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Handling Instructions: For MOD Use by MOD Cadet Forces Only

AC71807-C

Cadet Training

Skill at Arms

The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (5.56 mm) and

Associated Equipment

This pamphlet supersedes Pamphlet No. 5-C 2014 (Army Code No. 71807-C)

which should now be destroyed.

2018

AC71807-C

Handling Instructions: For use by MOD Cadet Forces Only


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Copyright

The information contained within this publication is British Crown Copyright and the intellectual property rights belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). Material and information contained in this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system and transmitted for MOD use only.

Security

This OFFICIAL document is issued for the information of such persons who need to know its contents in the course of their duties. Any person finding this document should hand it to a British Forces unit or a police station for its safe return to the Ministry of Defence, Def Sy, Main Building, Whitehall, LONDON SW1 2HB with particulars of how it was found. The unauthorized retention or destruction of this document may be an offence under the Official Secrets Acts 1911-89 or other legislation.

This information is released by the United Kingdom Government to international organisations and national governments for defence purposes only. The information must be afforded the same degree of protection as that afforded to information of an equivalent classification originated by the recipient organization or nation, or as required by the recipient organization or nation’s security regulations. The information may only be disclosed within the Defence Departments of the recipient organization or nation, except as authorised by the UK MOD. This information may be subject to privately owned rights.

Status

This publication has been produced under the direction and authority of the Chief of the General Staff by Director Land Warfare in his capacity as sponsor of Army Doctrine. The contents constitute mandatory regulations or an MOD Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) and provide clear military information concerning the most up to date experience and best practice available for commanders, CFAVs and cadets to use in their training. If you are prosecuted for a breach of health and safety law, and it is proved that you have not followed the relevant provisions of the ACOP, a court may find you criminally liable unless you can show that you have complied with the requirements of health and safety legislation since it is a breach of this legislation which renders a person criminally liable. Breaches or omissions could result in disciplinary action under the provisions of the Armed Forces Act. It is the individual’s responsibility to ensure that he or she is using the latest version of this publication. HERE If in doubt the individual should contact:

SO2 Publications, Cadets Branch, Headquarters, Regional Command.

Any person wishing to propose amendments for consideration is invited to write to OC SASC TAG, HQ SASC, LWC, Warminster BA12 ODJ. Such proposals will be given consideration and, if considered necessary, appropriate amendments

will be prepared for publication.

https://www.defencegateway.mod.uk/linkedfiles/reference_portal/cadets/activities/activities_specsubs/skill_at_arms_and_sh/ac71855c_2015-electroniccopy.pdf


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AMENDMENTS

Amend No Date Amend No Date

Distribution

This publication is made available in electronic format only on WESTMINSTER or BADER, to order hard copies contact units are to do so through their HQ, stating the reasons why.


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TECHNICAL DETAILS

L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle

Ammunition

Calibre 5.56mm

Types Ball

Blank

Drill

Round Weight (grammes)

12

Mechanical Features

Firing Modes Single Shot Method of Operation Gas and Spring

Locking Rotary Bolt, Forward Locking

Feed

Magazine (30 Rounds)

Firing Characteristics

Muzzle Velocity (metres per second)

930

Recoil (Joules) 4.0

Number of barrel Grooves 6.0

Pitch of Rifling (mm) 1 Turn in 180

Twist of Rifling

Right Hand

Sighting

Iron Sight

Foresight

Backsight

Sight Radius (mm)

Range Settings (metres)

Post

Twin Aperture

290-320

200

Optical Sight: Sight Unit Small Arms Trilux (SUSAT)

Magnification

Field of View (mils)

Eye Relief (mm)

Range Settings (metres)

x4

177

25

300 to 800

Weights (Kg)

Weapon Only 3.3 Magazine Full 0.610

Magazine Empty 0.250

Iron Sight 0.155

SUSAT

0.7

Lengths (mm) 773


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CONTENTS

Page

Forward and Distribution…………………………………………………………. i Technical Details………………………………………………………………….. iii Contents……………………………………………………………………………. iv Illustrations…………………………………………………………………………. vi Introduction………………………………………………………………………… ix

CHAPTER 1 – THE BASIC SKILLS – L98A2 CADET GP RIFLE

Lesson 1. General Description, Safety and the Sights……………………… 1-1 Lesson 2. Stripping and Assembling………………………………………….. 1-15 Lesson 3. Basic handling Drills………………………………………………… 1-31 Lesson 4. Cleaning and maintenance………………………………………… 1-46 Lesson 5. Holding and Aiming in the Prone Position (Marksmanship Principles 1 to 3)…………………………………..

1-58

Lesson 6. Firing in the Prone Position (Marksmanship Principle 4)…………………………………………

1-69

Lesson 7. Firing Drills…………………………………………………………… 1-75 Lesson 8. Firing from Other Positions and use of Cover……………………. 1-81 Lesson 9. Mechanism, Immediate Action and Stoppage Drills…………….. 1-90 Lesson 10. Aiming Off and Miss Drill…………………………………………… 1-101 Lesson 11. Carriage of the Weapon and Reaction to Effective Enemy Fire…………………………………………………………...

1-107

Lesson 12. Firing at Crossing and Multiple Targets…………………………... 1-112 Lesson 13. Boresighting the Rifle with Iron Sight……………………………... 1-117 Lesson 14. Zeroing the Rifle with Iron Sight…………………………………… 1-127 Lesson 15. The Sub Calibre Adaptor L41A1 – Rimfire……………………….. 1-136

CHAPTER 2 – PRACTICE PERIODS

Practice Periods - Introduction…………………………………………………. 2-1 Rifle Practice 1. Rifle Lessons 1 to 4………………………………………….. 2-3 Rifle Practice 2. Rifle Lessons 5 to 8………………………………………….. 2-6 Rifle Practice 3. Rifle Lessons 9 to 12………………………………………… 2-10


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CHAPTER 3 – INFORMATION FOR THE INSTRUCTOR

Section 1. SUSAT - Description, Fitting, Boresighting and Zeroing………… 3-1 Section 2. Examination of the L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle…………….…………. 3-12 Section 3. Coaching………………..….………………………………………… 3-15 Section 4. The Blank Firing System……………………………………………. 3-34

CHAPTER 4 – WEAPON HANDLING TESTS (WHTs)

WHTs General………..…………………………………………………………… 4-1 L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle………………...………………………………………….. 4-2


AC71807-C

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Page

Fig 1-1 The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle ………………….……………………. xii Fig 1-2 The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (Named Parts)……………………… 1-4 Fig 1-3 The Low Port Position……………………………………………... 1-5 Fig 1-4 Inspecting the Face of the Bolt, Body and Chamber…………… 1-7 Fig 1-5 The Sling…………………………………………………………..... 1-8 Fig 1-6 Sling Fitting (1)……………………………………………………… 1-8 Fig 1-7 Sling Fitting (2)……………………………………………………… 1-9 Fig 1-8 Sling Fitting (3)……………………………………………………… 1-9 Fig 1-9 Front Slung Carriage……………………………………………..... 1-10 Fig 1-10 Sling Quick Release……………………………………………….. 1-10 Fig 1-11 Back Carriage……………………………………………………..... 1-11 Fig 1-12 The Iron Sight……………………………………………………..... 1-12 Fig 1-13 Removing the Foresight…………………………………………… 1-12 Fig 1-14 Removing the Carrying Handle…………………………………… 1-13 Fig 1-15 Component Parts…………………………………………………... 1-17 Fig 1-16 Removing the TMH………………………………………………… 1-19 Fig 1-17 Removing the Recoil Rod and Spring……………………………. 1-20 Fig 1-18 Removing the Cocking handle…………………………………..... 1-20 Fig 1-19 Removing the Bolt Carrier Assembly…………………………….. 1-21 Fig 1-20 Removing the Firing Pin Retaining……………………………..... 1-22 Fig 1-21 Removing the Firing Pin………………………………………....... 1-22 Fig 1-22 Removing the Cam Stud………………………………………….. 1-22 Fig 1-23 The Bolt Carrier Assembly Stripped……………………………… 1-23 Fig 1-24 Removing the Piston……………………………………………..... 1-25 Fig 1-25 Removing the Gas Cylinder……………………………………..... 1-25 Fig 1-26 Removing the Gas Plug…………………………………………… 1-26 Fig 1-27 Removing the Handguard…………………………………………. 1-27 Fig 1-28 Stripping the Magazine…………………………………………..... 1-29 Fig 1-29 Magazine Platform Depressor Fitted…………………………….. 1-32 Fig 1-30 H83 Container………………………………………………………. 1-33 Fig 1-31 Wooden Container (Blank Only)………………………………….. 1-34 Fig 1-32 Bandolier…………………………………………………………….. 1-34 Fig 1-33 The Ball Round……………………………………………………... 1-35 Fig 1-34 The Blank Round…………………………………………………… 1-35 Fig 1-35 Magazine Filling Charger Fitted………………………………...... 1-38 Fig 1-36 Rounds Correctly Seated………………………………………….. 1-39 Fig 1-37 Emptying the Magazine………………………………………….... 1-40 Fig 1-38 Alert Position………………………………………………………... 1-42 Fig 1-39 The Maintenance kit……………………………………………….. 1-47 Fig 1-40 The Combination Tool…………………………………………….. 1-48 Fig 1-41 Lubrication Chart…………………………………………………… 1-54 Fig 1-42 Leg Position 1………………………………………………………. 1-61 Fig 1-43 Leg Position 2………………………………………………………. 1-61 Fig 1-44 The Prone Unsupported Position……………………………….... 1-64


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Page

Fig 1-45 The Prone Supported Position (Magazine Rested)…………… 1-64 Fig 1-46 Correct Eye Relief………………………………………………... 1-65 Fig 1-47 Correct Aim Pictures……………………………………………... 1-67 Fig 1-48 The Kneeling Position……………………………………………. 1-84 Fig 1-49 The Sitting Position………………………………………………. 1-85 Fig 1-50 The Standing Position……………………………………………. 1-86 Fig 1-51 Use of Cover………………………………………………………. 1-88 Fig 1-52 The Trigger Mechanism Housing (TMH)………………………. 1-93 Fig 1-53 Mechanical Safety………………………………………………... 1-94 Fig 1-54 Action on Operating the Trigger…………………………….. 1-95 Fig 1-55 Rearward Movement……………………………………………... 1-95 Fig 1-56 Forward Action……………………………………………………. 1-96 Fig 1-57 Trigger Released…………………………………………………. 1-96 Fig 1-58 Aiming Off For Wind……………………………………………… 1-105 Fig 1-59 The High Port Position…………………………………………… 1-108 Fig 1-60 Firing at a Crossing Target…………………………………... 1-114 Fig 1-61 Small Arms Collimator (SAC)………………………………… 1-119 Fig 1-62 L3A1 SAC Graticule Pattern…………………………………….. 1-120 Fig 1-63 Adjusting the Iron Sight for Elevation…………………………... 1-122 Fig 1-64 Adjusting the Iron Sight for Direction…………………………… 1-123 Fig 1-65 SAC Confidence Checker ………………………………………. 1-124 Fig 1-66 Checking calibration……………………………………………… 1-124 Fig 1-67 Boresighting Alignment (Without SAC)………………………… 1-126 Fig 1-68 Moving the MPI Up or Down…………………………………….. 1-131 Fig 1-69 Moving the MPI Left or Right……………………………………. 1-132 Fig 1-70a Using the Zeroing Chart at 25 Metres………………………….. 1-133 Fig 1-70b Measuring the Extreme Spread (ES)…………………………… 1-133 Fig 1-70c Calculating the Mean Point of Impact (MPI)…………………… 1-133 Fig 1-71 Calculating adjustments to the Sights………………………..... 1-134 Fig 1-72 Measuring Permissible Variation……………………………….. 1-135 Fig 1-73 The L41A1 Sub-Calibre Adaptor………………………………... 1-137 Fig 1-74 The Chamber Insert (a) The Breech block and Return Spring

Assembly (b)………………………………………………………. 1-138

Fig 1-75 The Magazine…………………………………………………….. 1-139 Fig 1-76 Fitting the Chamber insert……………………………………….. 1-140 Fig 1-76 Fitting the breech block and return spring assembly…………. 1-140


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Page

Fig 3-1 SUSAT - Description………………………………………………. 3-3 Fig 3-2 Fitting the SUSAT………………………………………………….. 3-4 Fig 3-3 Correct Sight Picture………………………………………………. 3-5 Fig 3-4 L1A1 SAC Graticule Pattern………………………………………. 3-7 Fig 3-5 Adjusting the SUSAT Sight for Elevation……………………….. 3-8 Fig 3-6 Adjusting the susat Sight for Direction…………………………… 3-8 Fig 3-7 Boresighting Alignment (Without SAC)………………………….. 3-10 Fig 3-8 Zeroing Chart……………………………………………………..... 3-11 Fig 3-9 Theory of a Group………………………………………………….. 3-17 Fig 3-10 ESA of 20 mm Group at Longer Ranges………………………... 3-20 Fig 3-11a ESA and POA at 300 Metres……………………………………… 3-22 Fig 3-11b MPI of First 5 Rounds and New POA……………………………. 3-22 Fig 3-11c MPI After Second 5 Rounds………………………………………. 3-22 Fig 3-12 Swirl………………………………………………………………….. 3-24 Fig 3-13 DCCT Trace………………………………………………………… 3-27 Fig 3-14 DCCT Cant…………………………………………………………. 3-27 Fig 3-15 DCCT Trigger Squeeze…………………………………………… 3-28 Fig 3-16 DCCT Butt Pressure………………………………………………. 3-28 Fig 3-17 DCCT Barrel Movement…………………………………………… 3-28 Fig 3-18 The Blank Firing Attachment (BFA)……………………………… 3-34 Fig 3-19 The Blank Magazine………………………………………………. 3-35 Fig 3-20 Danger Area with BFA Fitted…………………………………….. 3-38


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CADET TRAINING SKILL AT ARMS (CADET WEAPONS)

The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (5.56 mm) and Associated Equipment

INTRODUCTION

Weapon Title

1. To avoid confusion when the Cadet GP Rifle is referred to with other rifles, such as the SA80A2 or A3 (L85A2/A3), its weapon identity number, L98A2 will be used. Aim of the Pamphlet

2. This pamphlet provides instructional material on the Cadet GP Rifle and the LSW to support the qualified instructor in teaching:

a. The shooting skills to pass the various shoots as laid down in the appropriate cadet syllabus. b. The handling skills to pass the Weapon Handling Tests (WHTs). c. The maintenance of the weapons.

3. The pamphlet is laid out in five chapters containing the following:

a. Chapter 1 – The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle. The lessons to teach and practice the skills required to become proficient with the GP Rifle. Each lesson is split into three parts: b. Chapter 2 – Practice Periods. Containing the practice periods to revise facts and to practice and develop the skills taught in Chapter 1 c. Chapter 3 – Notes for the Instructor. Contains additional information on associated equipment and coaching to give the instructor a greater understanding of the subject.

e. Chapter 4 – Weapon Handling Tests. Contains all of the information required for qualified instructors to conduct WHT on L98A2 Cadet GP rifle.


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4. Details printed in the pamphlet in italics are instructions for the instructor Relevance of Instruction

5. The lessons and practice periods should be taught and practiced in the sequence laid down in the pamphlet. Instructors are, however, allowed latitude in the method they adopt to teach individual lessons providing they do not deviate from the facts and skills laid down. 6. Practice periods can be repeated according to progress. Instructors should remember that constant instruction and practice without firing make the subject boring and every effort should be made to introduce live firing in the sequence laid down in the appropriate cadet shooting syllabus. Safety Precautions

7. Weapon training is of vital importance as incorrect training can lead to dangerous practice on the range and in the field and therefore must be subjected to rigorous planning and preparation. 8. Before every lesson, all weapons, magazines and pouches must be inspected to ensure that no unauthorised ammunition is present. 9. Safe System of Training. All elements of the Safe System of Training must be in place.

a. Safe Persons. All instructors must be qualified, current and competent on the weapon(s) being instructed.

(1) Basic Lessons and Weapon Handling Tests (WHTs). All of the Basic Lessons in Chapter 1 and the WHT in Chapter 4 must be delivered by a qualified Skill at Arms Instructor in accordance with (iaw): Cadet Training – Ranges, Regulations for Cadets Training

with Cadet Weapon Systems and Pyrotechnics.

(2) Practice Periods. The Practice periods are always to be conducted by a qualified Skill at Arms Instructor or a suitably qualified senior cadet iaw: Cadet Training – Ranges, Regulations for Cadets

Training with Cadet Weapon Systems and Pyrotechnics. When

Senior Cadets are conducting practice periods:

(a) They must at all times be supervised by a qualified SAA Instructor. (b) The practice period must be prepared under direction of the

qualified SAA Instructor.


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(c) The Cadets being practiced have previously been formally trained in the drills to be practiced by a qualified SAA Instructor.

Cadets must be at the correct stage in the syllabus and have received all necessary training before progressing.

b. Safe Equipment. All equipment (including weapons and ammunition) used must be safe and suitable for service. c. Safe Practice. All of the drills are to be carried out as laid down in this

publication and iaw: Cadet Training – Ranges, Regulations for Cadets

Training with Cadet Weapon Systems and Pyrotechnics.

d. Safe Place. All training should be carried out in authorised and safe areas with Medical Risk Assessments (MRA) in place. All areas should be checked prior to use.

Risk to Hearing

11. Firing. Issued hearing protection is required by firers, supervisors and others in the close vicinity of the firing point or area during all firing. 12. Blank. Issued hearing protection is required by firers, supervisors and others in the close vicinity of the firing point or area during all blank firing.

Weapon Training Dress and Equipment

13. The dress and equipment to be worn/carried, by cadetsCFAVs and Instructors for all weapon training is as follows:

a. Uniform of the day (sleeves rolled down to protect the users elbows, when prone, etc).

b. Weapon being taught/practiced with sling and appropriate sight.

c. Belt order webbing or Cadet Training Vest (CTV).

d. Magazines.

e. Maintenance kit.

14. This basic dress and equipment list can be added to as dictated by local conditions and lesson content, but should not be less than indicated.


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Fig 1-1. The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle


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Chapter 1

THE BASIC SKILLS – L98A2 CADET GP RIFLE

RIFLE LESSON 1 - GENERAL DESCRIPTION, SAFETY AND THE SIGHTS

A. INSTRUCTORS NOTES

1-01. Aim. To introduce the L98A2 Cadet GP (5.56mm) Rifle, its characteristics and safe handling.

a. To introduce the L98A2 Cadet GP (5.56mm) Rifle.

b. To teach the safety precautions.

c. To teach the fitting of the sling and carriage.

d. To describe the sighting system.

1-02. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-03. Method. A basic indoor instructional lesson.

1-04. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling Maintenance Kit Table Weapon Stand and Pointer

1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 (optional) 1 (optional)

1-05. Preparation.

a. If required, set up the table and stand and mount the rifle on the stand, muzzle cover fitted to the Rifle.

b. Position a sling under each chair and a rifle alongside.

1-06. Miscellaneous.

a. When handling the parts of the rifle, the instructor is to name them and their purpose. However, at this stage, the cadet is not expected to memorise all the names.


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b. Impress upon the squad that when they are cocking the weapon, the cocking handle is to be gripped firmly with the forefinger and thumb of the left hand and only when pulled fully to the rear may it be held, using only the forefinger.

c. The instructor is always to ensure that all rifles present have been cleared, by them, before the lesson starts and inform the cadets of this fact. They are also to inform the cadets that the rifle is ONLY to be fired from the right shoulder. The instructor is to identify all left handed members of their squad and inform them each individually of this fact.

d. Technical details on the weapon (L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle) can be found at page iv and should be studied before teaching the lesson.

Preliminaries 1-07. Safety Precautions. Inform the squad that the weapons have been cleared and inspect the squad’s pouches and magazines, a student is to inspect the instructor’s pouches.

1-08. Ensure the squad have their magazines in the left pouch and that it is fastened.

1-09. Organise the squad in pairs and explain that during practice phases of the lesson they may operate in teams and compete against each other.

1-10. Revision. Revise the rules for the safe handling of weapons. Introduction

1-11. Explain: The L98A2 5.56mm Cadet GP Rifle is the standard weapon used

by cadets after progression from SB weapons, and you must become skilled in its use to enable you to pass your Weapon Handling Test, shooting tests and whilst at the same time handle it safely amongst your fellow cadets.

1-12. Explain: The Rifle MUST be fired from the right shoulder. The instructor is to identify all left handed members of their squad and inform them each individually of this fact.

B. CONDUCT OF THE LESSON

Characteristics of the L98A2 Cadet GP (5.56mm) Rifle

1-13. Explain:

a. The L98A2 Cadet GP (5.56mm) Rifle is a self-loading, magazine fed weapon which is capable of firing single rounds producing:

(1) Quick and accurate fire at short range opportunity targets.


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(2) Accurate, rapid fire at ranges up to 300 metres and accurate deliberate fire at longer ranges.

(3) Effective section fire at ranges up to 600 metres.

b. With its self-loading capability and a 30 round magazine, a high standard of fire control and discipline is necessary to prevent wastage of ammunition.

1-14. Confirm by questions. The Parts of the Weapon

1-15. Point out the following on the rifle (see Fig 1-2):

a. Gas plug.

b. Hand guard and top cover.

c. Foresight.

d. Sight rail, cheek piece.

e. Safety catch, pistol grip, trigger guard and trigger.

f. Cocking handle, ejection opening and dust cover.

g. Holding open catch.

h. Butt, front and rear sling loops.

i. Trigger Mechanism Housing (TMH) front and rear locking pins.

j. Magazine housing, magazine catch and bolt release catch.

k. Gas plug, gas cylinder and gas piston.

Note: The instructor is to ensure that the chamber, body and face of the bolt are

indicated to the cadets during this stage of the lesson. This will ensure that they understand the parts of the weapon in preparation for NSPs. 1-16. Confirm by questions.


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Fig 1-2 The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle

a. Muzzle and Flash Eliminator b. Foresight c. Top Cover d. Carrying Handle and Backsight e. Cheek Piece f. TMH Rear Locking Pin g. Rear Sling Loop h. Trigger Housing Mechanism

(TMH) i. Bolt Release j. Magazine Catch k. TMH Front Locking Pin l. Front Sling Loop m. Holding Open Catch n. Dust Cover o. Ejection Opening p. Cocking Handle q. Safety Catch r. Butt s. Trigger and Trigger Guard t. Hand Guard

Fig 1-2. The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (Named Parts)

a b c d e f

g i j k l

m n o p q

t s r

h


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Safety Precautions

1-17. Explain: The Normal Safety Precautions (NSPs) are to be carried out:

a. At the beginning and end of every lesson, practice or range period.

b. Immediately on returning from a patrol, other exercise or duty. 1-18. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating:

a. On the command “For inspection – Port arms”:

(1) Starting from the ‘Low Port’ position (see Fig 1-3) advance the left foot, hold the pistol grip with the right hand, forefinger outside the

trigger guard and bring the rifle to a horizontal position at waist level. Support the handguard with the left hand.

(2) Physically ensure the safety catch is at Safe (S) using the left thumb.

(3) Cock the weapon. To do this, tilt the rifle slightly to the right and, using the left hand over the top of the rifle, grip the cocking handle with the thumb and forefinger and pull it fully to the rear.

(4) Hold the cocking handle back with the forefinger, depress the holding open catch with the thumb, ease the cocking handle forward so that the catch arrests the forward movement of the carrier and replace the left hand underneath the hand guard.

(5) To inspect the rifle, push it forward and twist it to the left so that the ejection opening is uppermost. Look into the opening and ensure the body, chamber and face of the bolt are clear of ammunition or obstructions (see Fig 1-4).

(6) Place the rifle on the right shoulder with the ejection opening uppermost for it to be inspected.

Note: In low light conditions or at night, weapons must to be inspected by an Adult Instructor using a white light torch to ensure that the chambers are clear.

Fig 1-3 The Low

Port Position


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b. The instructor is to show their own rifle to a cadet in the squad to prove that it is clear and then inspect the squad’s rifles to make certain that they are also clear.

c. On the command “Ease Springs” return the weapon to the horizontal position.

(1) With the left hand press down on the bolt release catch, then tap forward on the cocking handle and grip the handguard.

(2) Put the safety catch to Fire (F) with the right forefinger

(3) Operate the trigger

(4) Put the safety catch back to Safe (S) using the left thumb.

(5) Close the dust cover with the left hand by folding it upwards and backwards so that it engages its slot.

(6) Ground arms, ensuring that the cocking handle is facing upwards. (Once teaching of the sling has been carried out, cadets will allow the weapon to hang, freeing their hands).

(7) Unfasten the ammunition pouches and remove the contents.

d. The instructor’s pouches, magazines and drill rounds (if they have been issued) are to be inspected by a cadet in the squad.

e. The instructor is to then inspect all pouches and magazines to ensure that there are no live rounds present. If issued drill rounds are to be inspected.

f. When the above drills have been completed, the squad are to replace all magazines in their pouches which are then to be fastened, pick up their weapons and adopt the ‘Low Port’ position.

1-19. Confirm by question and practice. Safe Handling: Rifle with No Magazine Fitted

1-20. Explain and Demonstrate: On handing over a rifle to another cadet, if no magazine is fitted or on picking up an unattended rifle, point the muzzle in a safe direction and carry out the “NSP”, showing the recipient of the weapon that the

chamber, body and face of the bolt is clear. Emphasise that the rifle is never to be pointed at anyone in jest.

1-21. Confirm by questions and practice.


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Fig 1-4. Inspecting the Face of the Bolt, Body and Chamber


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The Sling

1-22. Description. Explain: The sling consists of two lengths of webbing type material (see Fig 1-5). The longer piece has at one end a female part of a clip

and a loop attached, the other end of the strap is clear. The shorter piece has the male part of the clip at one end and the quick release buckle and loop at the other.

Fig 1-5 The Sling

1-23. Fitting. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating:

a. Join the sling together using the male/female clip ensuring that the flat loop and the ridged edge of the gate are the same way up.

b. Take the sling and lay it flat along the weapon ensuring that the female clip end is towards the muzzle and the flat plastic loop pointing outwards. Feed the clear end through the front sling loop (from the muzzle end towards the butt end of the rifle) and then back through the plastic loop on the strap. Then feed the sling under the ridged edge on the gate in the base of the male clip and pull tight (Fig 1-5).

