowsocialmediamayoffernewwaystothink,both

individuallyandcollectively.Politicalaction,byitsverydefinition,requiresreflection,

interactionandsolidarity,whichinthecurrenttechnologicalagewillinevitablyinclude

whatN.KatherineHaylesreferstoasintermediation(Hayles,2008,p.42).Thatis,in

herterms,aclusterofprocessesthatenfoldhumanandtechnicalelementsintoamulti-

layeredsetofrelationsinwhatsheseesasdynamicheterarchies(p.44).

Tounderstandwhatsuchintermediationmeansforusaspoliticalbeingsmeansmore

thantransplantingexistingtheoriesontonewmedia,ofdigitisingpublicdeliberation.

1

For more on this see my book@ is For Activism (Hands, 2011)


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Ratherweneedtograspthesignificanceofwhathappenswhenbeing-togethertakeson

anewcharacter,orcanevenbesaidtomanifestnewpoliticalsubjectsoranewgeneral

will.Thisisofcoursealsotoaskanynumberoffurtherquestions,amongstthese:what

exactlyisit,orcoulditbe,tothink,decideandmakejudgementsinthiscontext?Howcannewformsofinteractionandaccelerationbecapturedandunderstood?Whatroleis

therefornotionsofselfandotherinthismultivalentprocess?Icandolittlemorethan

sketchsomepossibilitiesherebutindoingsoIhopetoraisequestionsthatoffersome

fruitfulgroundsforfurtherexamination.

WhatIwillfocusoninthispieceisthereforearathergeneralisedopeningtoasetof

morespecialisedandnuancedquestionsthatwillneedtobedevelopedinfuture.Forthe

sakeofbrevity-andgivenitscurrencyindebatesoversocialmediaandpoliticsIshalluseTwitterasaparticularexample.InthatregardIamseriouswhenIaskwhether

Twitterthinks.

OfcourseinposingthequestionDoesTwitterThink?wearetherefore,unavoidably,

alsoraisingtheissueofconsciousness;ofwhetherwecandetectsomechangedformof

consciousnessoperatinginoursocialinteractions.Thisinturnimpliesmultiple

possibilities,therearethreesuchvariationsthatIwillexplorehere,asfirstlythe

overarchingstrongsenseofconsciousnessasspiritandtranscendententity,secondly

themorelimitedsenseoftheexpansionandsharingofmultiplereflectiveindividual

consciousnessesandthirdlythenotionasimpliedinconsciousnessraisingorawareness

asin,forexample,classconsciousness.Therefore,inordertosettheparametersofthe

discussionweneedtofirstaskwhatkindconsciousnesscouldevenbeconceivableasa

formofTwitterconsciousness?

Whatkindofconsciousness?

ThefirststrongsenseofconsciousnessbringstomindthedialecticsofHegelian

phenomenologyofmind.Heretheideaormind/consciousnessisconceivednotas

epiphenomenaoflumpswet-wiredgreymatter,butasspirit,anentity,orprocess,

entwinedwiththedialecticalrealisationofconsciousness.Insomewaysthisconception

isclosertothethirdnotionofconsciousnessraising,thoughofcoursegoesmuch

further.SodoesTwitterthenbringusclosertotheHegelianspirit,adigitalpathtothe

absoluteidea?AsMarxianthinkerandculturaltheoristHenriLefebvrehasargued,the

encompassingofmindtowardstheabsoluteideaisstillprimarilylocatedwithinactually


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exitinghumanminds,andassuchitishighlyquestionableastowhetherthelimited

mindofanindividual,ofaphilosopher,shouldbeabletograsptheentirecontentof

humanexperience?(Lefebvre,1968,p.48).Inthatsensethenconceivinga

transcendentTwitterconsciousnesswouldonlyshifttheproblemfromonemediumtoanother.IndeedLefebvrearguesthat,thecontentwillbeattainedonlythroughthejoint

effortsofmanythinkingindividuals,inaprogressiveexpansionofconsciousness.