Fig 1-6 Sling Fitting (1)


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c. Ensuring that the longer strap remains untwisted, then feed the clear end through the rear sling loop on the weapon and pull tight (Fig 1-7).


d. Check the shorter strap is not twisted and then feed the clear end of the longer strap outwards through the main gate of the buckle bar. Finally, thread the clear end of the longer strap back through the gate in the buckle (Fig 1-8).


1-24. Removal. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: To remove the sling, reverse the fitting procedure. 1-25. Confirm by practice leaving the slings fitted.


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Carriage

1-26. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: The sling can be used for front slung carriage or back carriage.

a. The Front Slung Carriage (Fig 1-9). To adopt the front slung carr-

iage, separate the two straps and insert the head, right arm and shoulder through the loop formed by the straps. The weapon will now be suspended from the left shoulder and across the chest. The position of the weapon in relation to the chest can be adjusted by pulling downwards on the spare material of the clear end of the longer strap. The rifle can now be moved varying from muzzle upwards to muzzle pointing down or kept parallel to the ground.

Fig 1-9 Front Slung Carriage

b. Quick Release (Fig 1-9). Operation of the quick release will allow the

weapon to be brought rapidly into the aim from the front slung carriage.

Fig1-10 Quick Release


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c. The Back Carriage (Fig 1-11). To adopt the back carriage, re-fasten the quick release and separate the sling to form two loops. Put an arm through each loop to position the rifle, muzzle down, in the centre of the back, cocking handle uppermost.

Fig 1-11 Back Carriage

1-27. Confirm by questions and practice, returning to the front slung carriage. The Sights

1-28. The Iron Sight. (Fig 1-12). Explain: The Iron Sight is the sighting system for the Cadet GP Rifle and consists of a foresight block and a carrying handle which incorporates a dual leaf aperture back sight.

a. The Foresight. Explain: The foresight consists of a blade which is

mounted in the foresight block. At the bottom of the block there is a female dovetail which fits into a matching male dovetail on the top of the gas block. The two are held together by a retaining screw. The foresight is protected on both sides by extensions of the block. The foresight can be adjusted for zeroing by means of the vertical adjustment screw retained by the locking plunger.

b. The Back Sight and Carrying Handle. Explain: The back sight is in- corporated into a carrying handle which can be fitted to the sight rail by means of matching dovetails. The handle is positioned by a locating stud, which is secured by a retaining screw engaging one of three holes in the sight rail, and is secured by two retaining screws. The back sight has two leaf apertures, a small one that is used most of the time and a larger one for use in conditions of low light or poor visibility. The apertures are protected by extensions of the carrying handle. A horizontal adjusting screw on the right side is used for zeroing and is secured by a locking plunger.


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1-12

Fig 1-12 The Iron Sight

1-29. Removing the Iron Sight. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating,

to remove the Iron Sight:

a. Fully undo the foresight block retaining screw, using the combination tool (Fig 1-13).

Fig 1-13 Removing the Foresight

Locating Stud

Retaining Screws

Foresight Extension

Foresight Blade

Vertical Adjustment Screw

Locking Plunger

Retaining Screw

Leaf Aperture

Horizontal Adjustment

Screw


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1-13

b. Slide the foresight block off the dovetail and tighten the screw. c. Open the top cover. Loosen the retaining screws and the locating stud on the carrying handle, and then slide the handle forwards and clear of the sight rail (Fig 1-14).

Fig 1-14 Removing the Carrying Handle

d. Close the top cover.

1-30. Fitting the Iron Sights. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating, to

fit the Iron Sight:

a. Loosen the foresight retaining screw fully, using the combination tool.

b. Ensure that the locking plunger is facing to the rear and mate the dovetail joints. Check that it is flush front and rear, then tighten the screw; do not over tighten.

c. Using the combination tool, loosen the carrying handle retaining screws and undo the locating stud sufficiently for the carrying handle to slide easily along the dovetail on the sight rail.

d. Open up the top cover and slide the carrying handle rearwards onto the sight rail. Adjust for correct eye relief and tighten the locating stud, ensuring that it has engaged into one of the three holes on the sight rail. Note the hole selected for future reference. Tighten the two retaining screws; do not over tighten.



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1-14

Conclusion

1-32. End of Lesson Drill.

a. Questions from the squad on the entire lesson.

b. Confirm by questions and further practice if time permits.

c. Safety Precautions. Normal.

d. Pack kit.

e. Summary. To include the importance of safe handling.

f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject.


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1-15

RIFLE LESSON 2 - STRIPPING AND ASSEMBLING


1-33. Aim. To teach the cadet how to strip and assemble the weapon for daily maintanence.

a. To strip and assemble the rifle.

b. Carry out the function test.

c. To strip and assemble magazines.

1-34. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-35. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor lesson. 1-36. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling Maintenance Kit Table Poster of named parts

1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 (optional) 1 (optional)

1-37. Preparation. Ensure that:

a. Maintenance kits are complete (see Fig 1-39).

b. Maintenance kits are to be placed under the chairs with combination tools ready to use.


a. Stripping and Assembling.

(1) Stripping is taught in a sequence devised to ensure that parts are stripped without damage.

(2) To prevent damage to parts, only the correct tools are to be used. Parts are to be laid out with the TMH locking pins uppermost. (3) To avoid possible damage to the rifle NO time limit is imposed during the practice stage of stripping and assembling. (4) Components are to be laid out in the sequence of stripping on a clean, dry surface and are to be clean before assembly.


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1-16

(5) Stripping, other than that taught by the instructor, is to be carried out only by a qualified armourer. (6) If the TMH locking pins come completely out the fact is to be reported to the armourer.

(7) The stripping of the bolt carrier assembly into its component parts will NOT be taught to cadets and therefore is not to be included when teaching this lesson to cadets. However, occasions may arise when instructors are required to do this; the procedures for stripping and reassembly are therefore contained in this lesson. The bolt carrier assembly is ONLY to be stripped and assembled by Adult Instructors.

b. The instructor is to name the component parts of the rifle and their function as they handle them (Fig 1-15).

c. When reassembling the rifle it is important that the barrel is inspected to ensure that it is not fouled. To do this hold up it up towards the light about 150mm (six inches) away from the head, muzzle pointing towards the eye; keeping both eyes open and follow the lands and grooves throughout their length

Preliminaries 1-39. Safety Precautions.

1-40. Organise the squad in pairs. 1-41. Revision. To include:

a. Characteristics of the rifle.

b. Safe handling with no magazine fitted.

c. Fitting and removal of the sling.


AC71807-C

1-17

Bolt C

arr

ier

Assem

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Trig

ger

Mechanis

m

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TM

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Main

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Magazin

e

Sprin

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Assem

bly

Gas C

ylin

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G

as P

lug

Pis

ton

Magazin

e

Body

Recoil

Rod a

nd

Sprin

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Assem

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Cockin

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Fig

1-1

5 C

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Body


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1-18 Introduction

1-42. Explain: When a rifle is issued to a cadet it is their responsibility to maintain it in a serviceable condition at all times. In order to carry out daily maintenance it is essential that a cadet can strip and assemble the weapon correctly.


Rules for Stripping and Assembling

1-43. Explain:

a. The sequence of stripping is laid down in order to prevent damage to the weapon components.

b. The weapon must never be stripped any further than taught; to do so may cause damage or danger if reassembled incorrectly.

c. Stripping and re-assembly causes wear to the weapon, especially with the sights and should not be carried out unless it is necessary.

d. Any defects that are noticed during inspection must be reported to the unit armourer.

Stripping and Assembly

1-44. Preparation. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: Prepare to strip as follows:

a. Check that the safety catch is at Safe (S).

b. Cock the weapon, engage the holding open catch and inspect the body, chamber and face of the bolt to ensure they are clear. Allow the working parts to go forward by operating the bolt release catch. Do not operate the trigger and do not close the dust cover. The safety catch must remain on safe and the hammer must remain cocked throughout the time the weapon is stripped.

c. Remove the sling if fitted.

d. Only remove the Iron Sights if they cannot be properly cleaned, as continued removal and refitting could affect the zero of the rifle.

1-45. The Trigger Mechanism Housing (TMH). Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: The TMH is stripped and assembled as follows:

a. To Strip.


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1-19

(1) Ensure the weapon is horizontal but upside down. Gently withdraw the rear TMH locking pin and then the front TMH locking pin. By withdrawing the rear pin first, pressure on the front pin is removed allowing easy withdrawal of the pin. Note the groove on the rear pin and push it back into the body approximately 5 mm so that the groove nearest the body is flush with the outside of its housing (a distinct click should be heard); this ensures that the end of the pin retains the recoil rod assembly whilst the TMH is being removed. (2) Separate the TMH from the body by pulling the butt upwards. Disengage the TMH from its front catch (see Fig 1-16).

(3) The hammer must never be released whilst the weapon is stripped as this could lead to damage to the trigger group.

Fig 1-16 Removing the TMH

b. To Assemble.

(1) Check that the TMH front locking pin is withdrawn, and then fit the TMH by inserting the front end into the recess behind the hand guard. Press the body and TMH together. Fully engage the TMH front and rear locking pins. (2) Ensure the safety catch is a safe (S).

1-46. Confirm by practice, leaving the TMH removed.

1-47. The Recoil Rod and Bolt Carrier Assembly. Explain and Demonstrate,

the squad imitating. To strip and assemble the recoil rod and bolt carrier assembly act as follows:


AC71807-C

1-20

a. To Strip.

(1) Cover the rear of the recoil rod assembly, withdraw the TMH locking pin and remove the recoil rod assembly under control (Fig 1-17). If the TMH locking pins come completely out no attempt is to be

made to refit them. The fact is to be reported to an Adult Instructor. (2) Do not separate the spring from the recoil rod assembly. (3) Pull the cocking handle to the rear and then carefully withdraw it from the bolt carrier (Fig 1-18).

(4) Place a hand over the rear of the body; raise the muzzle and remove the bolt carrier assembly (Fig 1-19).

Fig 1-17 Removing the Recoil Rod and Spring

Fig 1-18 Removing the Cocking handle


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1-21

Fig 1-19 Removing the Bolt Carrier Assembly

b. To Assemble.

(1) Ensure that the barrel is clear from any obstructions. (2) Ensure that the bolt is fully forward in the carrier. Place the carr ier into the weapon and slide far enough forward to align the cocking handle recess (in the bolt carrier) and the cocking guide (in the body). (3) Replace the cocking handle through the side of the body and into the recess in the carrier. Push the carrier fully forward until the locking splines on the bolt have entered and locked into the barrel extension. (4) Align the recoil rods and spring with the holes in the back of the carrier. Push the recoil rod assembly into the weapon until the end of the assembly is flush to the end of the body. (5) Push in the TMH rear locking pin to engage the end of the assembly, but not sufficiently to obstruct the central area which accommodates the lug of the TMH.

1-48. Confirm by practice, leaving stripped.

1-49. The Bolt Carrier Assembly. The Bolt carrier assembly is ONLY to be stripped and assembled by an Adult Instructor. Explain and demonstrate, the squad imitating.

a. To Strip:


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1-22

(1) Cup the bolt carrier assembly in the hand and withdraw the firing pin retaining pin, using the gas plug reamer of the combination tool (Fig 1-20).

(2) Remove the firing pin drawing it from the rear of the bolt (Fig 1- 21).

(3) Pull the bolt fully forward in the carrier and remove the cam stud (Fig 1-22).

(4) Separate the bolt from the carrier.

Fig 1-20 Removing the Firing Pin Retaining

Fig 1-21 Removing the Firing Pin

Fig 1-22 Removing the Cam Stud


AC71807-C

1-23

Fig

1-2

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AC71807-C

1-24

b. To assemble:

(1) Ensure the same bolt and firing pin that was stripped is placed back into the same weapon. Bolts and firing pins are NOT to be interchanged. (2) Align the ejector on the bolt with the cam stud recess in the bolt- carrier. (3) Insert the bolt into the bolt; align the cam stud hole in the bolt with the front of the cam recess in the carrier. (4) Hold the cam stud so that the firing pin hole in the stud is aligned to allow the firing pin to pass through it. Push the cam stud through the recess in the carrier and into position in the bolt. It is essential that the cam stud is replaced at this point; failing to do so could cause a breach explosion during subsequent live firing.

(5) Insert the firing pin through the back of the carrier and ensure it is fully seated. Replace the firing pin retaining pin from the left side of the bolt carrier. When correctly seated the retaining pin is flush with the sides of the carrier.

1-50. The Gas System. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: To strip

and assemble the Gas System act as follows: a. To Strip.

(1) Ensure that the weapon is level, but upright; open the top cover. (2) Then Grip the gas cylinder with the left hand. With the right hand push the piston to the rear against the action of its return spring, move the piston out of alignment with the cylinder, release the pressure and withdraw the piston and its spring from the weapon (see Fig 1-24). Do not try to separate the spring from the piston.

(3) Remove the gas cylinder from the gas plug by pulling it to the rear (see Fig 1-25). Point out the gas setting positions (N - Normal, E

- Excess, O - Off). (4) To remove the gas plug, Ensure that the plunger is in the ‘N’ position, depress the plunger and withdraw the plug backwards through the gas block ensuring that you do not rotate it (see Fig 1-26).


AC71807-C

1-25

Fig 1-24 Removing the Piston

Fig 1-25 Removing the Gas Cylinder


AC71807-C

1-26

Fig 1-26 Removing the Gas Plug

b. To Assemble.

(1) To replace the gas plug, insert it into the rear of the gas block, depress the plunger, ensuring it is lined up with the ‘N’ setting and push the plug through the block. Rotate the plug until the plunger is locked recess on the front of the gas block marked ‘N’.

(2) Fit the cylinder back on to the rear of the gas plug and hold it in position with the left hand with the knurled end away from the gas block.

(3) Turn the weapon on its side and carefully feed the spring end of the piston back into the central hole above the barrel extension; push the piston against the action of its spring and align, then engage the front of the piston with the recess at the rear of the cylinder. If it is difficult to locate the central hole, look through the ventilation slits in the body.

(4) Close the top cover.


AC71807-C

1-27

1-51. Confirm by practice and questions on part names and gas settings, leave weapon stripped.

1-52. The Handguard. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: The

handguard should only be removed if the inside becomes extremely dirty or wet. It should not normally be removed for daily cleaning.

a. To Remove.

(1) Unscrew the front sling loop keeper screw and remove the front sling loop. (The screw should be attached to the sling loop for safe keeping) (2) Open the top cover and slide the handguard forward over the muzzle (see Fig 1-27).

Fig 1-27 Removing the Handguard

b. To Replace.

(1) Ensure that the top cover is open. Slide the handguard over the muzzle and reposition the two lugs into the handguard.

(2) Replace the front sling loop and keeper screw (ensure that the sling loop is positioned on the left hand side of the weapon). Close the top cover.

1-53. Confirm by practice. 1-54. Final Practice. Stripping and assembling the complete rifle, leaving

assembled.


AC71807-C

1-28

Rifle Function Test

1-55. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: After stripping and assembling, the following test should be carried out to ensure the weapon is functioning correctly:

a. Check that the safety catch is at Safe (S), cock the rifle, forward assist

and attempt to operate the trigger. It should not operate.

b. Set the safety catch to Fire (F). Then operate the trigger, firing the

action. Whilst holding the trigger back, cock the rifle and forward assist then release the trigger. The hammer should be felt/heard engaging the main sear. Operate the trigger and the rifle should fire.

c. Set the safety catch to Safe (S) and close the dust cover.

1-56. Confirm by practice.

Magazines

1-57. The correct magazine for the rifle can be identified by the HK engraved on the bottom plate and the silver coloured platform 1-58. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad Imitating:

a. Stripping.

(1) Magazines should be stripped if they have been exposed to conditions likely to produce a build-up of mud, sand or rust. Great care must be taken when stripping the magazine. Too much force used to disengage the bottom plate will soon render the magazine unserviceable. (2) Hold the magazine with the bottom plate uppermost. Using the combination tool depress the base of the spring located in the centre of the bottom plate (see Fig 1-28), and slide the bottom plate to the

rear until the tongue at the front of the plate disengages from the slot in the magazine body. Release the pressure on the spring until the tongue at rear of the plate is free from its slot in the magazine body. Remove the bottom plate.

(3) The spring and platform may now be carefully fed out through the bottom of the magazine. (4) The platform must not be removed from the spring. If the spring comes loose from the platform it must be replaced correctly or stop- ages will occur. The bottom loop on the spring must be located under the two lugs on the inside of the platform and not to one side.


AC71807-C

1-29

Fig 1-28 Stripping the Magazine


AC71807-C

1-30

b. Assembling.

(1) Ensure that the platform is pointed in the right direction, and the spring is fitted correctly. Insert it and the spring into the magazine body. (2) Press the spring in, until the tongue at the rear of the bottom plate engages in its slot in the body. Depress the base of the spring (using the combination tool) to enable the bottom plate to slide forward until the tongue at the front of the plate engages the slot in the magazine body. Release the pressure on the spring. (3) It is important that the bottom plate is correctly engaged. Failure to do this will result in stoppages.

1-59. Confirm by practice. Conclusion



b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits.

c. Safety Precautions.

d. Pack kit.

e. Summary. To include the following:

(1) The importance of preventative maintenance: report to an Adult Instructor or armourer any case of damage or malfunction. (2) Remind the squad that the sequence of stripping is laid down in order to prevent damage to the various components and that stripping must only be carried out for a purpose, such as cleaning and maintenance. (3) The rifle must never be stripped further than taught. To do so is dangerous and can cause damage to the weapon.



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1-31

RIFLE LESSON 3 - BASIC HANDLING DRILLS


1-61. Aim. To teach the basic operating drills and safe handling.

1-62. Learning Outcomes:

a. Recognition and care and of ammunition and magazines.

b. How to fill magazines.

c. Sight Setting.

d. How to load, make ready, unload and make safe.

e. The safety handling rules when a magazine is fitted.

1-63. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-64. Method. A basic instructional lesson best suited to indoors.

1-65. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling 5.56 mm drill rounds clips of 10 Representative pictures of Blank and Ball rounds Magazine Charger Magazine Platform depressors(1p coin) H83/M2 Containers 20 and 30 round cardboard cartons Bandoliers

1 per cadet 1 per cadet 3 per cadet (if clips available) 1 1 per cadet 1 per magazine 1 of each (if available) 1 of each (if available) if available

1-66. Preparation.

a. Layout or issue all the stores required by each student.

b. Check adjustment of slings.


a. If a weapon is cocked incorrectly with drill rounds in the magazine stoppages may occur, resulting in damaged drill rounds. Fitting an empty magazine with a depressor will prevent this. Depressors can be improvised using a one penny coin.


AC71807-C

1-32

b. The magazine depressor is inserted below the lips of the magazine (see Fig 1-29). It depresses the platform and allows the bolt carrier assembly to return forward when the weapon is cocked, instead of being held to the rear by an empty magazine.

Fig 1-29 Magazine Platform Depressor Fitted

Preliminaries

1-68. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-69. Check the Iron Sight is set to the Battle Setting. Explain and demonstrate how to fit a depressor in a magazine then order the squad to fit depressors to one of their magazines. The instructor is to check that the depressor is correctly fitted before the magazines are put away in the pouches. 1-70. Organise the squad in pairs. 1-71. Revision. Safe handling. Introduction

1-72. Explain: It is important that the cadet is able to recognise the various types of ammunition and can fill magazines with loose rounds and the magazine charger. It is essential that the cadet is capable of maintaining the rifle in a state of readiness under all conditions and is able to handle it safely.


AC71807-C

1-33


Description of Ammunition

1-73. Explain: Ammunition consists of the following:

a. All ammunition is rimless; its calibre is 5.56 mm and this together with manufacturing information is stamped on the base of each cartridge.

b. Ammunition is normally issued in H83 containers (Fig 1-30) contain-

ing 900 rounds in cardboard cartons of 20 or 30 loose rounds (Ball) or wooden containers (Fig 1-31) containing 1000 rounds in cartons of 20 loose rounds (Blank), however it can come issued in bandoliers (Fig 1-32)

of 150 rounds, 900 rounds per H83 container.

c. Three natures of ammunition are issued:

(1) Ball (see Fig 1-33). This has a smooth brass cartridge case, a

jacketed bullet with a percussion cap in the base. (2) Blank (see Fig 1-34). This round has an extended smooth brass

case but no bullet. The top of the case is closed by crimping and there is a percussion cap in the base. (3) Drill. Either a silver coloured grooved case and a copper jacketed bullet, or a solid machined single piece round all silver in colour neither of which have a percussion cap.

d. Only issued ammunition is to be used.

1-74. Confirm by questions.

Fig 1-30 H83 Container


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1-34

Fig 1-31 Wooden Container (Blank Only)

Fig 1-32 Bandolier


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1-35

Fig 1-33 The Ball Round

Fig 1-34 The Blank Round


AC71807-C

1-36 Care of Ammunition and Magazines

1-75. Explain: Always look after ammunition, keep it clean, dry and free from oil. In addition:

a. Never let it lie in the direct rays of the sun as this can cause inaccur- acies.

b. Never use a round as a tool.

c. Tampering with ammunition is dangerous and is forbidden.

d. Damaged rounds are not to be fired and should be handed into an adult instructor.

e. Magazines are to be inspected regularly. Damaged magazines will cause stoppages.

1-76. Carriage of Magazines. Explain: Magazines are to be carried with the platform uppermost when in pouches. This will ensure that the magazine lips are not damaged if CEFO is dropped. 1-77. Confirm by questions. Filling Magazines

1-78. Explain: The magazine will hold 30 rounds. During training fill with the number and type of rounds ordered. There are two methods of filling magazines, one using a magazine charger and one without. The magazine charger can only be used if the ammunition is issued in clips. Before filling any magazine inspect it for signs of damage, particularly in the area of the guide lips and magazine platform.

1-79. Using the Magazine Charger. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating (see Fig 1-35): To use the magazine charger:

a. After inspecting the magazine, grip it in the left hand and position it on a firm surface; ensure the back of the magazine is facing away from the body.

b. Fit the wide end of the magazine charger onto the back of the magazine and ensure it is fully seated.

c. Place a clip of 10 rounds into the magazine charger.

d. With the right thumb on the top round, push down until all the rounds are fed into the magazine. Remove and discard the clip.


AC71807-C

1-37

e. Each time a clip is fed, ensure that the base of the last round is firmly up against the rear wall of the magazine (Fig 1-36).

f. Fill all the magazines and then place the magazine charger away in the pouch.

1-80. Filling with Loose Rounds. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: To fill with loose rounds:

a. Hold the magazine as when using the magazine charger.

b. Push the rounds into the magazine, one by one. Make sure that they are correctly seated with the base of each round right up against the magazine rear wall (Fig 1-36).

Emptying Magazines

1-81. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: (see Fig 1-37). Grasp the

magazine with one hand with the bullet pointing downwards then using an empty clip press down on each second round, thus allowing the top round to drop out. Ensure the rounds do not fall into the dirt. Alternatively, with the thumb push the base of the round forward so that it disengages from the guide lips. It may be necessary to twist and pull it clear with the free hand. 1-82. Confirm by questions and practice, leaving one magazine filled at the end of practice.


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1-38

Fig 1-35 Magazine Filling Charger Fitted


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1-39

Fig 1-36 Rounds Correctly Seated


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1-40

Fig 1-37 Emptying the Magazine


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1-41

Sight Setting

1-83. Explain: There are two apertures which are changed by pushing the leaf backwards or forwards. The leaf with the small aperture is stamped with 200 metres; this is the ‘Battle Setting’ and should be used whenever possible. At night or in poor visibility the larger aperture should be used. 1-84. Confirm by questions and practice. Load, Ready and Unload

1-85. Explain: The weapon is loaded when it has a magazine fitted. It is ready to fire when the weapon is cocked and a round is in the chamber. It is unloaded when it has no magazine fitted and no round in the chamber. 1-86. Explain and Demonstrate with the squad imitating:

a. On the command “Load”:

(1) Advance the left foot. Place the rifle in the horizontal position at waist belt level as previously taught. (2) Check that the safety catch is at Safe (S), tilt the weapon to the

right and open the ammunition pouch with the left hand. (3) Take a full magazine from the pouch or one containing the number of rounds ordered and check that the top rounds are positioned correctly. (4) Place the magazine into the magazine housing and then place the heel of the left hand under the base of the magazine and push up firmly until the magazine catch engages. DO NOT STRIKE THE BOTTOM OF THE MAGAZINE AS THIS MAY DISLODGE THE TOP ROUND RESULTING IN A STOPPAGE.

(5) Ensure the magazine is fitted securely, then fasten the pouch

and return the left hand to the handguard.

b. On the command “Ready” or a range being ordered:

(1) Adopt the ‘Alert’ position (see Fig 1-38). Bring the butt into the

shoulder, point the muzzle down. (2) Check that the safety catch is at Safe (S).

(3) Set the sights to the Battle Setting or the range ordered. Cock the rifle. Ensure that the cocking handle is released cleanly when it is fully to the rear. Ensure the bolt is fully locked by tapping forward on


AC71807-C

1-42 the cocking handle with the left hand.

(4) The forefinger is to be clear of the trigger and is to be placed along the side of the trigger guard.

Fig 1-38 Alert Position


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1-43

c. On the command “Unload”:

(1) Bring the rifle into the horizontal position. Ensure that the right forefinger is outside the trigger guard. (2) Ensure the safety catch to Safe (S) and open the pouch.

(3) Tilt the weapon to the right. Grip the magazine with the left hand, then depressing the magazine catch with the thumb, remove the magazine and place it in the pouch. (IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SAFETY REASONS THAT THE MAGAZINE BE REMOVED AT THIS POINT).

(4) Cock the weapon and engage the holding open catch. Tilt the weapon to the left so that the ejection opening is upper most. Replace the left hand on the handguard. (5) Inspect the body; chamber and face of the bolt carefully to ensure they are clear (see Fig 1-4). Look at the magazine housing to

ensure that the magazine has been removed. Once more, check the condition of the body, chamber and face of the bolt as an added precaution to avoid a negligent discharge. In low light conditions these checks must be conducted with white light. Operate the bolt release catch to allow the working parts to go forward then tap forward on the cocking handle. (6) Place the safety catch to Fire (F), and operate the trigger. Return the safety catch to Safe (S). Ensure the sights are set at the Battle

Setting. (7) Close the dust cover, pick up the ejected round then clean and replace it in the magazine. Fasten the pouch.

Note:

1. To prevent possible injury to the face or eye from ejected rounds, the weapon is to be tilted to the right, when cocking during the unload. 2. When unloading in darkness or thick vegetation, care should be taken to direct ejected rounds close to your position so that the ammunition can be readily recovered.

1-87. Confirm by practice using magazines with drill rounds or a penny depressor fitted, leaving the weapon loaded.


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1-44

Making Safe

1-88. Explain. Making Safe is carried out when weapons are made ready but need to be loaded but not made ready. 1-89. Explain and Demonstrate as necessary: On the command “Make Safe”

unload as taught then put on a full magazine or a magazine with the amount of rounds ordered. 1-90. Confirm by practice leaving the weapon loaded.

Basic Handling in Fire Positions

1-91. Explain: These drills are normally carried out in the standing position and

the cadet will subsequently adopt any firing position which may be ordered. However these drills can be carried out in any recognised fire position and the cadet will carry out the drills in whichever position they are in when the order is given. 1-92. Confirm by practice once fire positions have been taught. Safe Handling with a Magazine Fitted

1-93. Explain: Once ordered to load the rifle, the cadet is to keep it loaded until ordered to unload. At all times they are responsible for the safe handling of the weapon and are to ensure that:

a. The safety catch is always at Safe (S) unless the situation demands

otherwise, the finger is to be off the trigger and the muzzle is to be pointed in a safe direction.

b. If a weapon has to be carried in a vehicle it is to be unloaded and correctly slung or secured in the rack provided. c. The rifle is unloaded on command or when you can no longer able to ensure its safety, such as when handing it over to, or leaving it under the guard of another cadet. d. If it is necessary to pick up a rifle with a magazine fitted, the weapon is unloaded as taught. e. The rifle is never to be pointed at anyone in jest.

1-94. Confirm by questions and practice. Use the commands: “Load”, “Ready”, “Make Safe” and “Unload”. Order individuals to hand their weapons to each other.


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1-45 Conclusion



b. Questions to the squad and final practice as time permits.

c. Empty all magazines and withdraw the drill rounds and magazine depressors.

d. Safety Precautions.


(1) The importance of cocking the weapon cleanly.

(2) The importance of the magazine being removed first, before cocking the weapon during the unload.

(3) The importance of safe and correct handling.

(4) The need to care for ammunition.



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1-46

RIFLE LESSON 4 - CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE


1-96. Aim. To teach cleaning and maintenance of the rifle. 1-97. Learning Outcomes:

a. The contents and use of the maintenance kit.

b. Cleaning and maintenance:

(1) On camp and in the detachment.

(2) When in a harbour or a patrol base.

(3) When firing.

1-98. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session).

1-99. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor lesson. 1-100. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling Maintenance Kit Oil and cleaning materials Pointer Table Ground Sheets

1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet As required 1 1 (if required) 1 (if required)

1-101. Preparation. Ensure that:

a. Maintenance kits are complete and under chairs (see Fig 1-39).

b. There is sufficient oil and prepared flannelette for squad use.

1-102. Miscellaneous. This lesson should be broken into two phases. The first phase should cover cleaning in a detachment environment and in patrol base or harbour location. The second phase deals with cleaning and maintenance for range work and dry training; this should also be repeated after the cadet’s first Live Firing and Exercise.

1-103. Preliminaries

1-104. Safety Precautions. Normal. Explain that stripping the rifle in any other sequence than taught in Rifle Lesson 2 is only to be carried out when directed by


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1-47 a qualified Adult Skill at Arms Instructor. 1-105. Revision. Stripping and assembling. Leave rifles and one magazine stripped at the end.

Introduction 1-106. Explain: It is a cadet’s duty to maintain the weapon when issued. The cleaning and maintenance regime will vary depending on the location, be it in detachment or range work and dry training. This lesson deals with how to clean the Cadet GP Rifle.

1-107. Contents (see Fig 1-39). Explain and indicate: The maintenance kit consists of the following:

Fig 1-39 The Maintenance kit

a. Oil Bottle b. Muzzle Cover c. Two Piece Cleaning Rod d. GP Wire Brush e. Cleaning Rod Handle f. GP Soft Brush g. Barrel extension Cleaner h. Pull Through i. Combination Tool j. Bore Brush k. Chamber Barrel Extension Brush l. Gas Block Brush


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1-48

1-108. Lack of lubrication of the weapon is the greatest cause of stoppages. Failure to keep a serviceable maintenance kit compounds the problem. Special attention should be made to keeping oil bottles full.


a. Gas Cylinder Reamer b. Cleaning Rod Spanner c. Gas Vent Reamer Point d. SUSAT Zeroing Spanner e. Screwdriver (1. Iron Sight Locating Stud 2. SUSAT Direction Zero) f. Gas Plug Reamer g. Gas Regulator Adjustment / Iron Sight Adjustment h. Screwdriver - Iron Sight

Fig 1-40 The Combination Tool

b c d e

f g h

a


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1-49

Cleaning the Component Parts. Explain and Demonstrate:

a. The cleaning rod is used only in conjunction with the chamber brush. The sections of rod screw together to form a rigid unit with a handle. If at any time the sections do not form a close, smooth joint they are not to be used. The flat surfaces in the rod fit into the combination tool which can be used to unscrew the rod.

b. The bore brush is only to be used to clean the bore; oil is to be applied to assist in removing fouling and stains from within the bore. It can only be attached to the pull-through; when used it is only to be drawn from the chamber end of the barrel.

c. The chamber/barrel extension brush is not to be used for any other purpose than cleaning the chamber and barrel extension. It is only to be used with the cleaning rod.

d. The pull-through can be used to draw a swab or the bore brush through the barrel; it must first be unravelled and stretched to remove any kinks. A swab can be fitted, folded in half/lengthways into the eyelet an equal amount of swab should protrude either side.

e. Swabs are mainly used to clean and lubricate the bore. They are 45 mm x 45 mm if they are any larger than they may jam in the barrel. They may also be used for general cleaning.

f. The carbon removing pad’s main purpose is to remove any carbon fouling after firing; they can also be used with oil to remove rust. They are not to be used on the black coated parts of the weapon.

g. The general purpose of the soft brush is used to clean dust and dirt from the internal areas of the weapon, in particular the TMH.

h. The gas block brush is used to clean carbon deposits from inside the gas block. It may also be used to assist in cleaning the inside of the gas cylinder. It is not to be used for functions fulfilled by the GP wire brush.

i. The toothbrush-like general purpose wire brush is used to clean any gas affected parts for which no specific item of the kit is provided. It is most effective on carbon after heavy deposits have first been scraped off using a part of the combination tool. The removal of burn marks around the gas vent areas and final clean are still best achieved by the use of the carbon removal pads. j. The barrel extension cleaner, (a disposable foam swab) is used to clean/ lubricate inside the difficult to clean barrel extension, it can also be used to clean/lubricate other difficult to reach areas.



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1-50 Frequency of Cleaning and Maintenance.

1-111. Explain: The frequency of cleaning and maintenance of a weapon should be decided by its use. For instance if it has been in an armoury and not fired or used in dry training there will be no need to strip the weapon down. A surface clean and pull-through of the barrel followed by re-lubrication would suffice. If the cleanliness of a weapon is in doubt then it must be stripped, inspected and those parts requiring cleaning, cleaned.

Levels of Cleaning and Maintenance

1-112. Explain. The level of cleaning and maintenance to be carried out will depend upon the situation. It is important for commanders and cadets to understand what these are:

a. Camp/Detachment. The camp/detachment clean should be used by the cadet between training exercises to bring their weapon back up to the highest standards possible. This is achieved by cleaning and inspection at appropriate intervals as directed by commanders and supported by local armourers. As stores and equipment support are more readily available, replacement parts and maintenance should not be a problem. Excessive cleaning should be avoided as this could lead to excess wear and breakage of parts.

b. Harbour or Patrol Base. In a harbour position or patrol base, all cleaning of weapons and magazines should be carried out using the buddy-buddy system. Although there is no time limit, swift and practiced drills are required that ensure all parts including the magazines are cleaned, inspected for serviceability and well lubricated on reassembling. All faults should be reported up the chain straight away so that replacement or repair action can be initiated. This should also be the time to use the resupply chain for refilling oil bottles, replacing worn cleaning equipment and obtaining more flannelette.

c. Firing. See paragraph 1-121.

Cleaning and Maintenance in Camp or Detachment

1-113. Cleaning. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: To clean, carry

out the following:

a. Ensure that the weapon is unloaded and stripped as taught.

b. Use the GP soft brush to remove any loose fouling or debris from the weapon and its components.

c. With a piece of lightly oiled flannelette clean the outside of the weapon then wipe dry.


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1-51 d. Fit the chamber / barrel extension brush to the cleaning rod and insert it into the chamber ensuring that the brass flange at the rear of the brush is up against the rear face of the barrel extension, oil can be applied to the brush to assist in cleaning. Using a clockwise rotating action dislodge any fouling and debris. If the weapon is held muzzle pointing up, the fouling will fall out when the brush is removed. Remove the brush, wrap a flannelette patch around the bristles and re-insert it for a final clean. If necessary use the barrel extension cleaner to remove any residue left.

e. Using the barrel extension cleaner clean the fouling from inside the barrel extension.

f. Using the GP soft brush and flannelette, clean the inside of the body.

g. Wipe clean the piston, the gas cylinder and the gas plug. Carbon fouling is removed by the GP wire brush, gas block cleaning brush and reamers on the combination tool which will be practiced after the introductory Shoot.

h. Pull the barrel through with a well lubricated bore brush. Then pull it through a number of times alternating between dry and oily swabs.

i. Examine the barrel for cleanliness. To do this hold it up towards the light about 150mm away from the head, muzzle to the eye; keep both eyes open and follow the lands and grooves throughout their length.

j. If needed clean the barrel again. If after a thorough cleaning the barrel does not appear to be clean or there is something unusual apparent show it to an Adult Instructor.

k. Gas parts should be cleaned with the issued brushes together with an oily carbon removing pad. In addition the reamers on the combination tool should be used to clean: (see Fig 1-39)

(1) The gas plug ports using the gas port reamer.

(2) The gas plug bore using the gas plug reamer.

(3) The gas cylinder using the gas cylinder reamer.

l. Dry clean the whole of the weapon and examine it for any damage.

m. Magazines should be stripped and dry-cleaned. Abrasive materials should not be used, ie Scotchbrite, as this will remove the coating on the magazine body.



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1-52 1-115. Inspection for Damage. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating:

Prior to lubricating the weapon inspect, with the assistance of an Adult Instructor, the following for any damage:

a. Bolt and Carrier.

(1) Bolt. Cracks or fractures, especially in the cam stud recess area.

(2) Firing Pin. Bent, cracked, blunted.

(3) Cam Stud. Cracked or chipped.

(4) Firing Pin Retaining Pin. Bent or badly worn.

(5) Extractor/Ejector. Check the extractor and ejector for chipped or

broken edges in the area of the lip that engages the cartridge rim. (6) Recoil Rod Assembly. Check the springs are not bent or

damaged and the recoil rod and control rods are not damaged or loose.

(7) Cocking Handle. Check for cracks or fractures and that the pin

is not bent or damaged.

b. TMH. Check the TMH for damage or wear. Pay particular attention to

the bolt release catch and the safety catch.

c. The Body. Check for damage or wear.

d. The Gas System.

(1) The Piston and spring. Check for cracks or fractures. Ensure

the spring is not bent or damaged. (2) The Gas Plug. Check for cracks or fractures. Check that the

plunger operates freely and is not bent. (3) Gas Cylinder. Check for any cracks or fractures particularly

around the area of the gas escape holes.

e. Magazines.

(1) The magazine lips. Are they distorted or bent?

(2) The body of the magazine. Is it dented?

(3) The platform. Is it distorted or dented?

(4) The spring. Is it loose, distorted or stretched?


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1-53

f. Ammunition.

(1) Is it clean?

(2) Is it dry?

(3) Are any rounds damaged?

g. If any damage or excess wear is found the weapon should be taken initially to a Cadet Force Adult Volunteer for confirmation and then to the armourer for remedial action. Any faulty/damaged ammunition is to be exchanged.

1-116. Lubrication. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: For normal daily use lubricate the weapon as follows (see Fig 1-41):

a. TMH. Lubricate the outside of the TMH. Place a few drops of oil on

the safety catch, front locking pin, magazine release catch and holding opening device. Move them a few times to spread the lubrication. Place a few drops of oil on the springs in the trigger mechanism.

b. Body. Lubricate the inside and outside of the body. Using the swab

and a drop of oil lubricate the barrel extension. Oil the barrel and chamber, place a few drops of oil on rear locking pin and move it a few times to spread the lubrication. Place some oil on the cocking guide.

c. Bolt and Carrier. Lubricate the firing pin and firing pin recess in the

bolt, cam stud area and the outside of the bolt body. Place a few drops of oil under the ejector and move it a few times to spread the lubrication. Lubricate the base of the bolt carrier. Lightly lubricate the cocking handle. Lubricate the recoil rod assembly.

d. The Gas System. Lubricate the gas piston spring, gas plug and gas

cylinder.

e. Magazines. Lubricate the inside spring. Wipe down the outside with

a slightly oily cloth.



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1-54

Fig 1-41 Lubrication Chart


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1-55

Cleaning and Maintenance in a Harbour or Patrol Base.

1-118. General. Explain: Whilst in the field, the priority is to ensure that the rifle functions correctly and not that every speck of dirt or carbon is removed. 1-119. Sequence. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad Imitating: Whilst in a harbour or patrol base, commanders will decide on the number of weapons to be cleaned at any one time. The following is the regime in order of priority:

a. Unload, cock the weapon, and engage the holding opening catch. b. Using the barrel extension cleaner and oil, clean and liberally lubricate the barrel extension, the face of the bolt, the locking splines and the chamber.

c. Remove the muzzle cover or if fitted BFA; pull the barrel through with a lubricated swab, then a dry one. Replace the muzzle cover or BFA ensuring that it is correctly fitted. Allow the working parts to go forward. Do not operate the trigger.

d. Remove the TMH, dust the TMH with the brush GP and a piece of flannelette. Liberally lubricate the safety catch, holding opening device and trigger mechanism. e. Inside the upper receiver liberally lubricate the recoil rods, return spring guide rail and bolt carrier. f. Replace the TMH, conduct the function test then reload. g. Open the top cover; remove the piston, spring and gas plug. Remove any large carbon deposits then re-lubricate and assemble.

1-120. Confirm by questions and practice. Firing

1-121. Explain: For range work and blank firing the procedures below are to be followed:

a. Before Firing. The weapon should already be clean from being previously cleaned in the detachment/camp or the harbour area/patrol base. Inspect the rifle to determine if it requires additional lubrication, if so re-lubricate as previously taught.

b. During Firing. Whilst firing, if any opportunity exists, lubricate as for cleaning and maintenance regime in a harbour or patrol base.


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1-56

c. After Firing. As soon as possible after any firing, a light film of oil should be applied to all gas affected parts. If possible the oil should be allowed to work on the rifle for a minimum of 30 minutes after which daily cleaning should be carried out.


Adverse Conditions

1-123. The Effect on Small Arms. Explain: The types of weather conditions

encountered and their effects on the rifle must be understood so they can be effectively dealt with.

a. Heat. This might take the form of a number of differing effects:

(1) Overheating can occur quicker if the temperature rises.

(2) Weapon accuracy may alter during the day due to temperature variations.

(3) Metal parts may become extremely hot and uncomfortable to hold.

b. Heavy Rain. Rust may form quickly.

1-124. Cleaning in Adverse Conditions. Explain:

a. Heavy Rain and Damp Conditions. Inspect frequently for rust and

remove it as normal. Liberally lubricate the weapon with oil.

b. Dry, Sandy or Dusty Conditions. In such conditions the rifle must be

kept dry; this will be best achieved by sweating it in the sun and wiping off any exuding oil. If rust appears remove it as normal but take care to remove any oil that may have been used. Occasionally empty magazines and tip out any grit. Do the same with the TMH, firstly removing it from the rifle, but only when ordered to do so.

c. Immersion in Water. If the rifle should become immersed in water,

the following should be carried out prior to attempting to fire:

(1) Unload the weapon.

(2) Remove the muzzle cap or BFA if fitted.

(3) Cock the weapon, engage the holding opening catch.

(4) With the rifle held vertically it should be shaken vigorously several times up and down.



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1-57 Conclusion



b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits and replenish the lubricants and cleaning materials as necessary.


d. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of carrying out thorough maintenance and reporting the fact if anything unusual is suspected.

(2) The need to use the cleaning equipment correctly and, in particular to use the correct size of flannelette.

(3) A reminder that stripping must only be carried out for a purpose, such as cleaning and maintenance. The rifle must never be stripped further than taught; to do so is dangerous



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1-58 RIFLE LESSON 5 - HOLDING AND AIMING IN THE PRONE POSITION (1ST,

2ND AND 3RD MARKSMANSHIP PRINCIPLES)


1-127. Aim. To teach the cadet to hold the rifle correctly in the prone position and

aim correctly. 1-128. Learning Outcomes:

a. Adopting the prone position.

b. Holding.

c. Adjusting for eye relief.

d. Aiming. 1-129. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session).

1-130. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors.

1-131. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets Landscape Target Aiming Aids Magazine platform depressors Screw driver/combination tool Ground Sheets

1 per cadet 1 per cadet As required 1 (if required) 1 per cadet (if required) 1 per magazine 1 per instructor If required

1-132. Preparation.

a. Instructors should have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills.

b. If the lesson is to be taken outdoors a suitable area should be selected that offers a clear line of sight of not less than 30 metres.

c. Put out targets at 100 metres or representative targets at a shorter distance.

d. If the lesson has to be taken indoors, sufficient floor space must be


AC71807-C

1-59 provided so that cadets can build up their positions correctly.

e. Until correct eye relief has been established ensure that all Iron Sights are moved fully forward on the sight mount.

f. Position, or issue, all the stores required by each cadet.


a. The rifle is designed to be fired from the right shoulder only. Even if a cadet has their left eye as their master eye, the cadet is to be trained to aim using their right eye. To determine if the right eye is the master eye focus on an object with both eyes open and then point at that object with the index finger. Close the left eye and if the index finger remains pointing at the object the right eye is the master eye. Repeat this process with the right eye and if the index finger remains pointing at the object the left eye is the master eye.

b. Firing from the prone position with the magazine rested is taught and practiced during this lesson and referred to as the prone supported position. Firing in the prone position without resting the magazine is referred to as the prone unsupported position. Firing from the prone rested position is to be encouraged, especially when firing from longer ranges. However, instructors/coaches should ensure that the prone unsupported position is mastered and practiced prior to adopting the prone rested position.

c. Eye Relief. Rifles are of a standard length. The Iron Sight is adjusted so the optimum eye relief can be achieved.

1-134. Cadets are to be closely supervised when carrying out adjustments for eye relief.

Preliminaries 1-135. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-136. Fit platform depressors to all magazines. 1-137. Revision.

a. Loading, ready, make safe and unload. Leave the weapons loaded.

b. Question cadets on the marksmanship principles if previously taught.


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1-60 Introduction

1-138. Explain: It is essential that cadets are capable of firing their rifle accurately under all conditions. This can best be achieved if the cadet understands and applies the marksmanship principles:

a. The position and hold must be firm enough to support the weapon.

b. The weapon must point naturally at the target without undue physical effort.

c. Sight alignment and the sight picture must be correct. d. The shot must be released and followed through without undue disturbance to the position.

1-139. The application of these principles demands concentration, combined with a determination to shoot well. This lesson covers the first three of these principles. The fourth is covered in the next lesson.


The Prone Unsupported Position

1-140. Explain. The basic shooting position is the prone position since it gives the firer best support, presents a small target to the enemy and is the least tiring. The firer may adopt variations of this position depending on their height and build however the chosen position must provide maximum support. 1-141. Explain and Demonstrate: On the command “Prone Position Down.”

a. Maintain a firm grip with the right hand, ensure the weapon does not come into contact with the ground, and keep the weapon pointing in a safe direction and lie down.

b. Hold the rifle with the left hand on the hand-guard and the right hand on the pistol grip, forefinger outside the trigger guard.

c. To aid with target alignment, place the feet together, heels uppermost, move position until the body and rifle are roughly aligned onto the target. Then adopt either of the leg positions.

(1) Cadets are to be encouraged to try both positions to find which best suits them.

(2) Whichever position is chosen the body must be relaxed to avoid muscle tremors.


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1-61

d. Leg Position 1 (see Fig 1-42).

Maintaining the alignment onto the target, open the legs until the feet are approximately shoulder’s width apart and feel comfortable. The feet should now be positioned with the toes pointing outwards and the inside of the heels flat on the ground. This position will ensure that the right side of the body, including the whole of the right leg is immediately behind the rifle, ensuring maximum support and reducing the effect of recoil.

e. Leg Position 2 (see Fig 1-43).

Adjust the body so that it is slightly angled to the left of the line of fire. Open the legs so that the left leg is on the same line as the body, the leg muscles relaxed and the toes turned inwards. Bend the right leg, drawing it up to form a continuation of the line of fire, the right foot pointing outwards with the heel on the ground. This position will lift the chest higher off the ground, taking the pressure off the diaphragm.

1-142. When getting up, maintain a firm grip with the right hand on the pistol grip. Ensure that no part of the rifle comes into contact with the ground, stand up and adopt the ‘Low Port’ position. 1-143. Confirm by practice.

Holding in the Prone Unsupported Position

1-144. In order to achieve a firm position that will support the rifle it is recommended that instructors teach cadets to run through a checklist of the key points that form the shooting position and firing the shot.

a. Leg position.

b. Butt position.

c. Left hand grip.

d. Left elbow position.

Fig 1-42 Leg Position 1

Fig 1-43 Leg Position 2


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1-62 e. Right hand grip.

f. Right elbow position.

g. Head position.

h. Relaxation in position.

i. Breathing.

1-145. Explain and Demonstrate: (see Fig 1-44). Order, “Down” then “Ready”,

a. Adopt the preferred prone unsupported position.

b. Position the butt into the shoulder and hold the rifle with both hands using a relaxed grip. Align along the barrel axis and adjust the body line until the weapon is pointing naturally towards the target. The correct placement of the butt in the shoulder reduces the effect of recoil, helps to steady the rifle and prevents the butt from slipping during firing. The butt must not be in contact with the collar bone.

c. The left hand is positioned under the hand guard, as far forward as comfort allows. Open the left hand fully, fingers together and rest the hand guard across the palm. Allow the fingers to close around the hand guard and without strain. The left hand should remain relaxed, with the fingers together; no attempt should be made to grip the hand guard tightly or to pull backwards.

d. Place the left elbow as close as possible to a central point below the weapon. This will provide maximum bone support. The hold with the left arm should be sufficiently firm enough to form a stable platform to support the weight of the weapon and maintain steadiness.

e. The right hand is the controlling hand and must grip the pistol grip firmly. To achieve this, raise the right elbow clear of the ground and open the hand. Position the web of the forefinger and thumb as high as comfortably possible on the pistol grip and directly behind it, then wrap the fingers around the grip with the forefinger outside the trigger guard.

f. Without disturbing the hold and without tilting the rifle, lower the right elbow to a natural position to provide support. A firm, consistent, rearward pressure must be exerted to keep the butt in its proper position in the shoulder.

g. Lower the head to place the cheek lightly onto the cheek piece. It is important to place the cheek at the same spot each time the position is taken. This allows the firer to achieve consistent and correct eye relief. With the head in this position the right eyebrow should be 25 mm or more from the aperture to give correct eye relief (see Fig 1-46).


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1-63

h. The cadet must learn to relax in the firing position, failure to do so will result in muscle strain and subsequent movement of the rifle and aim picture. This will be achieved with practice, however, a conscious effort must be made to relax but without disturbing the alignment of the rifle to the target area.

i. Breathing is covered in detail during Rifle Lesson 6.

1-146. Confirm by practice. (Remind cadets to run through the ‘key points - check list’ as they build up their position). Prone Supported Position (Magazine Rested)

1-147. Explain and demonstrate (see Fig 1-45): Firing from the prone supported

position involves resting the magazine on the ground or cover. This offers excellent, sustainable support with little effort on the part of the firer. It eliminates the need for strict breath control, especially when firing quickly. It also aids accurate rapid fire as the sight barely moves from the POA. Firing from this position will also reduce the size of the target that the firer presents to the enemy. Care must be taken to ensure that the position affords adequate muzzle clearance.

1-148. Explain and Demonstrate, with squad imitating:

a. Either:

(1) Adopt the prone unsupported position already taught.

(2) Once the position and hold are correct, move the elbows outwards until the magazine is in contact with the ground.

(3) Care must be taken to ensure that there are no loose stones beneath the magazine.

b. Or:

(1) Rest the magazine on the ground first ensuring that there are no loose stones beneath it.

(2) Move the body up to the rifle to ensure good contact with the butt and build up the position following the key point checklist.



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1-64

Fig 1-44 The Prone Unsupported Position

Fig 1-45 The Prone Supported Position (Magazine Rested)


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1-65

Eye Relief Adjustment - Iron Sight.

1-150. Explain and Demonstrate: To adjust the Iron Sights to obtain correct eye relief:

a. Loosen the retaining screws.

b. Unscrew the locating stud and slide the sight unit forward or back- ward.

c. Adjust so that the locating stud is located in the hole in the sight rail that gives the best possible eye relief of 25mm (see Fig 1-46).

d. It is important that the locating stud is always located in one of the holes in the sight rail, as damage can occur if the stud is tightened on to the sight rail.

e. Tighten the retaining screws.

f. Fine adjustment to obtain optimum eye relief can be achieved by moving the position of the head on the check piece. This will ensure a consistent position is achieved.