Hegel'sownclaimenclosesandlimitsthecontentandmakesitunworthyofMind(p.

48).Inthatregard,forthepurposesofthedebatehere,IwillsettheHegelianparadigm

asideastooexpansive,toototalising,andtoowrappedupinabsolutes.

Sotheroleofsocialmediainsomeformofsharedconsciousnesscannotsimplyreplace

atranscendentalunderstandingofthoughtandconsciousness.Thatalsorulesoutstrongartificialintelligenceasavariationofsuchtranscendentthinking.Asidefromits

lackofactualexistenceitisnotarealisticormeaningfulpartofthisdebategiventhatit

wouldmeaneitheranotherthinkingentitytobeaccountedforinanetworkofactantsor

againatoototalisingaversionofconsciousness.Theclosestandmostrelevant

alternativeexistingfieldsofresearcharethoseinterrogatingfirstlycollectiveand

secondlydistributedintelligence.

Thediscourseofcollectiveintelligence,whilethishasalottobesaidforitintheattempt

tosolvetheproblemofthinkingtogether,whilerecognisingthemultiplecharacterof

thecollectiveagaintendstowardsthetranscendentbyinventingnewformsof

languagethatcreateorallowforunification.PierreLevi,itsmainchampion,arguesthat:

'Theproblemfacedbycollectiveintelligenceisthatofdiscoveringorinventingsomethingbeyond

writing,beyondlanguage,sothattheprocessingofinformationcanbeuniversallydistributedand

coordinated,nolongertheprivilegeofseparateorganismsbutnaturallyintegratedintoallhuman

activities,ourcommonproperty'(Levy,1999,p.xxxviii),

andhegoesevenfurthertosaythat:

'transcendingthemedia,airbornemachineswillannouncethevoiceofthemany...wehavearendezvous

withtheover-language.'(p.xxxviii).

ThisperspectivehasanimplicitHegelianlogicunderpinningit,andsuggestsa

somewhattotalisingvisionthatwouldultimatelyequaltheendofpolitics.Thiskindof


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idea,aswellasbeingpoliticallyproblematicdoesnotreallyoffermuchinsightintothe

kindsofcollectivethinkingandactingashaverecentlybeenseenacrosstheworld.

Thereisanotherrecentattempttograspthedynamicsofthecollective,whichismorein

linewiththeideaofadistributedconsciousness.ThisattempthasitsrootsnotinHegelbutSpinoza,withhismoreimmanentontologyofthemultitude,andistakenforward

byagroupofItaliantheoristsbroadlyinthetraditionofpost-Fordistorautonomist

thinking.Thisgroupsattempttounderstandcollectivityusingtheconceptofmultitude

maintainsaplacefortheindividualwithinthecollective,thoughtheyrethinkthe

individualasasingularitytoavoidconceivingthesubjectasanatomisedand

exchangeableeconomicunit.Multitudeisanaggregationofsingularitiesusingintensive

moderncommunicationstocometogetherandactincommontowardscommonends,contributingtheirideasandlabourintoacollectivepractice.Thismeansthe

developmentofanewkindofentitythatisabletoactcollectivelyandcreativelyinan

almostspontaneousmanner.Indoingso,itbecomesanewkindofpoliticalentity

analogoustoabrainwithitsneuronsandsynapsesworkinginconcert.Thusmultitude,

saysPaoloVirno,isafundamentalbiologicalconfigurationwhichbecomesahistorically

determinedwayofbeingandatitscoreisthepublicnessoftheintellect(Virno,2004,

p.98).