1-151. Confirm by practice after adjustment (if necessary), leaving the sights correctly positioned. (instructors are to check each cadet’s eye relief before moving on).

Fig 1-46 Correct Eye Relief

25mm


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1-66 Aiming

1-153. Where to Aim. Explain and Demonstrate using diagrams, landscape and figure targets (see Fig 1-47):

a. In the early stages of shooting training a white patch is superimposed on the target. Always aim at the bottom centre of the patch. Initially it serves as a defined Point of Aim (POA) for grouping practices. Later, the patch will be used as a datum point for zeroing.

b. When engaging targets without a patch, select a POA that will apply fire to the target centre.

c. A target may be located by muzzle flash, smoke or movement. When engaging a large target such as a hedgerow, the section commander may indicate an enemy position or positions. In every case select the POA that will apply fire to the target.

d. The influence of wind and other factors can affect the fall of shot. It may be necessary to aim away from the centre of the target to attain a central hit. Covered in more detail in Rifle Lesson 10.

1-154. How to Aim - Iron Sight. Explain and Demonstrate using sight picture

diagrams (see Fig 1-47): Aiming with the iron sights can never become instinctive, though practice can induce speed. Above all it requires concentration to achieve sight alignment together with the correct aim picture, this is a four point relationship between the eye, the centre of the aperture, tip of the foresight and the POA.

a. Align the body and rifle onto the target area as taught.

b. Position the head to gain correct eye relief.

c. Close the left eye. Then look through the centre of the aperture and centralise the tip of the foresight on the POA and in the aperture. Ensure the foresight is upright and clearly in focus.

d. It may be necessary to move the head slightly in order to achieve the correct sight alignment; it essential however, once it is achieved, that the head position remains consistent.

e. During the aiming/firing process it will be necessary to switch focus between the foresight and POA in order to maintain the correct aim picture; however, it is essential to focus back to the foresight immediately before firing the shot.

1-155. Confirm by question and practice. Allow the squad to use aim diagrams to illustrate their answers. Give practice in central aiming and aiming up/down, left/right on figure and natural targets.


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1-67

Fig1-47 Correct Aim Pictures

Testing and Adjusting in the Prone Position

1-155. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: Order “Load”, “Ready” then “Down”.

a. On adopting a firing position the cadet must align the body and rifle onto the target as previously taught and practiced.

(1) Before the first or subsequent shots are fired it is essential that fine adjustments are made to the body position to ensure that the rifle points naturally along the intended line of fire. (2) Natural alignment can be checked by obtaining the correct aim picture, closing both eyes, taking several deep breaths and then reopening the firing eye. The aim picture will now reflect where the weapon is naturally pointing. (3) Adjustments must be made by moving the lower part of the body. Apart from holding and supporting the rifle correctly the hands and arms remain passive. There must be no pushing, pulling or lifting of the arms to force the rifle onto the POA.

b. To finalise the position:

(1) It is essential that the weapon is held correctly and the head and body are correctly positioned. (2) Keep the arms passive and adjust the body position until the aim is correct. Numerous small movements may be necessary to achieve this, including slight movement of the legs or feet.


AC71807-C

1-68 (3) Adjustments for elevation are made by moving the body forwards or back. Do not move the elbows.

(4) For lateral adjustments move the lower body left or right. Rem–

ember to keep the arms passive and avoid moving the left elbow.

(5) Confirmation of correct alignment can be gained by watching the vertical movement of the foresight whilst breathing, which should be directly through the POA. Errors will be shown by diagonal movement across the POA.

1-156. Confirm by practice. Conclusion





d. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of accurate, consistent aiming, together with firm and correct holding. (2) The need to achieve correct eye relief by moving the position of the head or by correct positioning of the sight. (3) Every attempt must be made to relax and achieve consistency when firing; to that end always run through the ‘key points - check’ list when building up a firing position.



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1-69

RIFLE LESSON 6 - FIRING IN THE PRONE POSITION

(4TH MARKSMANSHIP PRINCIPLE)


1-158. Aim. To teach how to fire the weapon in the prone position by combining the four marksmanship principles.

a. Breathing control.

b. Deliberate trigger operation.

c. Continuous trigger operation.

1-159. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-160. Method. A basic instructional lesson suitable for indoors or outdoors.

1-161. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine and sling FigureTargets/Representative Figure Targets Aiming Aids Magazine platform depressors Ground Sheets

1 per cadet 1 per cadet

As required 1 Per Cadet (if required) 1 per magazine If required

1-162. Preparation.

a. Instructors should have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills.

b. If the lesson is to be taken outdoors a suitable area should be selected that offers a clear line of sight of not less than 30 metres.

c. Position targets at 100 metres or representative targets at a shorter distance.

d. If the lesson has to be taken indoors, sufficient floor space must be provided so that cadets can build up their positions correctly.

e. Position or issue all the stores required by each cadet.


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f. Divide the squad into groups of two. When practising, one fires, the other cocks the rifle by hand. This simulates weapon recoil and enables the firer to operate the trigger of a cocked weapon each time they fire.


a. The cadet can only be taught to shoot properly on a range. However, in this lesson the techniques and procedures required to achieve correct shot release can be covered without the cadet worrying about the effect of firing a round.

b. The initial teaching and practice of breath control and trigger operation is best done seated using a talk through of the process, followed by practice in the prone position. The sequential method of practice adds another element of firing the shot until all are confirmed together.

c. Correct eye relief is essential; the instructor is to ensure during revision that the sights are correctly positioned on the sight rail prior to carrying out any practical aiming confirmation.

d. Practice can be made more realistic by dividing the squad into groups of two, half the squad firing and the other half re-cocks the weapon. This simulates the recoil of the weapon and enables the firer to operate the trigger of a cocked weapon each time they fire.

e. When demonstrating the instructor should always use one of the squ-ad to assist them by re-cocking the rifle.

f. During the drills where a live round would normally be ejected, the cadets are to simulate picking up the ejected round.

g. This lesson should be revised before any live firing.

Preliminaries 1-164. Safety Precautions. Normal. Withdraw any drill rounds and fit platform depressors to all magazines. 1-165. Check correct eye relief.

1-166. Demonstrate the use of an assistant to re-cock the rifle. 1-167. Revision. Revise the practical application of the first three marksmanship principles, using the prone unsupported and prone rested positions. Leave the weapons loaded.

a. Check the cadets have the sight positioned for the correct eye relief.

b. Check the cadets are using the nine point key check list.


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1-71

Introduction

1-168. Explain: This lesson combines the first three marksmanship principles with the fourth: ‘The shot must be released and followed through without undue disturbance to the position’ If this is not carried out correctly, accuracy will be affected. This lesson deals with the technique that the cadet is required to apply in order to put into effect that principle; it also combines the four marksmanship principles so that they will achieve correct shot release and hit the target.


Firing a Shot

1-169. Explain: The shot should be fired without disturbing the aim. In order to do

this the position and hold must be stable and the weapon must point naturally at the target. Providing the rhythm of breathing is controlled and the trigger is operated smoothly, the shot will be released and the bullet will leave the muzzle without any undue movement of the weapon. Breath Control

1-170. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: Breathing is a natural bodily function which will continue at a steady rate and without strain, until an individual does something to disturb the cycle. It is important therefore to regulate and control the breathing during the time of shot release and to do it without strain. This can be best achieved as follows:

a. Take a few slow deep breaths; this helps to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream which in turn reduces strain.

b. Exhale to the end of a normal breath and then slightly extend the natural pause between exhaling and inhaling (the lungs should not be fully emptied).

c. Release the shot before holding your breath becomes uncomfortable and then continue to breathe normally. If the shot is not released, relax and recommence a fresh cycle.

1-171. Confirm by practice, initially seated and then in the prone position to demonstrate the effect of breath control on aiming.

Trigger Operation and Follow Through

1-172. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: During the period of breath restraint the aim must be perfected and the trigger operated smoothly to allow the shot to be fired without any alteration to the aim or to the grip with the right hand. The method of trigger operation used should be the one best suited to the situation. The following points are to be explained:


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1-72

a. First Pressure. Put the safety catch to Fire (F) and place the

forefinger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with the side of the pistol grip. Take up the slack until resistance is met. It is important that this action is smooth and the trigger is not snatched.

b. Second Pressure. Continue to apply steadily increasing pressure, as

long as the aim picture is correct, until the shot is fired. Pressure must be applied directly to the rear to avoid disturbing natural alignment.

c. Follow Through. When the shot is fired, the trigger is held to the rear

for a second or two. This should prevent any movement of the barrel caused by the firer relaxing or raising their head.


Deliberate Trigger Operation (interrupted)

1-174. Explain and Demonstrate: There are occasions when the cadet will have time to deliver accurate, deliberate fire. Deliberate trigger operation is used when grouping, zeroing or applying the deliberate rate of fire:

a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F).

b. Place the forefinger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with side of the pistol grip.

c. Take a few slow deep breaths and at the same time take up the first trigger pressure, perfect the aim and steadily apply increasing pressure to the trigger.

d. During the extended breathing pause, apply the second pressure, as long as the aim picture is correct, until the shot is fired. If the aim picture is lost, hold the pressure and only continue if the picture improves.

e. Maintain pressure on the trigger as a part of the follow through and concentrate on the aim picture until the weapon has settled.

f. Release the trigger and continue to breathe normally or repeat this deliberate process of breathing control and trigger operation.

Follow Through and Declaration

1-175. Explain: It is important that once the shot has been fired that nothing is

done that will influence the action of the rifle before the bullet has left the barrel. Holding the pressure on the trigger and remaining in the aim for about a second after operating the trigger, the ‘follow through’, will eliminate any movement caused by the firer relaxing or raising their head. This process also allows the firer to observe the sight picture at the moment of firing, which may indicate errors in shot release.


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a. Declaration. Explain: When the shot is fired the recoil action will cause the weapon to move slightly away from the POA before coming back to the POA; the direction of this movement should be consistent for successive shots.

b. The aim picture should be correct both at the moment of firing and on completion of the follow through. In training, the firer is to take note of the aim picture at both these times and declare if they were correct or incorrect to their coach. Concentrating on the foresight and POA will assist the firer in making this declaration accurately. If possible the direction of error should be noted and stated, e.g., “High right” or “Low left”.

c. With experience the firer should also be able to note the direction of movement of the foresight and if it is not consistent with previous shots, they should inform their shooting coach.

1-176. Confirm by questions

Continuous Trigger Operation (Uninterrupted)

1-177. Explain and Demonstrate: There will be occasions when little time will be available to deliver accurate, deliberate fire. On such occasions the shots must be fired quickly and as accurately as they can under such conditions. Continuous trigger operation is used for snap shooting at opportunity targets or when firing at the rapid rate of fire.

a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F).

b. Place the finger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with the side of the pistol grip.

c. On the appearance of the target quickly exhale to the point of the natural pause and take up the trigger slack.

d. Extend the natural breathing pause, perfect the aim picture the best you can and apply increasing pressure on the trigger until the shot is fired. It is important not to snatch the trigger.

e. Momentarily hold the pressure on the trigger as part of the follow through. Release the trigger and be ready to fire again immediately.

1-178. Confirm by practice (Squad to work in pairs - one as firer and one to cock the rifle). Order “Make safe” at the end of practice.


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1-74 Conclusion

1-179. End of Lesson Drill


b. Confirm by practice as time permits.


d. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of correct breath restraint when a shot is fired.

(2) Correct use of the deliberate and continuous methods of trigger operation.

(3) The need to follow through.

(4) The importance of correct declaration, particularly in training.

f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on the subject.


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1-75

RIFLE LESSON 7 - FIRING DRILLS


1-180. Aim. To teach types of fire and firing drills required from a cadet.

a. Deliberate Fire.

b. Snap shooting.

c. Rapid Fire. 1-181. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-182. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors, but can be taught indoors. 1-183. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight and sling Magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets Landscape Target Aiming Aids Magazine platform depressors Ground Sheets

1 per cadet 2 per cadet As required 1 (if required) 1 (if required) 1 per magazine If require

1-184. Preparation.

a. Instructors must have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills.

b. Select a suitable piece of ground if the lesson is to be taken outdoors and position targets not less than 30 metres away.


a. This lesson deals solely with the firing drills for the different types of fire that a cadet is expected to produce.

b. Magazines are to be empty and platform depressors fitted.

c. Practice can be made more realistic by dividing the squad into groups of two; one is to fire while the other re-cocks the action.


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1-76 d. When demonstrating any firing drills, the instructor should always use one of the squad to assist them in re-cocking the rifle.

e. During confirmation of snap shooting, give the commands “Up” and “Down” to signify target exposures and start off with a time limit of four seconds per shot reducing the limit according to progress.

f. During confirmation of the rapid fire, start off at a rate of five rounds in 30 seconds. Increase the number of rounds or vary the time according to progress.

g. During final practice divide the squad into groups and practice them in all types of firing

h. At suitable stages throughout this lesson take the opportunity and emphasise the value of good fire control and the need for effective fire, not wasteful ammunition expenditure.

i. New words of command are introduced in this lesson that will be used when the cadet fires their rifle on the range or on an exercise. It is important that these are explained to the cadet and the action that the cadet is to take on each, practice, ie:

(1) “At the targets to your front”

(2) “Go on”.

(3) “Watch and Shoot”.

(4) “Fire”.

(5) “Rapid Fire”.

(6) “Rest”.

(7) “Stop”.

j. For instructional purposes during the teaching of snap shooting the instructor may have to use the following commands:

(1) “Targets Up”

(2) “Targets Down”

Preliminaries 1-186. Safety Precautions. Normal.

1-187. Fit platform depressors to all magazines.


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1-77 1-188. Remind on the use of the assistant to re-cock the rifle. 1-189. Revision. Holding, aiming and firing in the prone unsupported and prone supported positions. Leave the weapons loaded.

Introduction

1-190. Explain: A cadet should be able to shoot accurately and quickly, when necessary, at a variety of targets and is required to produce different types of fire on orders from their section commander, or on their own initiative. They must be familiar with these types of fire and how to use them quickly and to best effect.


‘Ready’ Ammunition

1-191. Explain: On Blank Firing Exercises ‘Ready’ ammunition is defined as follows:

a. The cadet normally carries two full magazines, one on their weapon and one in their pouches.

b. Extra ammunition may also be carried in boxes or possibly as loose rounds and used to refill magazines during a lull. Ammunition which is no longer in a sealed container is only to be carried loaded on the weapon or in ammunition pouches.

c. Conservation of ammunition is to be kept in mind. The high rates of fire that are possible are to be strictly controlled, in order to limit ammunition resupply problems.

Types of Fire

1-192. Explain: The types of fire which the cadet must be capable of producing are:

a. Deliberate. A slow rate of fire, not normally more than 10 rounds per minute. It is generally ordered after the fire fight has been won in order to prevent the enemy returning aimed fire, observing or moving.

b. Snap shooting. Intermittent, opportunity shooting at targets that app-

ear for short periods whilst moving from cover to cover.

c. Rapid Fire. Rapid fire is used to win the fire fight or when the enemy is assaulting our position. Its use must be carefully controlled to conserve ammunition. With practice up to 30 aimed shots per minute at different targets can be achieved.


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1-78 1-193. Confirm by questions.

Deliberate Fire

1-194. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Load”, “Down” then “Ready” or give a range, then indicate a target:

a. When the target has been indicated by the command “Enemy” put the safety catch to Fire (F), aim, test and adjust as previously taught.

b. On the command “Fire”, control the breathing, perfect the aim and

using the deliberate trigger operation, fire and follow through. In training declare each shot.

c. Raise the head and observe the target area.

d. Continue firing at the deliberate rate, ensuring you keep a count of the number of rounds fired.

e. On the command “Stop”, put the safety catch to Safe (S), observe

the target area and await further orders.

f. On the command “Go on”, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and cont-

inue to fire at the rate ordered. 1-195. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop - Make Safe” at the end of practice.

Snap Shooting

1-196. Explain: Firing at targets that show themselves for short periods only is called snap shooting. It is similar to deliberate shooting except that the cadet speeds up the sequence of firing and reduces the interval between each shot, usually firing one or two shots during each breath restraint. Instead of “Fire” the command “Watch and Shoot” is given. 1-197. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Down” then “Ready” or give a range. Indicate a target and order “Watch and Shoot”.

a. When the target is indicated put the safety catch to Fire (F). when the

target appears, using continuous trigger operation, fire quickly but with accuracy

b. Continue to fire until the target falls or goes to cover; stop firing, continue to observe the target area over the sights and be ready to fire again.

c. Actions on the command “Stop”, “Go on” and the need to count rounds are as for deliberate shooting.


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1-79 1-198. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop” “Make Safe”, at the end of practice. Rapid Fire

1-199. Explain: Firing a number of shots in quick succession is called rapid fire. It is similar to snap shooting, except that the cadet may fire more rounds so that a large volume of fire will be applied to a specific target or area. When rapid fire is required, the order “Fire” is preceded by the indication “Rapid”. 1-200. Explain: It is important in rapid fire to try and fire with rhythm. This will

enable breath restraint, aim perfection, trigger operation and follow through to be performed in their correct sequence. The continuous method of trigger operation is ideally suited to rapid fire. Alternatives to breath restraint as previously taught are:

a. Very shallow breathing between shots for the periods of rapid fire.

b. Breath restraint covering the release of two or three shots provided that it does not cause strain.

1-201. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Down” then “Ready”, or give a range. Indicate a target and give the command “Rapid”.

a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F) and aim at the target indicated.

b. On the command “Fire”, using continuous trigger operation, fire as quickly as possible with accuracy. Change and adjust to a fresh target as each one falls.

c. When covering a number of different targets within a wider arc make sure that the body is quickly realigned for each target. Keep firing until there are no more targets to engage. With experience up to 30 rounds per minute can be fired.

d. Actions on hearing the command “Stop”, or “Go on”, the need to

count rounds and change magazines are the same as for deliberate shooting.

1-202. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop”, “Make Safe”.

Overheating

1-203. To allow the weapon to cool down during lulls in rapid or prolonged firing, cock the weapon, engage the holding open catch and check that the chamber is clear. These actions will clear a round from the chamber and allow air to circulate and help cool the chamber and barrel. The ejected round is either replaced into the magazine or put into the pouch.


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1-80 1-204. If having carried out these actions the command “Go on” is given; operate the bolt release, tap forward on the cocking handle and continue firing.

1-205. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop”, “Make Safe”.

Conclusion





d. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of applying the sequence of firing a shot to all types of shooting.

(2) Correct use of the deliberate and continuous trigger operation



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1-81

RIFLE LESSON 8 - FIRING FROM OTHER POSITIONS AND USE OF COVER


1-207. Aim. To teach the cadet how to fire from the kneeling, sitting and standing positions and to adopt the rest and alert position appropriate to each.

a. Area aiming.

b. Firing from other positions.

c. Firing from cover.

1-208. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-209. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors. 1-210. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight and sling Magazine FigureTargets/Representative Figure Targets Aiming Aids Magazine platform depressors

1 per cadet 2 per cadet As required 1 per cadet (if required) 1 per magazine

1-211. Preparation.

a. Instructors must have a thorough knowledge of the marksmanship principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadet marksmanship skills.

b. Select an area that will allow the squad to adopt the ideal kneeling, sitting and standing positions.

c. Site the targets in relation to the instructional position; a clear line of sight of at least 100 metres is desirable.


a. As the positions to be taught are less stable than the prone position, it is extremely difficult to keep the weapon absolutely steady when aiming. An area aim instead of a specific point on the target has to be accepted. Instructors should however insist that this area be as small as possible. The area will decrease or increase in size in direct relation to the stability


AC71807-C

1-82 of the position, the time available to achieve shot release and the strength of the firer. b. All of the magazines are to be fitted with platform depressors after the NSP’s have been carried out.

c. It is to be noted when live firing, that the weapon is always to be held horizontal to the ground pointing towards the target area.

d. Rifles should be cocked manually by assistants during practice.

Preliminaries 1-213. Safety Precautions. Normal. Withdraw any drill rounds and fit platform depressors to all magazines. 1-214. Revision. Firing in the prone unsupported and prone rested positions. Remind upon the importance of following the ‘keys points - check list’ taught in Lesson 5 and emphasise deliberate and continuous trigger operation techniques. Leave weapons made safe. Introduction

1-215. Explain: It is often impossible to engage targets from the prone position because of undergrowth, crops or cover in streets and buildings. Cadets must therefore learn to adopt and fire from other firing positions such as kneeling, sitting and standing. Whatever position is decided upon, it must be adopted quickly and the maximum stability and comfort achieved.


Area Aiming

1-216. Explain using a target: As the positions to be taught are less stable than the prone position, it is difficult to keep the weapon absolutely steady when aiming. An area aim instead of a specific point on the target has to be accepted. With practice you will be able to make the area as small as possible. The size of the area will decrease or increase in direct relation to the stability of the position, the time available for shot release and the strength of the firer. 1-217. Confirm during the practice of firing from each firing position.

Kneeling Position

1-218. Explain and Demonstrate, with the squad imitating (see Fig 1-48): The kneeling position can be quickly and easily adopted particularly when advancing. It is convenient when using low cover. It provides reasonable stability and providing the knee can be suitably positioned it can be maintained for fairly lengthy periods without undue discomfort.


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1-83 On the word of command “Kneeling Position, Down!”

a. Face half right to the line of fire. Kneeling on the right knee, keeping it well out to the right and sit on the heel or side of the foot. The boot may be positioned toecap downwards or with the forward part of the sole flat on the ground. Alternatively the right knee may be positioned adjacent to the left foot rather than keeping it well out to the right.

b. The left foot must be positioned flat on the ground with the toe pointing slightly inwards. The left knee should afford good support to the left elbow, enabling bone support to be achieved.

c. Support the weight of the weapon in the left hand and rest the left forearm behind or in front of the left knee. Grip the pistol grip with the right hand and rest the butt on the right thigh or pouch. This is known as the ‘Rest’ position.

d. On the command “Ready”, adopt the ‘Alert’ position. The butt will be higher in the shoulder than in the prone position, because of the need to keep the head upright. Place the left elbow either in front of or behind the knee and support the weapon by the hand guard. Lower the muzzle slightly and look over the sights. The body should remain relaxed with the weight over the right heel.

e. The sequence and drill for firing a shot are as for the prone position; however, it is important to test and adjust the position before firing. Order “Fire” (the instructor is to fire a shot with the squad imitating).

f. On the command “Stop” put the safety catch to Safe (S), place the

finger outside the trigger guard, and remain in the alert position looking over the sights.

g. On the command “Rest or make safe” the weapon is brought out of the shoulder and supported on the knee, (see Fig 1-48).


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Fig 1-48 The Kneeling Position

1-219. Confirm by practice. Remind cadets to apply the ‘Key Points - Check List’ when building up their firing positions. Sitting Position

1-220. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: (see Fig 1-49). The sitting

position is used particularly when firing from a forward slope, low cover or in an ambush position. On the word of command “Sitting Position, Down!”

a. Sit with the legs crossed or apart and the feet in a comfortable position, digging the heels in if necessary. Slightly angle the lower part of the body to the target. Hold the weapon in the ‘Rest’ position.

b. On the command “Ready” adopt the ‘Alert’ position. As for the kneeling position the head should be higher than usual. Lean forward, curve the spine and position the elbows behind, inside, or in front of the knees. It is important to avoid positioning the point of the elbow with any bone area of the knee joint.

c. Support the weapon using the hand guard and keep the head upright. The sequence and drill for firing a shot are the same as for the prone position.

“Alert” “Rest”


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1-85 Order “Fire” (the instructor is to fire a shot with the squad imitating).

d. On the command “Stop” put the safety catch to Safe (S), place the


e. On the command “Rest or make safe” the weapon is brought out of the shoulder and rested (as in the kneeling position).

Fig 1-49 The Sitting Position

1-221. Confirm by practice. Remind cadets to apply the ‘Key Points - Check List’

when building up their firing positions. Standing Position

1-222. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating (see Fig 1-50). This position is taught for use on blank firing and dry training exercises only, cadets or CFAVs are not permitted to live fire this weapon from the standing position. Apart from firing from behind high cover the standing position is mainly used for firing at fleeting targets whilst advancing. It will normally only be the initial engagement position; on taking cover another position would be adopted:

a. Adopt the “low port” position.

b. On the command “Ready” adopt the ‘Alert’ position and keep the head upright.

“Legs Apart” “Legs Crossed”


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1-86

c. If firing a quick shot adopt the standing position with the left foot forward, with the body turned slightly to the right, the right leg in line with the left foot and the right foot turned outwards. The butt may be higher in the shoulder to allow a more natural head position.

d. Reach forward with the left hand to support the rifle by the hand guard and maintain a firm grip with the right hand pulling the rifle directly back in the shoulder. e. Where time allows the static holding position will always provide greater stability. With the feet a shoulder’s width apart the weight of the body is evenly distributed on both legs, with the feet immediately below the shoulders, toes pointing slightly outwards. To balance the weight of the rifle, arc the back slightly at the waist. Natural pointing of the weapon is completed by moving the feet.

f. The left arm is brought towards the front of the body and the upper arm kept against the chest, the left elbow resting against the top of the hip or pouch. The right arm is raised to form a firm support for the butt in the shoulder.

g. The sequence and drill for firing a shot are the same as for the prone position. Order “Fire” (the instructor is to fire a shot with the squad imitating).

h. On the command “Stop” put the safety catch to Safe (S), place the


Fig 1-50 The Standing Position

“Normal”

“Static”


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1-87 1-223. Confirm by practice, adopting and firing from both standing positions. Leave the weapons loaded. Use of Cover 1-224. Explain and demonstrate (see Fig 1-51): The ideal fire position offers:

a. Protection and cover from view.

(1) Fire around the right side of the cover to present less of a target to the enemy and if the cover is narrow, get directly behind it and keep the legs together (see Fig 1-51(a)).

(2) If possible fire through cover not over it. When firing from inside a building keep back in the shadows (see Fig 1-51(b)).

(3) Cover from view is not bullet proof should you be observed. Av- oid being isolated and always consider routes in and out of a position.

b. Free use of weapons.

(1) Select the most suitable firing position, in scrub, adopt the knee-ling position for short periods, if staying longer the sitting position would be better. (2) To avoid injury or stoppages, solid cover close to the ejection opening must be avoided.

c. An unobstructed view of the arc of fire.

(1) The need for muzzle clearance is essential for all firing positions, to combine protection, keep as close to the top of the bank or crest as possible. (2) Because of the sights restricted field of view, before firing, look over the sight and check the immediate area to the left and right of the line of fire for personnel.

d. Stability to the firing position chosen.

(1) Adapt firing positions previously taught to suit the particular cover used, for example, use the corner of a trench using the prone position. (2) Always try to rest the forearm, back of the hand or handguard on the cover. Do not rest the barrel as this will displace the shots.


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1-88

1-225. Confirm by questions and practice using various different pieces of cover (low banks/folds in the ground, trees/bushes, walls/houses, scrub and trenches).

(a)

Fir

ing

Ro

un

d C

ove

r

(b)

Fir

ing

Th

rou

gh

Co

ve

r

(c)

Fir

ing

Ove

r C

ove

r

Fig

1-5

1 U

se

of

Co

ve

r


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1-89

Conclusion





d. Pack kit.

e. Summary. To include the fact that no matter which position is adopted the four marksmanship principles are to be applied.



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1-90

RIFLE LESSON 9 - MECHANISM OF THE WEAPON, IMMEDIATE ACTION AND STOPPAGES


1-227. Aim. To teach the mechanism of the weapon the immediate action and stoppages.

a. How the weapon operates.

b. How to recognise and remedy stoppages.

1-228. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-229. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor instructional lesson.

1-230. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight and sling Magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets Magazine platform depressors 5.56mm Drill Rounds Ground Sheets

1 per cadet 2 per cadet As required

1 per magazine 3 per cadet if required

1-231. Preparation.

a. Site representative targets as required.

b. Lay out drill rounds.

c. Prepare posters (optional).


a. Further information concerning the mechanism can be found in the Army Equipment Support Publications (AESP).

b. Allow the squad to use their weapons to aid any explanation they may make in answer to questions on the mechanism.

c. At suitable opportunities the instructor should impress on the cadets that unauthorised modifications to the rifle or other tampering with the mechanism is dangerous and constitutes an offence.

d. The squad are to test and adjust position, aim and fire as taught on completing any stoppage drill.


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e. To prevent the bolt carrier assembly being held to the rear, on cocking the weapon with an empty magazine fitted, all magazines used during stoppage drills must be fitted with depressors.

f. During initial teaching and practice the following words of command should be used to indicate stoppages and the condition of the rifle:

(1) “Rifle firing alright - Rifle stops”. (2) “Cocking handle fully forward”.

(3) “Cocking handle NOT fully forward”. (4) “Rounds in the magazine - chamber clear”.

(5) “Obstruction” (6) “Obstruction Clear”. (7) “Chamber clear” (8) “Empty Magazine” (9) After IA and attempted resumption of firing order - “Rifle still fails to fire”. (10) After remedial action and resumption of firing order - “Rifle firing alright”.

g. When teaching the empty magazine drills tell the squad to cock the weapon and apply the holding open catch. Start the drill by ordering “Rifle Stops” then “Empty Magazine”. Subsequent drill is then realistic.

h. Further practice can be conducted with the cadets working in pairs, one firer and one cocker. A stoppage is signified when the latter fails to cock the rifle after a dry shot is fired, or when they cock it and apply the holding open catch. Assistants are to watch the instructor for a signal to leave the bolt forward or held back.

i. Actions on examining the body and chamber: The instructor can imply the cause of the stoppage/condition of the rifle by using the appropriate words of command or by showing an empty magazine, a magazine with rounds correctly in place or a magazine with the top round misplaced.

Preliminaries 1-233. Safety Precautions. Normal. Fit magazines with depressors. Fill one magazine with three drill rounds.


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1-92 1-234. Revision. Name parts which will assist in teaching the mechanism. At the end of revision load the weapons with the magazine containing the three drill rounds. Introduction

1-235. Explain: If the weapon, magazines and ammunition are kept clean and correctly maintained, few stoppages will occur. It has been found that one of the principal causes of stoppages is inadequate lubrication. If the cadet knows how the weapon functions and is able to recognise the symptoms of a particular stoppage they will be able to determine the cause and carry out the necessary remedial actions, thereby getting the weapon firing properly again as quickly as possible.

B. CONDUCT OF THE LESSON Basic Mechanism

1-236. The weapon should be loaded and made ready with the magazine containing drill rounds. In addition the top cover should be opened when explaining the gas parts (see Figs 1-52 to 1-57). Explain and Demonstrate:

a. When the safety catch is at Safe (S) the trigger cannot be fully

operated. b. (Squad to look in through dust cover recess) When the safety catch is at Fire (F) and the trigger is pressed, the hammer is released

and hits the rear of the firing pin, driving it forward on to the cap in the base of the round. The round is fired and gases are produced which drive the bullet up the barrel. c. (Open the top cover). Some of this gas enters the gas block and is diverted by the gas plug into the gas cylinder driving the piston to the rear and compressing the piston spring. d. The rear of the piston strikes the carrier, forcing it backwards. The compressed piston spring re-asserts itself and forces the piston forward again. e. The bolt is unlocked by the rearward movement of the carrier forcing the cam stud down the cam stud slot. f. (Cock, then hold back and look in ejection opening). The carrier

and the bolt go back together, cocking the hammer as they go. The empty case is withdrawn from the chamber by the extractor and ejected out of the weapon to the right. The shape of the cocking handle helps deflect the empty case away from the weapon. The return spring on the guide rod is also compressed at this stage. Rearward movement of the carrier and bolt ceases when the rear of the carrier strikes the buffer.


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g. The return spring will re-assert itself and aided by the buffer drives the carrier and bolt forward. As it does so, the bolt feeds the next round out of the magazine and into the chamber. The extractor grips the round and the ejector is compressed. The bolt is rotated to lock into the barrel extension by the continuing forward movement of the carrier forcing the cam stud to slide up the cam slot. It is not before the parts are fully forward and locked that the safety sear can operate allowing the hammer into its ready position. This in turn can only happen on the trigger being released. A distinct click will be heard. h. The weapon is now ready to fire again. i. This action will continue each time the trigger is operated until the last round has been fired and rearward action takes place. The working parts will then be held to the rear by the holding open catch being lifted up by the magazine platform.


a. Safety Catch

b. Trigger and Trigger Guard

c. Trigger Bar

d. Bolt Release Catch e. Holding Open Catch f. Buffer Assembly

Fig 1-52 The Trigger Mechanism Housing (TMH)


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Trigger Bar

a. Safety Catch at SAFE

Safety Catch at (F)

Trigger Bar

b. Safety Catch at FIRE

Fig 1-53 Mechanical Safety

Safety Catch at (S)

1-94

Lug in line with the trigger, preventing forward movement of the trigger bar

Lug in line with the trigger, allowing forward movement.


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Fig 1-54 Action on Operating the Trigger

Fig 1-55 Rearward Action


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Fig 1-56 Forward Action

Fig 1-57 Trigger Released


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Immediate Action (IA)

1-238. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: If the weapon fails to fire or stops firing, the following IA is to be carried out:

a. Put the Safety catch to Safe(S),tilt the weapon to the left and look at

the position of the cocking handle

b. Actions will depend on what is seen. 1-239. Confirm by practice. Cocking Handle Fully Forward

1-240. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: If the cocking handle appears to be fully forward, tap forward on the cocking handle with the left hand, test and adjust, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and continue firing at the rate

ordered. 1-241. Confirm by practice. Loose Magazine

1-242. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating:

a. If the weapon still fails to fire after carrying out the drill for cocking handle fully forward, put the safety catch to Safe (S) tilt the weapon

slightly to the right and cock the weapon, apply the holding open catch and look into the body and chamber.

b. If there are rounds in the magazine and the chamber and body are clear, check the magazine is correctly fitted, operate the bolt release catch, tap forward on the cocking handle, test and adjust, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and continue firing at the rate ordered.

1-243. Confirm by practice. Obstruction

1-244. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating:

a. When carrying out the IA drill if the cocking handle is in any other position than fully forward or fully rearward, put the safety catch to Safe (S) tilt the weapon slightly to the right and cock the weapon, apply the

holding open catch and look inside the body and chamber.

b. If there is an obstruction in the body or chamber, remove the maga-zine and attempt to shake the obstruction clear. If the obstruction cannot be cleared inform an Adult Instructor.


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1-98 Visually inspect the chamber and body to ensure they are clear, replace the magazine. Then operate the bolt release catch, tap forward on the cocking handle, test and adjust, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and

continue firing at the rate ordered. 1-245. Confirm by practice. Empty Magazine

1-246. The squad are to cock their weapons and apply the holding open catch, then Explain and Demonstrate.

a. If the rifle stops firing and you find that the cocking handle is fully to the rear, the magazine is empty and the body and chamber are clear, put the safety catch to Safe (S), change the magazine, operate the bolt

release catch, tap forward on the cocking handle, test and adjust, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and continue firing at the rate ordered.

b. The magazine pouch is to be secured at the earliest opportunity.

1-247. Confirm by practice. 1-248. Instructors are to Explain:

a. Any round involved in a stoppage is not to be re-loaded or fired.

b. Stress the need to test and adjust position after any stoppage and before continuing firing.

1-249. Confirm by questions and practice. Note: It is important that any round involved in a stoppage (live or blank), whether

it appears damaged or not, is not to be loaded into a magazine, nor any attempt is made to fire it. Such rounds are to be returned to the ammunition compound by an Adult Instructor for disposal. Further Action

1-250. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: If the obstruction in the chamber cannot be removed during the initial remedial action, the chamber is being repeatedly obstructed, the weapon is hard to cock or the weapon will not fire after carrying out an initial remedial action the cadet is to take no further action themselves. They are to inform an adult instructor immediately, making sure that the safety catch is on Safe (S), raising their hand and calling for

assistance. The instructor is then to carry out the following action: a. Unload the weapon, do not operate the trigger or close the dust cover and remove the TMH, bolt and bolt carrier.


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b. Inspect the extractor, ejector, retaining pins, the firing pin protrusion and the chamber.

e. If the obstructed chamber is due to a broken or damaged extractor, consult an armourer.

d. If the chamber does not appear obstructed and there are no damaged parts, examine it for a separated case. If one is found or suspected consult an armourer.

f. Tools taken from the maintenance kit must be returned as soon as possible.

g. If the bolt has to be continually forward assisted, cock the weapon, engage the holding opening device and lubricate liberally. Using the barrel extension cleaner clean the chamber and locking splines. Liberally lubricate the exposed guide rods and bolt head, release the working parts and allow the cadet to continue firing.

h. If continual stoppages occur, the weapon is to be thoroughly cleaned and examined. Particular attention must be paid to the gas affected parts. The gas plug ports, gas plug bore and gas cylinder should be reamed out using the reamers on the combination tool. The weapon is to be lubricated before re-assembly, regardless of the satisfactory function of the system.



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1-100 Conclusion



b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits, with cadets using their own rifle mechanisms to illustrate their answers.

c. Remove depressors from magazines.

d. Safety Precautions.

e. Pack kit and check that the cleaning rolls are complete.

f. Summary. To include the following:

(1) The importance of maintaining the weapon and ammunition in a clean condition.

(2) The importance of liberally lubricating the weapon to prevent stoppages in the first instance.

g. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject.


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1-101

RIFLE LESSON 10 – AIMING OFF AND MISS DRILL


1-254. Aim. To teach how to correct errors by altering the POA.

a. Factors Affecting Application of Fire.

b. Range Targets.

c. Aiming Off.

d. Miss Drill.

1-255. Timings. One 40 minute period. 1-256. Method. A basic instructional period best taught immediately prior to Rifle Live Firing (application of fire) practices on the range. 1-257. Stores.

Figure Targets: Fig 11

Fig 11 on 1.220m screen Fig 12 Chalkboard, chalk, pointer Aiming Aids Map Pins

1 1 1 As required 1 per 2 cadets As required

1-258. Preparation.

a. Prepare and layout aiming aids as necessary.

b. Prepare chalkboard if required. 1-259. Miscellaneous.

a. Application of fire techniques provide the cadet with simple to follow rules, which will increase the probability of a first round hit on the target.

b. Instructors are to use representative targets and sight pictures to confirm understanding. When explaining corrections the POA must always be shown in relation to strike.. Strike can be illustrated with map pins, chalk etc.

c. When explaining corrections the correct POA should be shown in relation to strike.


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d. Three Figure 11 targets can be used to illustrate “Aiming off for wind” (see Fig 1-58 which also includes a simple wind table).

Preliminaries 1-260. Revision. Where and how to aim.

Introduction 1-261. Explain: When shooting, the strength and direction of the wind have a

direct influence on the flight path of the bullet. It is essential that the cadet makes allowances to counter this influence and ensure a first round hit. It is also important to know how to react, should the shot miss the target.


Factors Affecting Application of Fire 1-262. Explain: The term application of fire refers to addressing the difference

between where the firer aims and where the rounds land. A number of factors must be considered:

a. The build and strength of the firer (accounted for during zeroing) b. Equipment (such as webbing) c. Weather: wind, rain, light conditions etc. d. Firing Position. The firer may be required to adopt a different Position, and in doing so will affect the firers stance, grip and positional support. e. Range. Good range estimation and correct sight setting and use of the sight picture is required. f. Wet or oily ammunition or chamber.

1-263. Explain: The above factors may mean that although the firer is aiming at the centre of the target they may well miss the target. The firer must then make corrections to the POA. Occasionally the firer may need to adopt a POA off the target, in which case bold corrections and confidence are required. Locating the Fall of Shot 1-264. Explain: To apply fire the cadet must identify where the rounds are landing. Most ETR and CGR are fitted with a Small Arms Range Target System (SARTS). This will assist the coach in accurately locating the shots, however where this system is not fitted, then the firer and coach must use other more conventional methods. Some additional aids to locating the fall of shot are:


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1-103

a. Swirl. During flight the bullet displaces air and a swirling effect is something visible at the culminating point of its trajectory. With the rifle this is approximately two-thirds of the distance to the target and approximately 200mm above the line of sight at 300m. If a bullet is to hit the centre of a Fig 11, swirl will appear around the area of the face. Swirl is difficult to see at short ranges and in inclement weather. Furthermore, the effect of wind will cause lateral displacement from where swirl is seen and where the bullet hits the target. b. Strike. This can be seen on the stop-butt of a gallery range or on the ground on an ETR. The following should be considered:

(1) A bullet may ricochet when hitting the target, especially on Gallery ranges when targets are supported by a central stick. This may displace the strike. (2) If the observer is not directly behind the firer/rifle/target line strike may appear to miss due to the angle of observation. (3) The distance the bullet travels between hitting the target and striking the ground may give the impression of a shot fired low.

Range Targets

1-265. Explain: When a cadet can achieve a satisfactory grouping standard and has zeroed the weapon, they will progress to shooting at other forms of targets. These targets will no longer have aiming patches but will be superimposed on witness screens. The screens will eventually be removed and the cadet will be confronted with the target with no screen behind. These are:

a. Figure 11. This target is 1145mm high and 455mm wide. The Fig 11 target has useful reference points 150mm, 300mm and 450mm above and below the central POA

b. Figure 12. This target is 570mm high and 455mm wide.

1-266. Confirm by questions. Aiming Off (Equal and Opposites)

1-267. Explain and Demonstrate using training aids: If the round misses the target the firer should apply an ‘equal and opposite’ adjustment to the original POA, ie if the round misses low and to the left, the firer must adjust their POA by an equal amount high and to the right.



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Aiming Off for Wind

1-269. Explain: Wind can make the bullet veer considerably at ranges greater than 100m:

a. Aim off into the wind. The wind direction can be determined by its effect on the face, trees, dust and smoke. The amount to aim off is determined by the wind strength:

(1) Fresh Wind. A fresh wind has an appreciable effect on the

bushes and thin branches of trees and can be distinctly felt on the side of the face. It would cause range flags to stand about halfway out from the pole. (2) Strong Wind. A strong wind has a noticeable effect on tree tops and lifts dust off dry ground. Range flags would tend to strain away from their poles.

b. The following points of aim relative to the Figure 11 targets should be used:

(1) Fresh Wind 200 metres. Halfway between the centre and the edge of the figure target. (2) Strong Wind 200 metres. The edge of the figure target. (3) Fresh Wind 300 metres. The edge of the figure target. (4) Strong Wind 300 metres. One figures target’s width from the target centre.

1-270. Confirm by practice Miss Drill

1-271. Explain: In the event of continually missing a target without strike being seen:

a. Aim at the base of the target and adjust the POA from the observation of the strike. Continue to aim lower and fire until the strike can be observed. The firer must rigidly apply the ‘Equal and Opposites’ concept once a POA has been positively identified by strike. b. Ensure that sight alignment and sight picture remain correct when adjusting the POA.



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1-105

Range in Metres Wind Strength Point of Aim

100 Do not aim off

200

Fresh

Strong

1st POA

2nd POA

300

Fresh

Strong

2nd POA

3rd POA

Fig 1-58 Aiming Off For Wind


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1-106 Conclusion




c. Pack kit.

d. Summary. To include the following:

(1) The importance of aiming off and applying the miss drill.

(2) Subsequent live firing will provide practice and final confirmation for this lesson and begin the build-up of experience for all future shooting.

e. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject.


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RIFLE LESSON 11 - CARRIAGE OF THE WEAPON AND REACTION TO EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE


1-273. Aim. To teach the carriage of the weapon and reaction to effective enemy fire.

a. How to carry and move with the weapon.

b. How to react to effective enemy fire.

1-274. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-275. Method. A basic outdoor instructional period.

1-276. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight and sling Magazines FigureTargets/Representative Figure Targets Magazine platform depressors Camouflage cream

1 per cadet 2 per cadet

As required 1 per magazine As required

1-277. Preparation.

a. Site the figure targets in suitable positions relative to the cover, ideally so that the demonstrators may engage the targets from a number of positions.

b. Rehearse the demonstrators.


a. Weapons are to be made ‘ready’.

b. Cadet Training - Fieldcraft and Tactics: Fieldcraft, Tactics, Exercises and the Cadet Force Tactical Aide Memoire (CF TAM) outlines methods of movement which should be applied during the lesson together with personal camouflage and concealment taught in the same pamphlet.

Preliminaries 1-279. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-280. Revision. Firing from other positions using cover.


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Fig 1-59 The High Port Position

1-108 Introduction

1281. Explain: When moving in close country, on patrol or in a built-up area, the enemy may fire and attack at close quarters. In such situations, it is the quickness and accuracy of the first shots which gain success. The cadet is, therefore, to carry their weapon in a state of readiness and in a manner best suited to the type of terrain over which they are moving.


The High Port

1-282. Explain. This position is used when going through scrub or when crossing obstacles. If the cadet stumbles using this position, the muzzle of the weapon will not get entangled, get filled with dirt or point at their fellow cadets. 1-283. Explain and demonstrate, the squad imitating: (see Fig 1-59). This position is adopted as follows:

a. Operate the sling quick release buckle; bring the weapon up across the body, left hand on the hand guard, right hand around the pistol grip and the barrel pointing upwards.

b. Ensure the safety catch is at Safe (S) and place the finger outside the

trigger guard.

c. The cadet is responsible for the safe handling of their weapon at all times.

1-284. Confirm by questions and practice. The Low Port

1-285. This position is used when the tactical situation does not necessitate the use of the ‘High Port’ or ‘Alert’ positions, such as when crossing an obstacle, or when one hand is needed to search an area or check documents when on sentry etc. 1-286. Explain: This position is as previously taught.

a. The weapon is to be loaded, the safety catch at Safe (S).


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1-109

b. Ensure the sling does not interfere with the handling of the weapon. The Alert Position

1-287. Explain: This position is as previously taught. The cadet is responsible for the safe handling of their weapon and is to apply the safety catch until immediately before firing.

Moving with the Weapon

1-288. Explain: The basic carrying positions are suitable when the cadet is upright; when crawling they may have to adopt different techniques. When moving with the weapon:

a. Ensure the safety catch is at Safe (S).

b. Use the muzzle cover (unless a BFA is fitted) and keep the muzzle out of the dirt.

c. Keep the sights off the ground; try and protect them with the forearm using an underhand grip.

d. Try and keep the cocking handle uppermost. The dust cover should be closed.

1-289. Confirm by questions and practice. Reaction to Effective Enemy Fire

1-290. Explain and demonstrate: On the command “Take cover” or if the cadet is

under direct attack they are to return appropriate fire then take cover as follows:

a. Dash towards the nearest cover or the cover previously indicated by the section commander.

b. Get down and crawl into the position and observe.

c. Check that the sight is correctly set and fire at any visible enemy or a target indicated by the section commander.

d. The rate and type of fire will be controlled by the section commander. However that responsibility may be handed over to the section second in command whilst the section commander carries out an estimate. Keep behind cover as much as possible and vary your position.

e. During any lull in firing, cadets should work in pairs to refill magazines from behind cover to ensure that the rate of fire is maintained.

f. On the command “Prepare to move”:


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(1) Check the safety catch is at Safe (S) and move behind cover.

Make sure there is sufficient ammunition in the magazine fitted to the rifle and pouches are fastened. (2) After rapid firing the working parts may be held to the rear and the chamber clear (due to carrying out the overheating drill). Prior to re-engaging or moving, operate the bolt release catch and tap forward on the cocking handle.

g. On the command “Move” break cover from a different place from

that in which firing took place, and advance in the direction and formation indicated.


Pivoting

1-292. Explain and demonstrate, the squad imitating: in order for the body position to be square to the target whilst engaging, it may be necessary to pivot the body towards the target. On appearance of the target, turn the head to the direction of the threat and identify the enemy. Dependant on the direction:

a. Enemy Threat Left or Right. Pivot the whole body on heel of the foot closest to the target and then bring the rear foot level so that the feet are square to the enemy.

b. Enemy Threat Rear:

(1) Pivoting to the Left. Advance the right foot forward a step, then turn about, pivoting on the heel of the left foot and the ball of the right foot. Bring the right foot level with the other leg. (2) Pivoting to the Right. Advance the left foot forward a step, then turn about, pivoting on the heel of the right foot and the ball of the left foot. Bring the left foot level with the other leg.

c. For minor adjustments, pivot from the waist. 1-293. Confirm by practice.


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Conclusion




c. Safety precautions.

d. Pack kit, withdraw magazine depressors.


(1) Making the best possible use of the ground being able to adapt the fire position to the cover to ensure maximum application of the marksmanship principles. Rest the forearm whenever possible. Problems of muzzle and ejection clearance. (2) Methods of carriage. (3) During an advance not to take cover until ordered to do so. (4) The importance of breaking cover in a different place from the last fire position occupied. (5) Prior to leaving the position, you must ensure that all magazines and equipment are secured.



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RIFLE LESSON 12 - FIRING AT CROSSING AND MULTIPLE TARGETS


1-295. Aim. To teach how to select and engage targets in different tactical situations.

a. Crossing targets.

b. Multiple targets.

1-296. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session).

1-297. Method. A basic instructional outdoor lesson requiring an area of ground offering substantial cover and short fields of fire up to 200 metres.

1-298. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight and sling Magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets Aiming aid Magazine platform depressors Camouflage cream

1 per cadet 2 per cadet As required As required 1 per magazine As required

1-299. Preparation.

a. Reconnoitre the training area and select an area of ground that offers short fields of fire, plenty of cover and sufficient space to allow cadets to move in patrol formations.

b. Select a second area of ground, preferably adjacent to the first, offering a field of fire up to 200 metres.

c. Construct aim diagrams. The diagram should incorporate a representative sight picture and left and right crossing targets.

d. Position, or issue, all the stores required by each cadet.


a. During practice, moving target allowance may be confirmed with the use of aiming aids.

b. Practice of firing at moving targets is best done by organising the squad in teams. One team acts as targets and, on suitable pre-arranged signals, moves in a given direction and at pre-arranged speeds.


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c. Crossing Target Allowances. Confirm the allowances to be made by asking questions and let the squad use diagrams to illustrate their answers.

d. Use the standing position during demonstrations. Produce the pivot action from the knees and pelvis.

e. For practice, order “Ready”, nominate the firing position to be adopted and start each practice from the ‘Alert’ position. Use each cadet of the squad in turn to walk/run across the previously set out ten metre area.

f. Allow the cadets to practice the techniques from different firing positions. g. Explain, Cadets and CFAVs are not permitted to take part in live firing practices that involve moving targets. This lesson teaches you the methods that can be employed on dry exercises using blank ammunition.

Preliminaries

1-301. Safety Precautions. Normal. Withdraw any drill rounds and fit platform depressors to all magazines.

a. Organise the squad into pairs. b. Put out targets in pre-determined positions. c. Tape or mark positions as required.

1-302. Revision. Methods of carriage, Load, Ready and Make Safe, leaving the weapon loaded.

Introduction 1-303. Explain: Many shots fired on exercise will be at short ranges against

moving targets, some of which will be crossing the front. The enemy will move quickly from cover to cover and will expose themselves for the shortest possible time. The cadet must therefore learn to anticipate the enemy’s movements, the allowances to make and the techniques used to apply them in any firing position. The standing or kneeling position will be used most in complex terrain, during the advance and in attack. The cadet must realise that quick reaction and accurate shooting are essential when engaging moving targets, as is frequent practice to achieve and maintain the high degree of skill required.


Crossing Target Allowance


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1-114 1-304. Explain: When a shot is fired at a moving target, the target continues to move during the time of flight of the bullet. To allow for this movement it is necessary to aim in front of the target otherwise shots will fall behind it. This aiming in front, to anticipate the movement of the target, is known as ‘Lead’.

a. The amount of ‘lead’ necessary will depend on the speed, range and direction of movement. A running target will require more ‘lead’ than a walking target. A target moving diagonally across the front will require less ‘lead’ than a direct crossing target, and one moving head on or away from the firer will require no lead at all. Finally, the further the target is away the greater is the ‘lead’ required to allow for its movement (see Fig 1-60).

b. Cadets must acquire the ‘feel’ for

the correct ‘lead’ necessary to fire at moving targets under various conditions. Only by frequent practice will proficiency be achieved.

c. Targets at long range are normally more difficult to hit and if they are beyond 300 metres cadets will have to aim higher than normal.