Inthatregardweseeagesturetowardscollectivethinking,drawingonanddeveloping

Marxsnotionofgeneralintellectandmakingtheconnectionbetweenthemultitudeas

asocialbodyandthebiologyofthebrain.Herewereturntothesecondvariationof

thinkingaboutconsciousness,onethatisrootedinthewetwareofourindividual

consciousnesses.Thejumpfromtheneuralnetworksthatcomprisethematerial

substrateofourbrainstothesocialorganisationofakindofcollectivethoughtis

preciselytheonemadebytwoofthebestknownthinkersemergingfromthe

autonomisttradition,MichaelHardtandAntonioNegri.IntheirbookMultitude(2004)

theyarguethat:Thereisnoonethatmakesadecisioninthebrain,butratheraswarm,

amultitudethatactsinconcertthehumanbodyisitselfamultitudeorganizedonthe

planeofimmanence(Hardt&Negri,2004,p.336).Theanalogyisthenmadebetween

thebrainandthesocialbodyasdistributedsystems:


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Thebraindoesnotdecidethroughthedictationofsomecenterofcommand.Itsdecisionisthecommon

dispositionorconfigurationoftheentireneuralnetworkincommunicationwiththebodyasawholeand

itsenvironment.Asingledecisionisproducedbyamultitudeinthebrainandbody(p.338).

Thenewformsofnetworkedcommunicationdrawtogethertheprocessesofthebrain

andthesocialcollective,ormultitude,intooneassemblage.Inrecentyearsthemost

popularofthesenetworkshasbeensocialmediaplatformssuchasTwitter.Thekey

characteristicofthesenetworksofcommunicationbeingtheirdistributedtopology,that

istheyaremanytomany,allpointsconnectingtoallotherpointsvianumerouspossible

routes,againmuchlikethesynapsesofthebrain.Thusthemultitudeiscomprisedof

Theinnumerableandindeterminaterelationshipsofdistributednetworks(p.113)that

producetheDynamicofsingularityandcommonality(p.198)andasocialsubjectand

alogicofsocialorganization(p.219).Thissocialsubjectisintimatelyentwinedwith

distributedcommunicationandthenotionofemergenceisimplicitlyusedtoexplain

theprocessbywhichmultitudemakesdecisionsandacts.Emergencebeingthe

mechanismwhereinthecombinationofnumeroussmalldecisionsandprocesses

aggregatetoproduceeffectsthatcanbeconsideredtoexpressakindofgroup

intelligence.

Howeverthereisasignificantproblemasfarasemergenceanddecisionmakingin

multitudegoes,thatis-toputitbluntly-peoplearenotneuronsinabrain.Theformsof

connectionbetweenbrains(asopposedtowithinbrains)requirealinguistic

pragmatics,evenacceptingaffectiveandvirtualaspectsofinter-subjective

communication.Thepropositionalcontentofcommunicationisoverlookedintheories

ofmultitudeinfavourofsuchideasasemergence,oratleastspontaneousself-

organisation.Suchanunderstandingisalsodeeplyreliantonthepowerofaffect.Affect

theoryhasbecomeincreasinglyinfluentialthroughthehumanitiesandsocialsciences

andplacestheemphasisnotonthepragmaticsoflanguagebutontheimpactof

communicationasanintensityintermsofphysicalchanges,neurologicalprocessesand

unconsciousbehaviours.Yetanyimaginableformofdemocracystillrequires

deliberationasanelementincollectivedecision-making.Withoutanaccountof

deliberation,andanunderstandingofhowsocialmediaaddstoordiminishesit,any

theorywillbeincomplete.Likewisepurelydeliberativetheoriesfocusedonrational


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decisionmaking,whichdoesnotaccountfortheaffordancesandaffectsofsocialmedia,

willbeequallyincomplete.

Thebrainonlybecomesautonomousandabletomakereflexiveplannedandmeaningful

decisionsintheprocessofsetsoffeedbackloopsofself-awareness,ofwhichsymboliclanguageandmeaningbecomesacentralelementathigherlevelsofconsciousness.