Methods of Engaging Direct and Oblique Crossing Targets

1-306. Explain: Crossing targets are engaged by firing when the correct ‘lead’ or

POA has been taken relevant to the target. There are two methods of engaging moving targets, tracking and ambushing. 1-307. The Tracking Method. Explain and demonstrate, using the standing position: this is the normal and preferred method. The firer tracks the target as it moves and is less likely to miss behind. The whole of the upper body pivots from the waist, therefore, other than when firing from longer distances, it is not possible to use the method easily when firing from the kneeling or sitting positions. The standing position offers the greatest freedom of movement. The tracking method comprises of three stages:

a. The Mount. Identifying and acquiring the target in the sight’s field of

view. On the appearance of the target, come from the alert position, mount the rifle to bring the target into the field of view and continue swinging in

Fig 1-60 Firing at a Crossing

Target


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1-115

the direct of the target passing it from behind.

b. Tracking. Move the foresight through the target to the correct lead for the speed, distance and direction of the target and continue to swing and correct the POA. c. Firing the Shot and Follow Through. Fire the shot smoothly, continue to track ready for a second or subsequent shots. Follow through (continuing the swing) prevents the sight falling behind the target during shot release.

d. Although described in three phases the whole sequence must be developed so that it becomes one smooth action. If the situation/cover dictates that the tracking method is used from the kneeling or sitting positions, the elbows are raised from the knees and the back is straightened so that the firer can rotate from the waist to track the target.

1-308. Confirm by questions and practice, using aiming aids and from the standing, kneeling and sitting positions. 1-309. The Ambush Method. Explain and demonstrate: This method is used when it is difficult to swing with the target, ie, in the prone or sitting position with both elbows rested.

a. Select a POA ahead of the target.

b. Come into the aim.

c. Commence firing prior to the target reaching the selected POA.

d. Continue firing until the target is hit, goes to ground or the selected POA falls behind the target.


Multiple Targets

1-311. Threat Assessment. Explain: When confronted with multiple targets, it is crucial to target them in the most effective and efficient way. Normally the closest target is engaged first. However if the targets are within 5 metres of each other and considered to have equal priority the immediate and sequential elimination of the targets is to be used instead of wasting time deciding which one is of greater importance.

a. Explain and demonstrate, the squad imitating: When you are engaging multiple targets the firer is to lower sights from the line of fire, force the head and eyes to the next target and then align the weapon onto that


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1-116 POA. This is for two reasons:

(1) Forcing the weapon to the line of sight will prevent swinging the weapon beyond the desired POA. This will lead to slower engagements or laterally dispersed shots on subsequent targets.

(2) Targets are likely to move when fired at and attempting to acquire the now moved threat within the field of view will lead to a delay within the engagement.

1-312. Confirm by questions and practice. Conclusion




c. Unload and withdraw depressors.

d. Safety precautions.

e. Pack kit.

f. Summary. To include the following:

(1) The importance of a quick accurate estimation of the range, angle and speed of the target. (2) The need for constant practice. (3) If a stoppage occurs the cadet must carry out speedy evasive action and get to cover.

g. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject.


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1-117

RIFLE LESSON 13 - BORESIGHTING THE RIFLE WITH IRON SIGHT AND SUSAT


1-314. Aim. To teach how to boresight the Rifle.

a. Boresighting using the Small Arms Collimator (SAC).

b. Boresighting using an aiming point.

1-315. Timings. Two 40 minute period (to be covered in one training session). 1-316. Method. A basic period.

1-317. Stores.

Rifle with Iron Sight L3A1 SAC Diagram of L3A1 SAC Graticule Pattern 1.220m screen, with white patch aiming mark Filled sandbags Oil and cleaning materials

1 per cadet 1 per pair of cadets 1 per instructor As required As required As required

1-318. Preparation. Check sights, SACs and combination tools for serviceability. 1-319. Miscellaneous.

a. Divide the squad into groups of two.

b. The SAC must be used to establish each fired personal zero position (PZP).

1-320. Safety Precautions. Normal.

Revision. Description of the parts of the sighting system, theory of aiming. Introduction

1-321. Explain: To ensure that the group will form on the target when the weapon is fired for the first time, it is necessary to align the centre of the bore and the sighting system. Boresighting should never be conducted instead of zeroing unless it is unavoidable. Once weapons have been zeroed, the SAC is used to register each individual cadet’s PZP, and thereafter will allow the weapon to be check zeroed without the need for live firing. SAC are issued in a number of versions as follows:


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a. L1A1 - for use with SUSAT (See instructors notes for details).

b. L3A1 - for use with the iron sight.

B. CONDUCT OF THE LESSON Characteristics

1-322. Explain: The L3A1 SAC is designed to provide a means by which cadets may check the accuracy of the iron sight when fitted to the rifle. Correct and careful use of the SAC will enable Cadets to carry out the following tasks:

a. Boresighting. To enable the weapon sight to be aligned to the axis of the bore of the weapon, or to a given displacement in elevation from the axis of the bore without firing. The SAC is calibrated to ensure that it corresponds to the Correct Zeroing Position (CZP) for the rifle.

b. Recording Zero. After the cadet has zeroed their weapon by live firing the SAC provides a means of reading and recording the setting at which the sight is zeroed.

c. Checking Zero. The cadet is able at any time to check that the sight remains at its zeroed setting and, if not, is able to adjust the sight to the correct zero without firing.

General Description

1-323. Explain and demonstrate opening the case and removing parts as they are named (See Fig 1-61): The moulded plastic case contains the following components:

a. Army Equipment Support Publications (AESPs).

b. Lens Cleaning Tissues.

c. Confidence Checker.

d. The SAC. The SAC consists of the following components:

(1) The Optical Collimator Assembly which houses the graticule pattern. (2) The Spigot. This is designed to fit into the 5.56 mm barrel and contains a spring to secure it into place. (3) The Bumper Rubber which ensures correct insertion. (4) The Betalight Assembly.


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(5) Serial Number. Located on a plate on the side of the SAC. 1-324. Confirm by questions.

Fig 1-61 Small Arms Collimator (SAC)

Handling Rules

1-325. Explain. The SAC is a high grade optical instrument and reasonable care must be exercised when handling it:

a. Always ensure that the weapon is unloaded prior to fitting the SAC.

b. When the SAC is not fitted it should be placed in its case.

c. No attempt is to be made to strip the SAC.

d. A light coat of oil must be applied to the spigot prior to inserting it into the weapon or the confidence checker.

e. Care must be exercised when inserting and removing the spigot in the barrel. f. Periodically check the calibration of the SAC using the confidence checker.


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The Graticule Pattern

1-327. Explain and demonstrate using suitable aids: (see Fig 1-62). The graticule

pattern of the L3A1 SAC consists of a grid of horizontal and vertical lines incorporating a Boresighting Mark (BSM) as follows:

a. Horizontal Lines. These are numbered on the left and right side from

1 to 5.

b. Vertical Lines. These are lettered at the top from A to E.

c. BSM. This is a small inverted triangle which is positioned centrally on the Graticule Pattern at position C3. Above the BSM is a small circle which is for manufacturing purposes only.

1-328. Confirm using prepared aids.

Fig 1-62 L3A1 SAC Graticule Pattern

Fitting and Removing the L3A1 SAC

1-329. Explain and demonstrate (cadets are to work in pairs): An assistant will be

required to carry out the following procedure:

a. Fitting:

(1) Ensure the weapon is unloaded.


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1-121 (2) Ensure the iron sights are set to 200m (3) Adopt the prone supported firing position. (4) The assistant is to remove the SAC from its case, apply a light coat of oil to the spigot and fit it by pushing it onto the rifle muzzle until the flash eliminator is in contact with the rubber buffer. The assistant is to rotate the SAC side to side and finally to the upright position. The firer should then check that the graticule pattern is upright by relating the foresight blade of the sight to the horizontal and vertical lines of the Graticule Pattern.

b. Removing:

(1) Remove the SAC by grasping the barrel with one hand and with the other pull the SAC forward until the spigot has been removed from the barrel. This action will prevent any damage to the spigot whilst still in the barrel. DO NOT REST THE SAC AT ANYTIME AS TO DO SO WILL CAUSE DAMAGE.

(2) Replace the SAC in its case.

1-330. Confirm by practice. Boresighting using the SAC

1-331. Explain: To enable the axis of the bore and the line of sight to coincide the sights of the weapon are adjustable for elevation and direction. The combination tool should be used to make these adjustments. The foresight blade should appear base centre of the BSM. The firer is to inform their assistant of the adjustments required by noting the position of the BSM in relation to the foresight blade. The assistant is then to adjust the iron sight as follows:

a. Elevation (see Fig 1-63). If the foresight blade is not positioned on the

BSM depress the locking plunger on the foresight with the combination tool and with the forefinger or thumb rotate the vertical adjustment screw in the required direction until it is located correctly.

b. Direction (see Fig 1-64). If the foresight blade is not positioned on the

BSM depress the locking plunger on the rear sight with the combination tool and with the forefinger or thumb rotate the horizontal adjustment screw in the required direction until it is located correctly.

1-332. Once adjustments have been made the SAC is removed and replaced again to allow the firer to confirm that accurate adjustments have been made. 1-333. When correct remove the SAC and replace it in its case. 1-334. Confirm by practice, the squad working in pairs.


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1-122 Recording the Personal Zeroing Position (PZP)

1-335. Explain and demonstrate using prepared aids: Recording the PZP should be carried out immediately after the cadet has zeroed their weapon by live firing. Readings are taken by noting the position of the tip of the foresight blade of the sight against the graticule pattern. Having noted the location the reading can be registered by following the blade upwards or downwards until a letter is acquired. The letter is the first part of the reading. The procedure is then repeated moving left or right of the blade until a number is acquired. The number forms the second and final part of the reading. 1-336. Confirm by practice using prepared aids.

a. Foresight Blade b. Vertical Adjusting Screw

c. Locking Plunger

Fig 1-63 Adjusting the Iron Sight for Elevation


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a. Horizontal adjusting screw b. Locking Plunger c. Combination Tool

Fig 1-64 Adjusting the Iron Sight for Direction

Check Zero using the SAC

1-337. Explain and demonstrate using prepared aids. Before live firing practices the accuracy of the weapon should be checked. This is achieved by confirming that the foresight blade is still on the PZP. The sequence is the same as stated in paragraph 01342 above except that the BSM is ignored and substituted for the PZP. 1-338. Confirm by practice, the squad working in pairs.

1-339. Checking Alignment

1-340. Explain and demonstrate: Periodically or if there is any doubt about the accuracy of the SAC it should be checked for alignment using the confidence checker provided to do this, carry out the following:

a. Remove the confidence checker from the case. The confidence checker consists of a shaped metal block with two holes drilled in it. The


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1-124 larger hole at the bottom is for the spigot and the small hole at the top is for viewing (see Fig 1-65).

b. Prior to use inspect the confidence checker for damage or wear. Pay particular attention to the spigot hole. If when the spigot is inserted there is excessive movement the SAC should be checked on another confidence checker. The suspect confidence checker should be returned to the armourer for checking.

c. To check the alignments apply a light coat of oil to the spigot and then push it into the large hole until the metal block butts against the optical assembly. Ensuring the checker is upright look through the viewing hole. (see Fig1-66). If the complete circle encompassing the graticule pattern

can be discerned the SAC is calibrated correctly. If not the equipment should be returned to the armourer for checking

1-341. Confirm by questions and practice

Fig 1-65 SAC Confidence Checker

Fig 1-66 Checking calibration


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1-125 Care and Cleaning

1-342. Explain and demonstrate: The SAC is a sealed unit and no attempt should be made to strip any of the components. Should the calibration of the SAC be in doubt it should be returned to the armourer for inspection. When required the SAC is to be cleaned in the following manner:

a. Clean the entire SAC using a soft dry cloth.

b. Clean the lens carefully using the issued lens cleaning tissue.

c. Apply a light coating of oil to the shaft of the spigot. Inspect the spigot for burrs.

d. Ensure the case is clean and dry. e. If there is mud or grit on the collimator, remove with clean water. Soap or weak detergent may be used to remove grease, stains or smears. f. Total submerging in water is to be avoided.

Boresighting without the SAC

1-343. Explain and demonstrate: If there are no SACs available an alternative

method of boresighting can be employed. This requires a distance of 25 metres as this is close to the distance at which the line of sight and line of departure coincide (the fire trench on a Barrack range is ideal). The procedure is as follows:

a. Carry out normal safety precautions; remove the sling.

b. Examine the sights for damage and ensure that there is no “play” and that the retaining screws are serviceable.

c. Remove the TMH and mechanism.

d. Set the sight to 200 metres as appropriate.

e. If there is a fire trench the one cadet moves into it, if not adopt the prone position.

f. Steady the body of the weapon on a sandbag and look down the barrel towards the aiming mark. Once the alignment is correct they report “on”. (See Fig 1-67(a))

g. The other cadet, ensuring they take care not to disturb the lay of the weapon, looks through the sight and determines the position of the foresight blade relative to the aiming mark. (See Fig 1-67(b))


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h. If the foresight blade is not in the correct place, adjustments are made to the elevation and direction screws. i. Once the foresight blade is in the correct place, the pair change round and confirm.

j. As a final confirmation move the weapon, then relay and check both the bore and the foresight blade are on the aiming mark. When both cadets are satisfied the weapon is re-assembled.


Conclusion

1-345. End of Lesson Drill


b. Safety precautions.

c. Pack kit.


(1) Careful fitting and alignment of the SAC in the bore.

(2) Correct alteration of the sights.

(3) Boresighting will only give a rough alignment.

(4) Boresighting must never be conducted instead of zeroing if a range is available.


Fig 1-67 Boresighting Alignment (Without SAC)

a b


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1-127

RIFLE LESSON 14 - ZEROING THE RIFLE WITH IRON SIGHT


1-346. Aim. To teach how to zero.

a. What the act of zeroing is.

b. Why zeroing is necessary.

c. How to zero with the Iron Sight.

d. When to zero.

1-347. Timing. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered during one Training session). 1-348. Method. A basic indoor instructional period. To be followed by a live firing period of practical zeroing at 25 or 100 metres.

1-349. Stores.

Rifle with Iron Sight Maintenance Kit Complete 25 Metre Zeroing Charts Tables 1.220m screen, Figure 11 Target with a 100mm x 75mm white patch aiming mark positioned with the bottom centre in the middle of the figure. Map pins Talc aids showing 9,3,5 and 20 round groups Talc and lumocolour pens Coaching Aid memoire Ruler

1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet As required 1

As required 1 per cadet As required 1 per cadet 1 per cadet

1-350. Preparation.

a. Check sights and combination tools for serviceability.

b. Layout tables in a hollow square.

c. Prior to zeroing each weapon should be boresighted. 1-351. Miscellaneous.

a. Divide the squad into groups and allocate them to tables.


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1-128 b. Use the talc aid to plot 20 round groups or explain the use of five map pins to show extreme spread of the group at 100 metres, when covering zeroing at 25 metres, show a 9 round group followed by a 3 round group.

c. During the final practice the squad are to work out the Extreme Spread (ES) and the Mean Point of Impact (MPI), give the adjustment required and alter the weapon sights. Indicate a check group and its size. The squad are to work out the Permissible Variation (PV) and indicate their subsequent actions.

1-352. Preliminaries 1-353. Safety Precautions. Normal.

1-354. Revision. Named parts of the Iron Sight, adjusting Iron Sights for elevation and direction. Introduction

1-355. Explain: The act of zeroing is to move the group on to the correct zero position so that with the appropriate sight setting and use of wind allowance, it will form centrally at all other ranges.

B. CONDUCT OF THE LESSON Occasions for Zeroing

1-356. Explain: All weapons are checked for accuracy but are not zeroed before leaving the factory. It is essential for each cadet to zero their weapon before conducting the application of fire shoots in the APC shooting syllabus. Zeroing is a personal matter and it is unusual for any two persons to have exactly the same zero with the same weapon. The reasons for this are:

a. Variations in aiming.

b. The effect of ‘Jump’. This is the movement which occurs before the bullet leaves the barrel. Its extent is influenced by the build of the firer, their firing position and the tightness of the hold.

1-357. Zeroing should be carried out on the following occasions:

a. Before any APC syllabus application practices.

b. When a sight has been replaced or the weapon has been repaired.

c. Whenever the accuracy of the weapon is in doubt.


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Zeroing Procedure

1-358. Preparation. Explain and Demonstrate: Weapon must be prepared as follows:

a. Thoroughly cleaned and prepared for firing.

b. Sights must be examined for damage. Retaining screws must be serviceable. Look for any play in the fitting the sight system.

c. Rectify any faults before zeroing.

d. Check for correct eye relief for the firer. e. The weapon should be bore sighted prior to firing, ideally with the SAC.

1-359. Zeroing Ranges. Explain: The rifle can be zeroed at either 25 metres or 100 metres. To determine the true position of the centre of the group a number of shots are fired. The zeroing ranges are:

a. 25 metres. When zeroing at 25 metres three 3 round groups are to be fired from the prone position, each at the same POA, which will achieve a combined group of 9 rounds.

b. 100 metres. Four 5 round groups are to be fired from the prone position, each at the same POA, which will achieve a combined group of 20 rounds. c. After each five or three round group, apply your safety catch, stand up and relax, resume the prone position, retest the position and fire the next group.


25 Metre Procedure

Examination of the Group and Adjustment (Plot a 9 round group onto the target) 1-361. When zeroing at 25 metres a zeroing chart (See Fig 1-70a) is placed on

the witness screen, becoming the target, and is used to assist the firer in calculating the displacement of the MPI from the CZP, enabling alterations to be made to the sight. Before the weapon can be zeroed the firer must achieve a group size of 75mm using Iron Sight with 9 rounds at 25 metres. If this cannot be achieved the weapon is to be tested by a known good shot. If the weapon still will not group it is to be replaced. If the weapon is not at fault the firer should receive remedial training to rectify the faults in their shooting skills.


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1-130 1-362. Extreme Spread (ES) and Mean Point of Impact (MPI). Explain and illustrate using the map pins or talc aid: (See Fig 1-70b and c)

a. ES is defined as the distance between the centres of the two shot holes furthest apart within the group. b. MPI is the central point of the formed group. Demonstrate how to identify the MPI.

Correct Zeroing Position (CZP)

1-363. Explain and Demonstrate using zeroing charts: With the iron sights set to 200m the CZP in relation to the POA, is 25 mm below.

1-364. Displacement of the MPI from the CZP. Explain and demonstrate:

Identify the MPI and if it does not coincide with the Correct Zeroing Position (CZP) the sights of the weapon are to be adjusted. Once the MPI of the 9 rounds has been identified, count the squares left or right to identify the horizontal adjustment (one square is one graduation on the sight) and then repeat the procedure for the vertical adjustment.

1-365. Confirm by practice. The squad to measure ES and identify MPI from groups plotted on the target. 1-366. Sight Adjustment. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: The

sights of the weapon are adjustable for elevation and direction using a combination tool, screws painted red are not to be tampered with. Adjustments are as follows:

a. Elevation (See Fig 1-68). To move the MPI up depress the locking

plunger on the foresight with the combination tool and, with finger or thumb, rotate the vertical adjustment screw in the direction of the ‘U’ arrow. To move the MPI down turn the screw in the direction of the ‘D’ arrow. One graduation of change will raise or lower the MPI approximately 13 mm at 25 metres. b. Direction (See Fig 1-69). To move the MPI to the left, depress the

locking plunger on the horizontal adjustment screw with the combination tool and turn the screw in an anti-clockwise direction, and vice versa to move it right. One graduation of change moves the MPI approximately 13 mm at 25 metres.

1-367. Confirm by practice. Plot a group, the squad to work out the MPI and make adjustments to their own sights.

100 Metres Procedure Examination of the Group and Adjustment (Plot a 20 round group onto the target)


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1-131 1-368. The MPI is identified and if it does not coincide with the CZP then the sights of the weapon are to be adjusted. Before the weapon can be zeroed the firer must achieve a group size of 300mm using Iron Sight with 20 rounds at 100 metres. If this cannot be achieved the weapon is to be tested by a known good shot. If the weapon still will not group it is to be replaced. If the weapon is not at fault the firer should receive remedial training to rectify the faults in their shooting skills.

1-369. Extreme Spread (ES) and MPI. Explain and illustrate using the map pins or talc aid: The ES and MPI are identified using procedures already taught.

1-370. Confirm by questions. Correct Zeroing Position (CZP)

1-371. Explain and Demonstrate: With the iron sights set to 200m the CZP in relation to the POA is 100 mm above.


1-373. Sight Adjustment. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: The

sights of the weapon are adjusted as previously taught for elevation and direction. Adjustments are as follows:

a. Elevation (See Fig 1-68). One graduation of change will raise or

lower the MPI approximately 50 mm at 100 metres. b. Direction (See Fig 1-69). One graduation of change moves the MPI

either left or right approximately 50 mm at 100 metres.

1-374. Confirm by practice. Plot a group, the squad to work out the MPI and make adjustments to their own sights.

a. Foresight Blade b. Vertical Adjusting Screw

c. Locking Plunger

Fig 1-68 Moving the MPI Up or Down


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1-132

a. Horizontal adjusting screw b. Locking Plunger c. Combination Tool

Fig 1-69 Moving the MPI Left or Right

Permissible Variation (PV)

1-375. Explain and Demonstrate:

a. When an alteration has been made to the sight system, or when firing a check group at any time, it will only be necessary to fire either one 5 round group at 100 metres or one 3 round group at 25 metres. The ES of that group is then to be measured and should be no more than 200 mm at 100 metres or 50 mm at 25 metres.

b. Determine the MPI of the check group. c. Measure the straight line distance between the MPI and the CZP. If this distance is within 50 mm at 100 metres, or within the PV Circle (13 mm) at 25 metres of the CZP then the weapon is considered zeroed. If not then the 5 or 3 round group is to be left unpatched, another 15 or 6 rounds fired into the same target thereby giving a 20 or 9 round group.

1-376. Confirm by questions. Plot a group and indicate the size, the squad are then to decide whether or not the weapon is zeroed.


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Fig 1-70a Using the Zeroing Chart at 25 Metres

Fig 1-70b Measuring the Extreme Spread (ES)

Fig 1-70c Calculating the Mean Point of Impact (MPI)

Correct Zero Position (CZP)

Point of Aim (POA)

Pemissable Variation (PV) Circle (13 mm)


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1-134

Fig 1-71 Calculating adjustments to the Sights (25 Metres)

MPI to CZP Left 4 Graduations Up 3

Graduations


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1-135

Fig 1-72 Measuring Permissible Variation Conclusion 1-377. End of Lesson Drill.




d. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of correct preparation for zeroing. (2) Sound application of the principles of marksmanship during the zeroing shoot. (3) Care in calculating and carrying out the adjustment to the sights. (4) The need for a live firing, practical zeroing shoot as the next stage in the procedure.


Permissible Variation (PV) Less

Than 13 mm, Weapon Zeroed


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1-136

RIFLE LESSON 15 - THE SUB-CALIBRE ADAPTOR L41A1 - RIMFIRE


1-378. Aim. To teach the use of the Sub-Calibre Adaptor:

a. To teach the fitting and removal of the insert.

b. To teach the handling of the Sub-Calibre Adaptor.

c. Safe handling.

d. Zeroing.

e. Care and Cleaning. 1-379. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-380. Method. A basic instructional period, to be followed by a Live Firing period. This lesson is for Adult Instructors only. 1-381. Stores.

Rifle with Iron Sight Sub-Calibre Adaptor L41A1 Maintenance Kit Pointer Oil and cleaning material

1 per CFAV 1 per CFAV 1 per weapon 1 As required

1-382. Preparation. Check the Sub-Calibre Adaptor for serviceability.


a. The instructor is to name the parts of the Sub-Calibre Adaptor and their function as they handle them.

b. The L41A1 conversion kit is only for use with the L98A2 Cadet GP rifle; under no circumstances is the L41A1 to be used with the L86A2 Light Support Weapon.

c. The instructor is to make the students aware of the following potential equipment damages during the lesson:

(1) Firing pins are prone to breakage. Dry firing (firing on an empty chamber) with a broken firing pin in the bolt can cause damage to the chamber mouth in the barrel insert. To keep this damage to a minimum DO NOT dry fire the weapon except during unload drills.


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(2) To help prevent a broken firing pin progressively damaging the barrel insert every effort is to be made to keep barrel insert and breech mechanism assemblies together as matched pairs. (3) It may be necessary to GENTLY lever tight fitting barrel inserts from the chamber of the parent weapon. Take care not to damage the equipment. If the barrel insert proves to be difficult to remove take the equipment to an armourer for assistance.

d. Divide the squad into groups of 2 or 3.

1-384. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-385. Revision. Stripping and Assembling. Introduction

1-386. Explain: The Sub-Calibre Adaptor (see Fig 1-73), .22 inch, L41A1 is a

training device which enables standard .22 inch ammunition to be fired from the L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle. Using a special 20 round magazine, the adaptor can be fitted to fire single rounds (semi-automatic action), after which it can be quickly restored to its normal mode. The weapon handling skills are similar to those for the parent weapon and fitting and removal of the adapter is simple requiring no

special tools.

Fig 1-73 The L41A1 Sub-Calibre Adaptor


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1-138


General Description

1-387. Explain and demonstrate opening the case and removing parts as they are named (see Fig 1-73): The carrying case contains the following components:

a. Army Equipment Support Publications.

b. The Chamber insert and Transit plug used in transit (see Fig 1-74):.

c. The breech block and return spring assembly (see Fig 1-74):

d. Adaptor Rimfire magazines each holding up to 20 rounds (see Fig 1-75): .

Fig 1-74 (a) The Chamber Insert (b)The Breech block and Return Spring Assembly

a

b


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1-139

Fig 1-75 The Magazine

Fitting and Removal

1-388. To fit the insert. Explain and demonstrate:

a. Carry out pre strip safety.

b. Remove the TMH from the rifle then remove the cocking handle, the recoil rod assembly and the bolt carrier assembly from the weapon (place into the carrying case).