Affecttheoriesentailadangerofseeingdecisionsasdeterminedbyasetofaffects,

bobbingaroundonaseaofunconsciousnessdecisionsmadebeneaththelevelof

awareness.ThecognitivescientistandphilosopherDouglasHofstadterdescribes

strangeloops(Hofstadter,2007)astheessentialelementthatratchetsupourbrains

towardsreflectiveconsciousness.Butitrequiressuchimmensebiologicalcomplexityto

achievethisthattheconnectionsoftheWebandsocialmediacouldneverapproximatethesenumbers.Inthatregard,wearereallythinkingofsomethingmorehumblebyway

ofanykindofthought.Thiselementofreflexivitythenneedstobeaccountedforina

fullydevelopedunderstandingofdistributedconsciousness.Inthisscenariowecan

imaginehumanbrainsasoneelementofawidermedia-technologyhybrid,wherein

humanintelligenceandconsciousnessisaugmentedandextendedthroughsocialmedia.

IndeedasKatherineHayleshasargued,thisbroadideaishardlynew;memoryhasbeen

enhancedbyprosthesiseversincethefirstuseofwriting(Hayles,2008).

TwitterThinkingasDistributedConsciousness

Distributedconsciousnessmustthenbeafundamentallyintersubjectiveprocessthatis

embodiedandculturallyembeddedinthepragmaticsofcommunicativeaction2.Assuch

Iunderstandthoughtandconsciousnessnottobereproducedortranscendedby

Twitterbuttobeevolved,enhancedandextendedbyit.Thisisnottosayitisonlya

processofrationalexchange,butthatthiselementofcommunicativeactionisnestedin

andrecycledthrougharangeofotheremotionalandaffectiveprocesses.

AntonioDamasio,thenotedphilosopherandcognitivescientist,arguesthatthereisa

tripartitedevelopmentofconsciousnessandselfthathedescribesastheprotoselfand

itsprimordialfeelings;theaction-drivencoreself;andfinallytheautobiographicalself,

whichincorporatessocialandspiritualdimensions'(Damasio,2010,p.10).

2For an account of this idea refer to Jrgen Habermas fully developed theory of communicative action

(Habermas, 1984)


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Whilealloftheseelementsareprimarilyembodiedtheyarealsoinextricably

intersubjective,thatistheyrelyonotherpeopletohaveanymeaning.Thebrain,inthat

regard,isalwaysalreadyasocialbrain.Oneofthekeyelementsthatallowsustothinkis

ourcapacitytothinktogether,andthisismadepossiblebyanumberofshortcutsthatmeanwhenwethinktogetherwedonthavetogothroughthedetaileddrawnout

processofthrashingouteverydecision.ThisisdoneinthelayingdownofwhatAntonio

Demasioreferstoasthesomaticmarkersthatunderpinthekindself-reflexive

decision-makingcharacterisedindeliberationandallowforshortcutsinsituationsof

intensespeedandbrevityofcommunication.

Inthatregardprocessesofrepetitionandmimesisarekeys,buttheseprocessesstill

retainembeddedvalidityclaimsthattietogetherinterlocutorsinloopsofunderstandingandrecognition.Thereisaconstantmovementbetweenthethreelevels.Hereonecan

findtheanalogybetweenthenotionofconsciousnessandthoughtemergingfrombrains

andwithdistributedintersubjectiveconsciousness.Ifconsciousnessemergesfrom

strangeloops,asDouglasHofstadteralsosuggests,differentbrainsareperfectly

capableofbecomingenmeshedwithsharedperceptions,thoughtpatternsand

identities.

Twittersshortformmicro-bloggingisabletoofferverysuccinctbutneverthelessfully

formedpropositions,aswellasobservations,imperatives,fragmentsofideas,streamof

consciousnessreportingandsoforth.Myspeculativehypothesisisthusthatiteration,

re-tweetingandclustering-withtheuseofhashtagsandothermodesofonthefly

classification-alongsidesmalldeploymentsofvariation,thatarepickedupandre-

circulatedoveraperiodoftime,laydownlayersofsediment,ofvalidityclaims,and

emotionaltriggersthatarebuiltupandsharedbynetworksofinterlocutors.These

clustersofideas,layeredwithemotionaltriggers,becomeembeddedasbackground

assumptions,orsomaticmarkers,inthebrainsoftheinterlocutors.Whentheseare

tappedintoinactivecommunicationonlinetheycanaccountforappearanceofa

significantelementofemergentlikebehaviour,whichcanthenallowforhigherlevelsof

communicativeloopingtotakeplace.Inshort,wecangetinsideeachothersheads,our

voicesandinnervoicescanloopintoeachothersinsuchawaythatwemovemore

closelytowardsathinkingmultitude.Inthatwaywethinkthrougheachother,much

inthewaythatLefebvretalksaboutthejointeffortsofmanythinkingindividuals,ina

progressiveexpansionofconsciousness(Lefebvre,1968,p.48).Thismeansthat


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mobilisationcanoccurquicklyandwithrelativeease,becausethesharedthinkingin

Twitterisbuiltarounddyadicandsubsequentlyhyperdyadicspread;thatbeingthe

spreadingeffectsthroughanetworkfromsocialandfriendshipnetworksandbeyondto

thewidernetwork.Twitterscapacityforsuchspread,combinedwithiterationandvariationasfeedback,meansadrawingtogetherofagroupdynamic,builtonalready

existingtriggersandsympathiesandemotionalaswellasrationalties.Twitterthen

presentsapowerfulprosthesis;itsscale-freetopology,itsoperationatgreatspeed,its

collectiveindexinganditswidedisseminationofideas,producesaqualitativeshiftof

capacity.ThusIsuggestthiscapacitycanaugmentthestrangeloopsofconsciousness

andindeedprovidesnewcapacitiesinsodoing.

Twitterisnotlikeabrain,itdoesnotthinkinthatsense;ratheritisaspacetothinkinandenablesustothinkwitheachother.Thespeedofinteractionmeansthatthetimeof

communicationsmovesclosertosomethingakintowhatManuelCastellsreferstoas

timelesstime(Castells,1997).Thatisaformoftemporalitythatisnotnecessarily

sequentialorlinearbutfragmentedandtransversal,differenttimezonesbecome

integrated,differentspecialconfigurationsinmomentsofcongruence.

Theseareprofoundlyembodiedprocesses,happeninginrealplacesandtorealbodies.

Ourfingersonthekeyboardsofourdevices,thebuzzingofourphonesasmessagesare

registeredandrebroadcast,andalsovitallytheintegrationwithspace,thelayeringof

theexperiencesofsharingspacesascollectiveshasbeenstartlingwiththeArabSpring,

theOccupy,anti-austerityandstudentmovements.Thisremindsusthatonlyinthe

productionofspacecanresistancetopowerreallybecomemanifested.Twitterishosted

inbrains,bodiesandspacesthatfeedbackintoeachotherandcreateacapacityfor

fuzzycollectivethinkingbutalsoimportantlyprocessedthroughemotionasa

shortcutthatallowstheintensityandspeedtoproduceanewaffordance.Thiscan

manifestitselfassomethingakintoameta-levelmood;indeeditisnotunreasonableto

saythatTwitterisangryorsad.

NetworkedPolitics

ManuelCastellshasrecentlyarguedthatitispreciselytheseemotions:anger,rageand

fear,whichpushwordsintoaction,orindeedrestrainit.(Castells,Communication

Power,2009).ThereisaclearparallelherewiththepoliticaltheoristJohnHolloways

notionofthescream;thatbeingtheinstinctivegutreactionagainstinjusticeinwhich


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werecognisenotonlytheinjusticebutalsosolidaritywithinthatinjustice(Holloway,

2005).Butbeyondthisrawreactivity,whereinagroupself-awarenessemerges,another

claimofCastellsbecomesrelevant,that:

Bybecomingknowntotheconsciousself,feelingsareabletomanagesocialbehaviour,andultimately

influencedecision-makingbylinkingfeelingsfromthepastandpresentinordertoanticipatethefuture

byactivatingtheneuralnetworksthatassociatefeelingsandevents(Castells,CommunicationPower,

2009,p.141).