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Fig 1-76 Fitting the Chamber insert

1-140

c. Remove the plastic transit plug from the chamber insert and inspect the insert for any blockages or pimples. If the insert is blocked or if a raised pimple is visible in the insert, it is not to be used, but returned to the unit armourer for repair. Fit the insert into the weapon chamber with the machined flat on the large diameter uppermost and positioned horizontally. Enter the locating pin between the locking splines on the barrel extension on the weapon at the 7 o’clock position. Push the chamber insert fully forward into the chamber (see Fig 1-76).

d. Check that the firing pin is not broken and fit the breech block and return spring assembly into the weapon and align the cocking handle hole in the assembly with the cocking handle hole at the rear of the ejection opening in the weapon. Fit the cocking handle and then push the assembly fully forward so that the front support dowels enter the holes vacated by the recoil rod assembly (see Fig 1-71).

Fig 1-77 Fitting the breech block and return spring assembly

e. Align the holes on the plastic rear support with the rear locking pin holes on the weapon and insert the rear locking pin far enough to retain the LEFT SIDE of the rear support.

f. Replace the TMH.

g. Prove the mechanism by operating the trigger. Return the safety catch to Safe ‘S’.


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1-141

1-389. To remove the insert. Explain and demonstrate:

a. Ensure the weapon is unloaded and cleared.

b. The procedure for removing the insert is reversed in order to restore the weapon to the centre fire (5.56mm) mode. It may be necessary to GENTLY lever the chamber insert free from the weapon chamber using a combination tool.

c. Inspect the adaptor to ensure that the firing pin is not broken and that there is no damage to the chamber insert. If the firing pin is broken or there is damage to the chamber insert, the adaptor should be returned to the unit armourer for repair.

1-390. Confirm by practice leaving insert removed and rifle stripped. 1-391. Handling. Explain:

a. The weapon is now prepared for loading drills using the appropriate magazine. Filling magazines with Rimfire ammunition is the same as with the normal weapon magazine, except that the Rimfire ammunition has a rimmed case. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the rim of each round is positioned in front of the preceding round in the magazine, all other handling drills are as normal.

b. Care must always be taken to ensure that the weapon is tilted to the right, during the load, unload, make-safe and stoppage drills. This will help to prevent live rounds or empty cases falling into the TMH.

c. The firing pins of the sub-calibre adaptor are prone to breakages. Dry firing with a broken firing pin in the bolt can cause damage to the mouth of the chamber in the chamber insert. To keep damage to a minimum DO NOT dry fire the weapon except during unloading drills.


Magazines.

1-393. Explain: The magazine is manufactured from high impact plastic; the outer

casing is designed to look similar to, and have the same handling characteristics as the normal weapon magazine. Located within the outer casing is the metal magazine for the .22 inch rounds with its platform, spring and bottom plate. Across the top of the outer casing a metal bridge is provided to protect the lips of the .22 inch magazine. At the rear the narrow end of the bridge acts on the base of the spent case to provide ejection. 1-394. Confirm by questions.


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1-142

1-395. Stripping. Explain and demonstrate (see Fig 1-75): To strip the magazine:

a. Great care must be taken when stripping the magazine. Too much force used to disengage the bottom plate will soon render the magazine unserviceable.

b. Hold the magazine with the bottom plate uppermost. Then using the combination tool depress the spring located in the centre of the bottom plate, and slide the bottom plate to the rear until it is clear of the magazine.

c. The spring and platform may now be carefully fed out through the

bottom of the magazine.

d. The platform must not be removed from the spring. Should the spring comes loose from the platform, it must be replaced correctly or stoppages will occur.

1-396. Assembling. Explain and demonstrate: To assemble a magazine:

a. Ensure that the platform is pointing in the right direction, and that the spring is fitted correctly. Insert it and the spring into the magazine body.

b. Press the spring in until the tongue at the rear of the bottom plate can be engaged in its slot in the body. Using the combination tool depress the base of the spring located in the centre of the bottom plate sufficiently to enable the bottom plate to slide forward until the tongue at the front of the plate engages the slot in the magazine body. Release the pressure on the spring.

c. It is important that the bottom plate is correctly engaged. Failure to do so will result in stoppages.


Care and Cleaning

1-398. To enable cleaning of the adaptor the magazine is to be stripped. No other stripping of the adaptor is permitted except by an armourer. 1-399. To Clean the Adaptor. Explain and demonstrate:

a. Before Firing. Dry clean and lightly oil the bearing surfaces.

b. During Firing. Additional cleaning is to be carried out after 200 rounds

fired. During periods of prolonged firing any accumulation of grease or wax is to be removed from the chamber and the cartridge seating face. Particular attention is to be paid to the recess for the rim of the round, and


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1-143 to the slots for the extractor. If at any stage during firing repeated stoppages occur the Rifle is to be unloaded, stripped and cleaned, as the most likely cause is the build-up of wax deposits. It is recommended that the four magazines are used in rotation in an effort to minimise the ingress of wax.

c. After Firing. Normal cleaning after firing, paying particular attention to the removal of grease and wax.

1-400. Cleaning the Magazine. Explain and demonstrate: The magazine is also

to be cleaned paying particular attention to the removal of any grease and wax build up at the exit point at the top of the outer casing. 1-401. Defects. Where any defects or damage is noted as a result of the

cleaning, the defect is to be reported to an armourer for repair at the earliest opportunity. The Sub-Calibre insert is not to be used until it has been repaired. 1-402. Confirm by questions. Zeroing the Iron Sight

1-403. The Rifle should be boresighted using the collimator prior to any live firing commencing. If collimators are not available then the following procedure should be followed to ensure rounds land centrally on target:

a. To Adjust the foresight depress the locking plunger using the combination tool. Rotate the vertical adjustment screw in the direction of the ‘D’ until the screw reaches its limit for downward movement.

b. Rotate the vertical adjustment screw in the direction of the ‘U’ for 20

graduations or clicks.

c. Finer adjustments for elevation and lateral error can be made during Live Firing practices.

Coaching

1-404. Firing with the Sub-Calibre Adaptor has considerable value when teaching the principles of marksmanship before firing 5.56 mm ammunition. To gain maximum benefit careful coaching is essential, but due to the blowback action, all coaching is to be conducted from the left hand side of the firer. 1-405. Confirm by questions.


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Conclusion



b. Safety precautions.

c. Pack kit.


(1) The importance of careful fitting and removal of the conversion kit.

(2) The importance of coaching from the left side of the firer. (3) All drills are as for the rifle and that the weapon is not to be dry fired except during the unload drill.


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Chapter 2

PRACTICE PERIODS

INTRODUCTION

Delivery

2-01. Practice periods are to be conducted by a qualified Skill at Arms Instructor or a suitably qualified senior cadet iaw Cadet Training Ranges. When Senior Cadets are conducting practice periods:

a. They must be supervised by a qualified SAA Instructor.

b. The practice period must be prepared under direction of the qualified SAA Instructor.

c. The Cadets being practiced have previously

General

2-02. Training must be progressive; unnecessary repetition is bad instructional practice. A cadet learns skills and facts in the basic lessons which should be taught only once during their training. They then need practice to speed up their actions and establish the facts firmly in their mind. 2-03. The sequence of a practice period is:

a. REMIND - By explanation.

b. ASSESS WEAKNESS - See Methods paragraph below.

c. IMPROVE ON WEAKNESSES - By practice.

d. PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE - See Methods paragraph below. 2-04. The practice periods in this pamphlet are intended to reinforce and confirm the basic instruction by providing progressive, interesting practice, leading to Training Test pass standards and as a guide to the best way of exercising cadets during training. The instructor should plan the period on an assessment of the cadets’ weak points. 2-05. Faults should be brought to the notice of the cadet and corrected immediately, otherwise they will go on making the same mistakes. 2-06. It may become obvious during a practice period that the cadets have failed to grasp a particular skill or fact. The instructor will, therefore, have to teach that part of the basic lesson again.


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Competition

2-07. The incentive of competition will always help to make practise more interesting, provided cadets can achieve acceptable skills standards. If not, additional practice will be necessary before competition is worthwhile. Some points on framing competitions are:

a. They may be on an individual or on a team basis.

b. If run on a team basis the instructor must ensure that the selected teams are all fairly equal as regards performance. The more advanced members of the team will help along the weaker members.

c. Marks can be earned up to a given total, or a total started with and marks lost for mistakes as the competition progresses.

d. A chart drawn on a chalkboard or a sheet of paper on which to mark up results should always be used.

e. Further interest can be developed by making one team or individual watch another, criticizing and awarding or deducting marks.

f. Above all the instructor must make certain that competitions are simple, realistic and relevant, ie that they exercise the cadets in the facts and skills related to their basic instruction and appropriate to their stage of training.

Master and Pupil

2-08. The master and pupil method of practice, in its simplest form, is for one cadet (the pupil) to work under the supervision of another (the master); the instructor keeps an eye on both. 2-09. At all stages of training it stimulates interest, keenness and attention to detail. It is particularly useful with large squads and in competitions. Used regularly, it also develops initiative and leadership, and potential leaders may well be discovered by watching the masters at work.

Night and Field Training

2-10. Practice periods can be repeated at night or in darkness to accustom cadets to using the weapons in low light conditions and the extra precautions needed to be carried out. They may also be carried out by trained cadets, in field conditions, in preparation for exercises. 2-11. Cadet Training - Fieldcraft and Tactics: Fieldcraft, Tactics, Exercises and

the Cadet Force Tactical Aide Memoire (CF TAM) develops the basic instruction of this pamphlet by relating weapon handling (with tactical considerations introduced) to the testing conditions of fieldcraft.


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RIFLE PRACTICE 1 - RIFLE LESSONS 1-4


2-12. Aim. To practice cadets in the knowledge and skills learnt in:

a. Rifle Lesson 1 - General Description, Safety and The Sights. b. Rifle Lesson 2 - Stripping and Assembling. c. Rifle Lesson 3 - Basic Handling Drills. d. Rifle Lesson 4 - Cleaning and Maintenance.

2-13. Timings. Three 40 minute periods. 2-14. Method. An indoor practice period. 2-15. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight 1 per cadet Magazine with Platform depressors 2 per cadet Drill rounds in clips 30 per cadet Magazine chargers 1 per cadet Stopwatch or watch with a second hand 1 Chalkboard 1

2-16. Preparation.

a. Prepare a chalkboard for the final practice:

Quiz

Name Parts and Cleaning

Pts

Sling Fitting

Pts

Magazine Stripping Filling Assembling

Faults/Pts

Loading & Unloading

Faults/Pts

Make Safe & Safe Handling

Faults/Pts

Total


a. To score, give one point to the cadet coming last in a test, two points to the second last, three points to the third and so on.

b. Re-teaching to cadets is only to be done when considered necess-ary.

c. Further practices can be carried out at night or in simulated darkness.


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2-4

Preliminaries 2-18. Safety Precautions. Normal. 2-19. Revision. Nil. Introduction

2-20. Explain: It is essential that a cadet is proficient in the use of the GP rifle. You have been instructed in the basic skills of the first four rifle lessons but must be proficient with these skills before your training progresses.


Suggested Practices

2-21. A Quiz. Test on weapon characteristics, cleaning and maintenance and recognition of ammunition. (Remind the squad that tampering with ammunition is dangerous and is a serious offence.)

2-22. The Sling. Fitting and removal, repeated as necessary. 2-23. Stripping and Assembling. Remind the squad that all stripping must be carried out for a purpose and that any unauthorised stripping or modification is dangerous and constitutes a serious offence.

a. Explain: In the weapon handling tests, the cadet is to strip his weapon

as for cleaning, and then re-assemble it. The cadet fails if they make any mistake which affects safety but no time limit is imposed to avoid damage to the weapon.

b. Practice the squad in stripping and assembling different parts of the weapon, for instance, the gas system, TMH, etc. When they can strip each part faultlessly, practice them in complete stripping and assembling.

2-24. Names of Parts. With weapons stripped, question the squad on the names of parts, including the sight. 2-25. Magazine Filling.

a. Explain: The cadets must be able on to fill a magazine quickly and correctly. Full marks are awarded to the cadet who is able to fill a magazine with 30 rounds the quickest (by hand).

b. Practice the squad.

2-26. Load, Ready, Unload and Make Safe.

a. Explain: During a WHT Cadets must complete all these drills correctly


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2-5 b. Practice the squad; use the commands “Load”, “Ready”, and “Unload”. On occasions give the command “Make Safe” after “Ready”.

c. Question the squad as to the meaning of the words ‘loaded’, ‘ready’. ‘make safe’ and ‘unloaded’.

2-27. Safe Handling.

a. Question the squad on safe handling drills.

b. Then practice the squad in the safe handling drills involving weapons with magazines fitted/not fitted. Use some simple situations, e.g., leaving a weapon under guard, collecting a weapon from the armoury, etc., as practical illustrations.

Final Practice

2-28. Conduct a final practice as follows:

a. Conduct practices as a competition; questions on facts conducted as a quiz.

b. Divide the squad into two teams, each cadet fault-checking their opposing team member.

c. Practice each team in turn in stripping and assembling, magazine filling ,loading, ready, making safe, unloading and safe handling. Start with a maximum number of points and deduct a point for every mistake made.

d. Record individual and team scores on the chalkboard.

Conclusion


a. Questions from the squad on the entire period.

b. Safety Precautions.

c. Pack kit.


(1) Highlighting any failings that have been identified and corrected or that need further work. (2) That regular practice will improve a cadets’ skills.



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a. Rifle Lesson 5 - Holding and Aiming in The Prone Position.

b. Rifle Lesson 6 - Firing in The Prone Position.

c. Rifle Lesson 7 - Firing Drills.

d. Rifle Lesson 8 - Firing From Other Positions and Use Of Cover 2-31. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 2-32. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor lesson. 2-33. Stores.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazines with platform depressors Sight picture aim diagrams Ground sheets (if the period is taken outdoors) Representative targets Aiming rest (improvised, weighted ammunition box) Stopwatch Metric ruler Chalkboard Paper sheets and drawing pins Score Sheet

1 per cadet 2 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet 1 per cadet As required 1 1 1 1 set per cadet 1

2-34. Preparation.

a. Position targets.

b. Pin a sheet of paper on to a vertical flat surface.

c. Prepare a chalkboard for the final practice:

Name Quiz

(HPS:5) Aiming (HPS:5)

Holding (HPS:5)

Testing and

Adjusting (HPS:5)

Firing (HPS:5)

Total (HPS:2

5)


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d. The instructor to note the following conditions and scoring:

(1) Aiming.

3 mm = five points. 5mm = four points. 6 mm = three points. 8mm = two points. 9 mm = one point.

(2) Holding. Order “Down ...... prone position hold ...... stand

up”. Deduct one point for each mistake. HPS: 5.

(3) Testing and Adjusting. Order “Down ...... Ready ...... Align on to the target ...... Rest. Deduct one point for each mistake. HPS:5.

(4) Firing Order. Order “Down ...... Ready….. Five Rounds ....

Fire” “Watch and shoot ...... Stop ...... Rapid ...... fire ..... Stop”. Deduct one point for each mistake. HPS: 5.

(5) Quiz. One point for each correct answer. HPS: 5.

e. Check that the stopwatch works.


a. Prone Position and Hold. Practice in steady holding can be given if another member of the squad balances a small coin on the barrel.

b. Testing and Adjusting Position. Practice using cadets to look out for mistakes.

c. Aiming (‘The Golden Shot’). Pin a sheet of paper to a vertical smooth surface. Fix a weapon on a rest four metres away. Hold an eye disc or representative target with a pin though the centre, against the piece of paper and let the cadet give directions for the movement of the eye disc until they consider the aim is correct. If this is repeated five times and the weapon has not been moved, a group of pin holes will have been formed. The size of this group indicates how well the principle of aiming has been mastered.

d. Firing. Use assistants to cock the weapon after each shot. Snap and rapid exposures should be progressive working towards two rounds in eight seconds snap shooting and five rounds in 15 seconds rapid.

e. Critics. When possible during the final competition, use the teams not being tested to act as critics and cocking assistants.


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2-36. Preliminaries 2-37. Safety Precautions. Normal. Introduction

2-38. Explain: It is essential that a cadet is proficient in the use of the GP rifle. You have been instructed in the holding and firing of the rifle but must be proficient with these skills before your training progresses.

Suggested Practices

2-39. Aiming. Practice the squad using:

a. Sight picture aim diagrams and eye discs.

b. Weapons in rifle rests at representative targets from a distance of ten metres.

c. ‘Golden Shot’ — for consistency.

2-40. Prone Position and Hold. Practice the squad in the following:

a. The drill for adopting the prone position.

b. The prone position.

2-41. Testing and Adjusting Position. Practice the squad in the following:

a. The method of adjusting to eliminate faults in the firing position.

b. Confirming that the position is correctly aligned. 2-42. Firing the Shot, Following Through and Declarations. Practice the squad in the following:

a. Combining the breathing pause and the aim.

b. The trigger operation and the follow through.

c. Question the squad on how to determine faults in the firing drills from the movement of the foresight or pointer after the shot is fired.

2-43. Types of Fire and Ready Ammunition. Question the squad on the following:


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a. The uses of deliberate, snapshooting, rapid and automatic types of fire.

b. Ready Ammunition totals.

2-44. Deliberate, Snapshooting and Rapid Fire. Practice the squad in the actions carried out on the commands “Fire”, “Watch and Shoot”, “Rapid ...... fire”, “Stop” and “Go on”. “Stop”.

Final Practice

2-45. Conduct the practice as a competition for three teams as follows:

a. Explain the conditions before each practice.

b. Practice each team, in turn, in aiming, holding; testing and adjusting positions; deliberate, snapshooting, rapid and automatic fire.

c. Record team scores on a chalkboard.

Conclusion




c. Pack kit.


(1) Highlighting any failings that have been identified and corrected or that need further work.

(2) That regular practice will improve a cadets’ skills.



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2-10




a. Rifle Lesson 9 - Mechanism Of The Weapon, Immediate Action and Stoppages

b. Rifle Lesson 10 - Aiming Off and Miss Drill

c. Rifle Lesson 11 - Carriage Of The Weapon and Reaction To Effective Enemy Fire

d. Rifle Lesson 12 - Firing At Crossing and Multiple Targets

2-48. Timings. Two 40 minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 2-49. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor lesson.

2-50. Stores. To be determined by instructor once practices decided upon.

Rifle fitted with sight Magazine fitted with Platform depressors Ground sheet Mechanism diagram poster (captions covered) Representative targets Map pins Fig 11 on a 1.220 metre screen Chalkboard Score sheet Stick in figure target

1 per cadet 2 per cadet 1 per cadet (if the lesson is taken outdoors) 1 5 1 1 1 4

2-51. Preparation.

a. Prepare a chalkboard for the final practice:

Name IA (HPS:10)

Aiming Off

(HPS: 5)

Reaction to Effective Fire (HPS: 10)

Engaging Crossing Targets

(HPS: 10)

Total (HPS:35)

b. The instructor is to note the following conditions and scoring:

(1) IA. Order “Load — down — ready — rapid fire”. Words of command are to be as laid down in Rifle Lesson 9. Deduct one mark for each error of drill unless it affects safety, in which case award no marks. HPS: 10.


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2-11

(3) Aiming off for Direction and Elevation. Explain, using a Fig 11 on a 1.220 metre screen: The position of each shot to be indicated has been fired correctly using the correct aiming mark. Practice the squad in showing, using a map pin, the amount of aim off required to bring the shot into the centre of the target. Give five examples and deduct one mark for each incorrect answer. HPS: 5.

c. Realistic wind and elevation problems are to be prepared before- hand.

d. Lessons 11 and 12. Reconnoitre the training area and select the following:

(1) A fairly flat area of approximately 30 50 metres in length.

(2) An area of cover to practice the reaction to effective enemy fire, and the enemy position in relation to it for a Fire Control Order

e. Put out targets as follows on the flat area:

e. Instructor to note the following:

(1) Engaging Crossing Targets. Divide the squad into the four teams. Two teams, rifles in the ‘Alert’ position, facing each other, 20 metres apart, and paired off as opponents. Order “Advance ...... Fire ...... Advance”, etc. One team moves, the other fires, then change over. The other two teams to act as critics then change round. Alternatively use two teams only; one team to practice the moving target and shooting and the other to act as critic. One point to be deducted for any error or slow reaction. HPS: 10.

(2) Reaction to Effective Fire. Two teams, one team being practiced,

each man having a critic. Order “Load ...... Ready ...... Advance ...... Take cover”. When they are all in a fire position, order “Prepare to advance...... Advance”. Deduct one mark for each error in the drills. HPS: 10.


Target

Target

Target

Target


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2-12

a. IA and Stoppages. Divide the squad into their two groups, assistants and firers. Use representative targets to aim at. Ensure that the correct firing drills are carried out after the cadet completes the stoppage drill.

b. Aiming Off. Allow cadets to indicate their answers using map pins on a Fig 11 target superimposed on a 1.220 metre screen. Make use of the positions 150 mm and 450 mm above and below the POA in set examples.

c. Method of Carriage. For stationary practice, position the squad, with

weapons ready, at one end of the flat piece of ground that was previously selected. Order “High/low port” or “Alert”, etc. Then order “Kneeling/squatting/standing/sitting position......Enemy front/right/ left”. Change the method of carriage (i.e.,back slung) and repeat.

d. Reaction to Effective Enemy Fire. Position the squad, with weapons ‘ready’. in extended line 20 metres from selected cover. Indicate the left and right boundaries. Order “Advance ...... take cover”. Give a FCO onto the pre-selected enemy position, then order “Stop ...... Prepare to advance ...... Advance”.

c. Final Practice. During any firing drills, use one team as critics, one as assistants and the other as firers.

d. Signals. Arrange a simple hand signal to indicate to assistants when they are NOT to cock the rifles. Indicate the condition of the magazine by showing prepared examples.

2-53. Preliminaries 2-54. Safety Precautions. Normal.

Introduction

2-55. Explain: It is essential that a cadet is proficient in the use of the GP rifle.

You have been instructed in the handling of the rifle but must be proficient with these skills before your training progresses. Suggested Practices

2-56. Basic Mechanism. Question the squad on the mechanism. Make the cadetsuse their weapons to illustrate their answers. 2-57. IA. Practice the squad in the IA and the actions on examining the body and the chamber.

a. Explain: Full marks are awarded to the cadet who carries out the

correct actions for the IA. One mark is deducted for each mistake unless it involves safety, in which case five marks are deducted.


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2-13 b. Practice the squad.

2-58. Aiming Off for Wind. Practice the squad in solving problems involving, aiming off for wind and POA. 2-59. Methods of Carriage and Close Quarter Shooting. Question and practice the squad as to when the high port, low port and alert positions are used. 2-60. Handling and Firing Behind Cover and Engaging Crossing Targets. Practice the squad in taking up fire positions to cover an arc of fire and using any available cover. 2-61. Reaction to Effective Enemy Fire. Practice the squad in taking cover during an advance and in moving out of cover to continue the advance. Final Practice 2-62. Conduct the practice as a competition for three teams as follows:

a. Explain the conditions before each practice.

b. Practice each team, in turn, in IA, further action, and aiming off for elevation.

c. Practice each team, in turn, in engaging crossing targets and reaction to effective enemy fire. d. Record team scores on a chalkboard.

Conclusion




c. Pack kit.


(1) Highlighting any failings that have been identified and corrected or that need further work.

(2) That regular practice will improve a cadets’ skills.



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Chapter 3

INFORMATION FOR THE INSTRUCTOR

SECTION 1. - SIGHT UNIT SMALL ARMS TRILUX (SUSAT)

Miscellaneous

3-01. The following section covers all instruction applicable to the SUSAT. The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle normally only comes with the iron sight, however should this WS ever be equipped with the SUSAT then the instructor is to use the following sections inserted into appropriate lesson. General Description Fitting and Removing the Sight (If required to be inserted into Lesson 1) 3-02. The SUSAT is an additional sighting system that may be used for the Cadet GP Rifle. It is designed to extend the low light level capability of the user and enable them to engage targets at longer ranges than is possible with the unaided eye. The amount of improvement is dependent upon the light falling on the target and the target/back-ground contrast. The range at which targets can effectively be engaged when using SUSAT can be up to three times that of the conventional Iron Sight. By day SUSAT assists in the acquisition and engagement of targets that have a low background contrast; it is also a useful surveillance aid. SUSAT, with a magnification of times 4 (x4) is purged with dry inert gas and sealed at atmospheric pressure to prevent the ingress of moisture. The filling points are sealed with screws, the heads of which are painted RED. The sight picture is obtained by looking through an eyepiece to which is attached a rubber eye guard. A clear plastic pointer, with a roughened conical tip, forms the reticule. Viewed in daylight, the reticule appears as a blackened pointer with a vertical, clear narrow line along its centre. A lamp holder containing an orange/red TRILUX lamp is provided with an external knob enabling the user to vary the degree of illumination from zero to maximum. The light from the lamp is reflected along the reticule, illuminating the tip only. An emergency battle sight is attached to the top of the SUSAT body, comprising a blade foresight and an aperture back sight. Should the SUSAT become inoperable the emergency sight can be used until a replacement becomes available. TRILUX Lighting 3-03. The TRILUX lamp used in the sight unit is filled with TRITIUM GAS having a radioactive content of 0.22 curie. The lamps have no significant level of external radiation and no hazard can arise unless one is broken. The design of any equipment incorporating a TRILUX lamp is such that protection is afforded to the user. Breakage of the lamp and the release of the gas can only result from misuse of the equipment. 3-04. The SUSAT. Explain: (see Fig 3-1) The SUSAT consists of an optical body

fixed to a mounting bracket. On top of the optical body is the Emergency Battle Sight (EBS). Each sight has its own individual serial number which is stamped on


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3-2

the underneath of the optical body on the left hand side. 3-05. The Optical Body. Explain: The body is constructed from a lightweight

alloy and contains the optical system, with a magnification of times four (x4) and a narrow field of view (177 mils). The following are the parts of the body:

a. The Eyepiece. This is made of rubber and is of a standard length, which will ensure that the eye is correctly positioned. It is designed to keep water off the lens and is glued permanently to the body.

b. The Pointer. This is located within the optics and is seen by the firer in their field of view. Viewed in daylight it appears as a dark pillar with a clear centre. At night the tip of the pointer can be illuminated by the TRILUX lamp. The light is reflected up into the pointer and is seen as a reddish glow.

c. The Brightness (TRILUX) Control Knob. This is located on the right rear of the body. It is knurled and can be rotated clockwise to vary the light reaching the pointer from zero to full brightness.

d. The EBS. This consists of a blade foresight and aperture back sight; it is matched to the optical centre of the SUSAT lenses during manufacture and therefore cannot be zeroed. It is used in an emergency should the SUSAT become damaged, until such time as an Iron Sight can be fitted.

e. The Objective Lens Hood. The body is shaped at the front to over-

hang the objective lens in the form of a hood, so reducing reflection from the lens and keeping it dry.