ThefeedbackloopsandinteractionviaTwittercertainlyofferscapabilitiestoshift

betweentheseregistersonawidersocialscalethanwouldhavebeenpreviously

possible.Thisisneithercompletelyrationalnoraffectiveinthefullsense,asIwouldsay

itisboth,layeredthroughcognitiveprocesses,somaticmarkersandintermediated

acrossthenetwork.

Reactionsagainstinjustice,claimsforrecognitionarecombinationsofideasand

emotions,areoftentransmittedthoughaffectiveconnectionstriggeringthesomatic

markersbuiltupthroughmorelong-termrelationshipsanddeliberations.Thinkingand

feelingbrainsandbodiesintensivelyconnectedandcommunicatingreversethe

establishedlinesofcommunicationfromcentretoperiphery,theyallowforthe

organisationofmultitude.AsIhaveargued,thisisaprocessofdeliberationandaffect

layeredtroughintermediation.This,attheveryleast,producespowerfullarge-scale

responsesthatmakesitincreasinglydifficultfortheestablishedpoliticalclasstogovern

astheywouldlike,thatiswithafreehand.ThisiswhatNoamChomskywouldcallfor

thispoliticalclass,withheavydoseofirony-acrisisofdemocracy.

However,thereisanattendantdangerthatasmallnumberofvoicescanbecome

dominantandcanbegintodirectthemultitudeasaHobbesiansovereign.Thisisoneof

thesideeffectsofascale-freenetwork,theclusteringofconnectionsaroundpopular

hubsthatincreasinglytendtowardscentralisationandbroadcastmodels.Unlikeformal

democraticsystemstherearenochecks-and-balances,nofilteringprocessesor

deliberativenormstooffsetthisdanger.Thisstrikesmeasthemajorpoliticalchallenge

ofsuchmedia;tobalancethegrassrootsself-organisationwiththeneedforformalor

quasi-formalmodesoffiltering,deliberationandrepresentation.Wealsoneedtobe

keepinmindthatTwitterisnotacommon,itisacommerciallyownedandprivately

operatedsoftwareplatform,asarethemajorityofsuchpopularsocialmediaplatforms.


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Problemsofarchiving,searchingandutilisingitsfullpotentialhavebeenmadeclear,for

examplewiththewithdrawalofGooglerealtimesearch.Thisserviceallowedakeyword

searchoftheTwitterarchivebutwaswithdrawnbecauseofcopyrightinfringements,in

sodoingeffectivelyinflictinglong-termmemorylossonanyTwitterconsciousness.Withtheelementsofarchiveandmemoryinparticularconsciousnesscanalsobe

conceivedinthesenseofclass-consciousnesssomethinglikeasharedconcept,ideaor

identificationamongstaspecificallyboundedgroupinoppositiontoaprevailingpower

structure,inapoliticalcontextweoftenhearofconsciousnessraisingasanaim.The

furtherpoliticalquestionthatemergesfromthisdebateiswhethernewaffordancesfor

sharedthinkingandconsciousnesscanorwillbetranslatedintolarge-scaleclassor

groupconsciousness,innewallegiances,newcollectivesandnewkindsofsocialmovement?Thatisnottoclaimmorethaniswarrantedinthewayofanewcollective

selfassuch,butaprincipleofsufficiencyforcollectivedecisionmakinginrealtimethat

isreadilyactionableincollectivedesiresandgoals.Wehaveseenevidenceofthis

aroundtheworldinIran,Egypt,theUSA,UKandnumerousothercountriesgoing

throughparoxysmsofonesortofanother.Whethernewcapacitiesaffordedby

networkedcommunicationswillflourish,orwhetherconstitutedpowerwillsucceedin

squashingthem,remainsoneofthekeypoliticalquestionsofourtime.


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Hands,J.(2011).@isForActivism:Dissent,ResistenceandRebellioninaDigitalCulture. London:

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Hardt,M.,&Negri,A.(2004).Multitude.NewYork:Penguin.

Hayles,N.K.(2008).ElectronicLiterature. NotreDame,Indiana:UniversityofNotreDamePress.

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