3-06. The Bracket. Explain: The bracket consists of:

a. A Mounting Shoe. This is dovetailed to match the sight rail on the weapon. The shoe is secured to the base by two clamping nuts. A locating plunger protrudes through the shoe and engages one of three holes in the sight rail. This ensures the sight is correctly positioned and provides adjustable eye relief. When correctly adjusted to the individual, the locating hole selected should be marked. A lifting plate is attached to the plunger; it sticks out on the right side of the bracket.

b. A Sight Mount. The mount links the mounting shoe and the optical body. It is fitted at the front with a horizontal adjustment screw and at the rear with a vertical adjustment nut. Immediately below the eye piece is a range drum which is marked from 3 -8 in increments of 100 metres.

3-07 Confirm by questions.


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Fig 3-1 The SUSAT


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3-4 3-08. Removing the SUSAT. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: In order to remove SUSAT (see Fig 3-2):

a. Note the position of the lifting plate in relation to the sight rail. This is done so that the sight can be accurately replaced.

b. Hold the weapon by the pistol grip with the right hand, so that it is horizontal and upright; open the top cover and undo the clamping nuts.

c. Grip the SUSAT with the left hand. With the forefinger raise the lifting plate so that it disengages the locating plunger from the sight rail. Slide the SUSAT forward and off the sight rail. Close the top cover.

d. Check and note the serial number of the SUSAT.

Fig 3-2 Removing the SUSAT


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3-5

3-09. Fitting the SUSAT. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: in

order to fit SUSAT:

a. Check that the serial number of the sight is correct for that particular weapon.

b. Rotate the range drum so that the 300 metre setting is facing directly to the rear. Release the clamping nuts and open the top cover.

c. Hold the LSW with the right hand and grip the SUSAT with the left.

d. With the forefinger, raise the lifting plate to withdraw the locating plunger. Align the rear of the shoe with the front of the sight rail and slide the sight rearwards until it is correctly re-positioned.

e. Release the lifting plate and check that the locating plunger has engaged in the correct recess on the sight rail. Test by trying to slide the SUSAT forward or backwards.

f. Tighten the clamping nuts; do not over-tighten. Close the top cover.

3-10. Confirm by practice, finish with sights fitted.

Holding and Aiming in the Prone Position (If required insert diagram into Lesson 5)

Fig 3-3 Correct Sight Picture (SUSAT) 3-11. Confirm by questions and practice.


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3-6

Boresighting the Rifle with SUSAT Fitted (If required to be inserted into Lesson 13)

Characteristics

3-12. Explain: The L1A1 SAC is designed to provide a means by which cadets

may check the accuracy of the SUSAT when fitted to the rifle. Correct and careful use of the SAC will enable cadets to carry out the following tasks:

a. Boresighting. To enable the weapon sight to be aligned to the axis of

the bore of the weapon, or to a given displacement in elevation from the axis of the bore without firing. The SAC is calibrated to ensure that it corresponds to the CZP for the rifle.

b. Recording Zero. After the cadet has zeroed their weapon using a SUSAT by live firing, the SAC provides a means of reading and recording the setting at which the sight is zeroed.

c. Checking Zero. The cadet is able at any time to check that the sight

remains at its zeroed setting and, if not, is able to adjust the sight to the correct zero without firing.

General Description and Handling Rules

3-13. Explain and demonstrate as necessary. The L1A1 SAC is very similar to the L3A1 but with a different Graticule Pattern. 3-14. Confirm by questions. The Graticule Pattern

3-15. Explain and demonstrate using suitable aids: (see Fig 3-4). The graticule

pattern of the L1A1 SAC consists of a grid of horizontal and vertical lines incorporating a Boresighting Mark (BSM) as follows:

a. Horizontal Lines. These are numbered on the left and right side from 1 to 17. Only the odd numbers are displayed.

b. Vertical Lines. These are lettered at the top from A to Q with every other letter displayed.

c. BSM. This is a small clear square positioned central on the graticule pattern at position I9. Above the BSM is a small circle which is for manufacturing purposes only.

3-16. Confirm by practice using prepared aids.


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Fig 3-4 L1A1 SAC Graticule Pattern

Fitting and Removing the L1A1 SAC

3-17. Revise as necessary (cadets are to work in pairs): Fitting and removing the L1A1 SAC is identical to fitting and removing the L3A1 SAC. 3-18. Confirm by practice. Leave the SAC removed. Boresighting using the SAC

3-19. Explain: To enable the axis of the bore and the line of sight to coincide the sights of the weapon are adjustable for elevation and direction. The combination tool should be used to make these adjustments. The pointer should appear base centre of the BSM. The firer is to inform their assistant of the adjustments required by noting the position of the BSM in relation to the pointer. The assistant is then to adjust the iron sight as follows:

a. Elevation (see Fig 2-12). If the pointer is not positioned on the BSM

turn the elevation screw with the combination tool in the required direction until it is located correctly.

b. Direction (see Fig 2-13). If the pointer is not positioned on the BSM

loosen both locking nuts, if the pointer appears to far left tighten the horizontal adjustment screw in the direction indicated by the arrow marked ‘L’ and tighten the opposite screw. If the pointer appears to far right tighten the horizontal adjustment screw in the direction indicated by the arrow marked ‘R’ and tighten the opposite screw.


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3-8 3-20. Once adjustments have been made the SAC is removed and replaced again to allow the firer to confirm that accurate adjustments have been made. 3-21. When correct remove the SAC and replace it in its case. 3-22. Confirm by practice, the squad working in pairs.

a. Vertical Adjustment Nut b. Range Drum c. Combination Tool

Fig 3-5 Adjusting the SUSAT for Elevation

a. Combination Tool b. Locking Nut c. Horizontal Adjustment Screw

d. Combination Tool e. Lock Nuts

Fig 3-6 Adjusting the SUSAT for Direction


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3-9 Recording the Personal Zeroing Position (PZP).

3-23. Revise as necessary. The procedures for recording PZP, and for checking

zero is the same as for the L3A1 with the iron sight, the only differences are the graticule pattern and using the tip of the pointer instead of the tip of the foresight blade. 3-24. Confirm by practice using prepared aids. Care, Cleaning and Checking Alignment of the SAC

3-25. Revise as necessary. Checking the alignment of the L1A1 using the confidence checker is the same as with the L3A1. 3-26. Care and cleaning of the L1A1 using the confidence checker is the same as with the L3A1. 3-27. Confirm by practice using prepared aids.

Boresighting without the SAC

3-28. Explain and demonstrate: (See Fig 2-14). If there are no SACs available an

alternative method of boresighting can be employed. This requires a distance of 30 metres as this is close to the distance at which the line of sight and line of departure coincide(the fire trench on a Barrack range is ideal). The procedure is as follows:

a. Carry out normal safety precautions; remove the sling.

b. Examine the Sights for damage and ensure that there is no “play” and that the retaining screws are serviceable.

c. Remove the TMH and recoil/carrier assembly.

d. Set the sight to 300 metres.

e. Before any adjustments are made to the SUSAT, both lock nuts must be slackened.



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3-10

Fig 3-7. – SUSAT Boresighting Alignment

Zeroing the Rifle with SUSAT Fitted (If required to be inserted into Lesson 14) CZP

Sight Setting Range CZP

SUSAT 300 25 metres

100 metres

22 mm below

90 mm above

3-30. Confirm by questions. 3-31. Sight Adjustment. Explain and Demonstrate, cadets using their own

weapons: The sights of the weapon are adjustable for elevation and for direction as previously taught. Each graduation (click) of the sight (both elevation and direction) coincides with a movement of the fall of shot as follows:

a. 25m. 13mm.

b. 100m. 50mm

3-32. Confirm by practice. Plot a group, the squad to work out the MPI and make adjustments to their own sights. Zeroing Ranges 3-33. Explain. When zeroing at 25 and 100 metres the number of rounds and groups are as per the iron sight, however when zeroing at 25 metres using the zeroing chart it is important that the SUSAT zeroing chart is selected. (See Fig 3-8)


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3-11 Permissible Variation (PV)

3-34. Explain: PV is measured and calculated identically to the iron sight. 3.35. Confirm by questions

Fig 3-8 SUSAT 25 Metre Zeroing Chart

CZP 22 mm below POA

SUSAT Only: For clarity, POA is

bottom centre of diamond


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3-12

SECTION 2. - EXAMINATION OF THE GP RIFLE

GENERAL

3-36. All instructors must know how to examine the GP Rifle and LSW in order to check efficiently that it is being kept fit for use. This examination should be carried out weekly.

3-37. The Barrel (Weapon Stripped). View the bore from both chamber and muzzle. Look for rust, fouling, cuts, pitting or bulges:

a. Rust will appear as a dark patch, and will also show on the flannelette when the barrel is pulled through.

b. A cut will appear as a dark hair line running up the bore.

c. A bulge will appear as a dark ring.

d. Metallic fouling will appear as streaks or patches and can often be removed using a wire bore brush.

e. Pitting is invariably a result of previous rusting in the bore. It will appear as irregularly shaped dark marks and will not respond to cleaning.

3-38. The Body. Examine the body casing, checking for cracks, dents or distortion. Check the following components:

a. Retention of the rear locking pin.

b. The cheek pad is securely attached.

c. The sight rail is secure, undamaged and will allow the optical or iron sight to be easily fitted.

3-39. The Breech Mechanism. Carefully check the mechanism for any of the following:

a. Cracks in the area of the locking splines and the cam stud hole in the bolt.

b. Damage to the extractor claw and the ejector. Always ensure that the axis pins are not proud when assembled.

c. Damage or fracturing of the firing pin and cam stud.

d. Distortion of the recoil rods.


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3-13 3-40. The Gas System.

a. Use the reamer of the combination tool to remove all traces of carbon fouling from the gas block, gas cylinder and gas plug.

b. Check the components for damage or wear as follows:

(1) The gas plug is not burred or chipped.

(2) The cylinder always slides easily over the complete length of the gas plug.

(3) The plunger in the gas plug operates freely.

(4) The piston rod and its spring are free from any distortion and fractures.

3-41. The Trigger Mechanism Housing.

a. Examine the trigger mechanism housing for any distortion, cracks and dents.

b. Check the following components and ensure that they operate freely:

(1) The pistol grip is not loose or cracked.

(2) The butt plate is secure and undamaged.

(3) The safety catch moves freely and is retained in the Safe (S) and Fire (F) positions.

(4) Retention of the front locking pin.

3-42. The Iron Sights. The Iron Sights should be securely attached to the weapon and the retaining screws checked for tightness. 3-43. The Hand Guard. Check that the hand guard is secure and free from splits or damage. The plastic shield is to be secure on the cover. The nibs of the cover should retain it firmly in the closed position. 3-44. Final Examination Cadet GP Rifle. With the weapon assembled, check the following:

a. Close the dust cover and cock the weapon; the cover should open sharply and remain in its fully open position.

b. Set the safety catch to Safe (S). Press the trigger and ensure that the

hammer remains cocked.


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3-14 c. Set the safety catch to Fire (F), operate the trigger and ensure that

the hammer moves forward. Hold the trigger pressed and re-cock the mechanism, allow the mechanism forward slowly and ensure that the hammer remains cocked. Release the trigger, there should be an audible click as the hammer moves slightly to engage the sear.

3-45. The optical sight (SUSAT), is secured on its mounting bracket. The sight

and bracket should be free from any obvious signs of damage; in particular, the following should be checked:

a. The pointer or graticule should be perfectly vertical.

b. The ‘sight picture’ should always be clear and sharp with no signs of internal misting.

c. The front and rear lens should be secure and free from damage.

d. The range drum of the sight bracket should always move freely

over its full range.

3-46. Defects. Where any defects or damage is noted as a result of the examination, the weapon should be passed to an armourer for repair at the earliest opportunity.


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3-15 SECTION 3. - COACHING

Introduction

3-47. The art of coaching is to give advice when needed; to endeavour to spot and correct faults as early as possible; to encourage cadets and whenever possible, to gain further experience in order to improve own coaching standards. This section is in two parts, Part 1 deals with general coaching techniques and Part 2 with LSW coaching. 3-48. The Shooting Officer is responsible to their Commanding Officer for the planning and coordination of shooting standards to meet the standards laid down in the Cadet Shooting Syllabus. 3-49. Good coaching is an essential part of shooting training and the standard achieved by the detachment will, to a large extent, depend upon the experience and skill of the coaches. The Qualities of the Coach

3-50. To improve the cadet’s standards, the coach must have the ability to put their points across in a convincing and easily understood manner and must therefore be a good instructor. 3-51. Other essential qualities in a good coach are:

a. Personal shooting ability. b. Enthusiasm. c. A sound knowledge of shooting. d. Patience.

3-52. These qualities are of equal importance. A deficiency in any one will be reflected in the coach's performance and the results which they achieve. Training Objectives 3-53. Before the training of the unit coach can be planned, the training objectives must be defined. This can only be done by considering the aim of coaching and determining what is required of the coach to enable them to achieve it. These training objectives are:

a. To understand the cadet shooting syllabus on shooting training and the stages of training cadets. b. To know the marksmanship principles and have the ability to spot and correct faults in their application.


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3-16 PART 1 - COACHING TECHNIQUES

3-54. Every officer, WO and CFAV must know how to coach and this subject should be given high priority during training. Supervising officers should always insist on good coaching to ensure that the cadets are given every opportunity to improve their shooting capability. Bad coaching, in addition to causing poor results, destroys the desire to become a good shot. 3-55. From the basic lesson stage to the time they fire the shooting assessment, cadets are entitled to expert coaching every time they fire a weapon unless the conditions of the shoot exclude it.

3-56. Skill at Arms training is progressive and the type of firing and coaching at each stage is specifically designed to confirm satisfactory progress and the confidence of the cadet. The cadet who knows that they are improving will have the desire to make even further progress. Enhancing Shooting Training.

3-57. Shooting training can be enhanced by the use of the following:

a. DCCT. The DCCT is an integral part of LFMT and a valuable aid to coaching. Its use should be fully exploited to assist in identifying faults in firers and any remedial training.

b. Dry Shooting. Dry shooting training is a simple and effective way of strengthening the upper body. The firing of twenty ‘dry’ shots daily takes no more than five minutes, and can be conducted anywhere using a suitable aiming mark. Provided it is carried out on a regular basis, it will pay dividends out of all proportion to the time and effort involved.

The Coach

3-58. The expert coach will have a thorough knowledge and understanding of the following:

a. All the basic lessons and the principles of marksmanship.

b. The capabilities of the rifle and the ammunition which are:

(1) Before initial issue to the service all rifles must pass a test of their grouping capacity. The rifle is fired from a mechanical rest at a range of 30 metres. Five rounds are fired and must form a group of 36mm or less. (2) If having failed the initial test the group was less than 48mm the rifle can be re-tested. The average of the first and second group is taken if the average is less than 36 mm the weapon will pass the test.


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3-17

(3) Even from a mechanical rest a rifle cannot put all its shots through the same hole; they strike, forming a pattern which is called a group. The capacity of the rifle and the ammunition determines the size of the group.

(4) When the rifle is fired from an individual’s shoulder the group is generally larger than when fired from a rest, how large it is depends on how well the individual applies the marksmanship principles. The size of the group is the capacity, which is therefore, a combination of the rifle, the ammunition and the cadet. The type and design of the sights affect the cadet’s ability to apply the alignment and aiming principle.

c. The theory of a group (see Fig 3-9): Once a coach knows the cadet’s

grouping capacity at 100 metres, they can decide the smallest area that, in theory, should contain this cadet’s well aimed and fired shots at any other range; the size of the group will increase or decrease in direct proportion to the range. At 200 metres it is twice the size, at 300 metres three times, and at 25 metres one quarter the size.

d. The causes of bad shooting.

e. How to get the best out of the cadet.

Fig 3-9 Theory of a Group


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3-18 Coaching During Grouping Practices

3-59. During Grouping Practices at 25 metres it is preferable if the coach has binoculars to assist in the plotting of shot arrival.

3-60. It must not be assumed that every cadet makes all the faults every time. If in doubt, do not invent a fault even though a bad shot has been fired. Watch the next shots until it is possible to discover where the true fault lies. 3-61. Procedure for Coaching Before Firing.

a. Ensure that binoculars are to hand and that cadet’s personal shooting record cards (AF B6994A) and pencils are available.

b. Check that the cadet fully understands what they have to do and the type of practice they are going to fire.

c. Check that they test and adjust their position correctly onto their own target.

d. Kneel on the open side in the four o’clock position, 2 metres from the weapon, keeping the head above the path of the ejected empty cases. Ensure the firers face and their right hand can be seen (lie on the left side for coaching Rimfire practices).

3-62. Procedure for Coaching During Firing.

a. Watch the cadet during each shot that is fired to see if any errors are made and note any observations on the cadet’s record card.

b. After each shot discuss, with the cadet their aim at the moment of firing and the action of the rifle during recoil.

c. Always ensure that the cadet rests between shots with the safety catch applied.

d. Do not over-coach, let the cadet concentrate on the principles they are trying to apply.

e. In addition to all the faults mentioned earlier, a common fault during early stages of shooting is to stay on aim too long. Insist that the shot is fired within six seconds of breathing being restrained. If it is not, tell the cadet to rest. Holding the breath too long affects the cadet’s ability to concentrate. The image of the aim also imprints itself on the eye after a few seconds and takes time to clear before a true clear picture is seen again. This can be proved by looking at a bright light when, for a few seconds after looking away, the image can still be seen.


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3-19 3-63. Procedure for Coaching After Firing.

a. When firing is completed examine the target with the cadet.

b. Always compare the declarations made by the cadet as each of the shots was fired with the order of arrival of shots on the target.

c. Check the size of the cadets group, or, if more than one group has been fired, determine the average size of the groups.

d. Check the position of the MPI to determine whether adjustments are needed to the rifle.

e. Check whether or not the pattern indicates any faults are being made by the cadet, or in the rifle. If in doubt, test the rifle by using a known good shot.

f. Make every effort to encourage the cadet.

3-64. Consideration. These procedures are not drills but are points that should be considered by the coach. After consideration the coach should discuss essential points with the cadet that will lead to improvement in their shooting.

Rifle Grouping Standards

3-65. The grouping standards the cadet should achieve before firing application of fire practices are laid down in the cadet shooting syllabus. Applying Fire at Longer Ranges

3-66. The coach’s role during Application of Fire practices is to ensure that the cadet correctly applies their group to the target, which by so doing, achieves the best results. At the same time the coach should instruct the cadet on the principles of application enabling them to apply them when they shoot unaided. Coaching Elementary Application of Fire

3-67. In a deliberate practice the cadet applies their group to the centre of the target and their grouping capacity determines their Expected Scoring Area (ESA) (see Fig 3-10), e.g. if the cadets grouping capacity is 200 mm at 100 metres, their

ESA at 200 metres is 400 mm circle with its centre in the middle of the target; if all their shots are fired correctly they should all be contained within a cadet figure target. 3-68. It must be appreciated that a single shot fired at a target will fall in a position related to where it would have fallen if it had been one of a series forming a group. If a shot falls within the cadets ESA (even if it misses the target) no adjustment is needed.


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3-20 Five shots (ie a group) are fired before any alteration is made to the POA. This will enable the firer to accurately shift the POA of the MPI of the group onto the centre of the target and prevents ‘chasing the error’.

Fig 3-10 ESA of 200 mm Group at Longer Ranges

3-69. Some of the common factors that can affect the application of fire are listed below. All are referred to in the appropriate lessons or sections of this pamphlet:

a. Inefficient zero.

b. Wind.

c. Light.

d. Firing position.

e. Position support.

f. Wet/oily ammunition or chamber.

3-70. Procedure for Coaching Before Firing (Elementary Application). The before firing procedures follow almost exactly that of the grouping practice, with the following additions:

a. When assessing the cadet’s standard, the group from previous ranges is determined then plotted on the diagram in the record card and discussed with the cadet.


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3-21

b. When confirming the firers POA, any wind effect is considered and discussed with the cadet. The selected POA is drawn on the diagram in the record card. c. Discuss their ESA, ie the size of the group that the firer is expected to achieve relative to the range they are firing at (theory of a group). This should be over the centre of the target.

3-71. Procedure for Coaching During Firing (Elementary Application). The

during firing procedures follow that of the grouping practice. On completion of firing the five round group the target is lowered and spotting discs are placed in the five shot holes, the target is then raised.

3-72. Procedure for Coaching After Firing (Elementary Application). In the

summary the coach brings out any points which affected the shoot. From the group being displayed the MPI is located and the firer can determine whether or not they need to alter their POA for the next group. Encouragement and ensures the cadet understands why they may have to select a POA other than the centre of the target in similar conditions in the future (see Fig 3-11 a, b and c).


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3-22

Fig 3-11(a) ESA and POA at 300 Metres

Fig 3-11(b) MPI of First 5 Rounds and New POA

Fig 3-11(c) MPI After Second 5 Rounds


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3-23 Coaching During Advanced Application of Fire

3-73. Owing to the absence of the witness screen it is difficult for the coach to pin point shots which have missed the target. The coach must try to obtain this information for himself, by positioning himself behind the cadet at a point from which they can observe. There are four aids they can make use of when observing:

a. Swirl. (See Fig 3-12) When the bullet passes through the air, air is

displaced and a swirling effect is seen. Swirl is seen at the culminating point of the trajectory, which with the rifle is approximately two-thirds of the distance to the target and approximately 200 mm above the line of sight at 300 m. It follows therefore, that if a bullet is to hit the centre of a Figure 11 target, swirl will appear at about face level. To see swirl accurately; the coach must look along, and slightly above, the line of the barrel from a position directly behind the cadet. The coach needs to consider the following when observing swirl:

(1) Swirl is difficult to see at short ranges.

(2) Swirl is difficult to see in inclement weather conditions.

(3) The effect of wind will cause lateral displacement from where swirl is seen and the bullet hits the target.

Fig 3-12 Swirl

b. Strike. This can be seen on the stop butt of a gallery range or on the ground of an ETR. The coach needs to consider the following when observing strike:


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3-24 (1) A bullet may ricochet when hitting the target, especially on gallery ranges when targets are supported by a central stick, thus displacing the strike.

(2) The coach is to be directly behind the firer in a direct line with the rifle and target or the firers strike may be seen to miss due to the angle of observation.

(3) Due to the curved trajectory of the bullets flight, the distance the bullet travels having hit the target before striking the ground. This may give the impression of a shot fired low.

c. The Small Arms Range Target System (SARTs).

Coaching During Rapid Practices

3-74. Time is against the coach; therefore they have to think quickly and is unable to discuss what is happening with their cadet. To coach a rapid practice properly:

a. Binoculars are essential.

b. The coach must be directly behind the cadet.

c. Coaching must be very brief, to the point, and given as an order e.g. “Go slightly right - on”. The form of orders and their meaning must be

discussed before the shoot begins. Coaching using DCCT as an Aid

3-75. The use of the DCCT analysis tools does not replace any procedure or aspect of coaching already known by the Coach. It must be used by the Coach to confirm faults or qualities of shots fired and as a measure of the firer’s consistency. 3-76. Procedure for Coaching Before Firing (DCCT).

a. Prior to the first use of DCCT, explain the Trace and Profile displays:

(1) Trace. This displays a line on the target. This represents the

path of the weapons muzzle across the target. The line is displayed in three colours that represent the POA as follows: Green - 5 seconds before the shot, (showing the hold and aim) purple - 0.2 seconds before the shot (breathing control) blue - 2 seconds after the shot (release and follow through) (see Fig 3-13).

Note: The Profile box colour scheme is not used for coaching but it may indicate the consistency of a number of shots. It is the means of navigating to other profile tools.


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3-25

(2) Profile. Displays graphs of Cant, Trigger Squeeze and Butt Pres- sure made during each shot. Each feature includes a seven-second window of time: five seconds before the shot, and two seconds after the shot is made. The Barrel Movement display, measures the barrel movement for two seconds before the shot is fired.

(3) Cant. The green area indicates an area which ideally the red line would pass through, above or below would suggest too much cant left or right. (see Fig 3-14).

(4) Trigger Squeeze. The red area represents half the force required to fire a shot. The green line shows the actual trigger squeeze (see Fig 3-15).

(5) Butt Pressure. The green area is the recommended level of pressure that should be applied to the butt, above or below would suggest too much or to little presure. The red line is the actual pressure (see Fig 3-16).

(6) Profile Barrel Movement. The green line shows movement for 2 seconds. The centre of the purple circle represents the centre of the mean average of movement (see Fig 3-17).

b. The before firing procedures are as previously taught for grouping or Elementary Application of Fire practices.

c. The cant and butt pressure displays maybe used before firing to confirm correct elements of position and hold.

3-77. Procedure for Coaching During Firing (DCCT).

a. The during firing procedures for Grouping and Elementary Application of Fire practices, are as previously taught.

b. It is essential that the coach watches the firing of each shot. To avoid distraction the feedback should be switched off.

3-78. Procedure for Coaching After Firing (DCCT).

a. The after firing procedures follow, almost exactly that of the grouping or Elementary Application of Fire practices, the displays and analysis tools should be used as follows:

(1) Compare the firer’s declaration and coaches observations with the shots displayed at the end of Reply. (2) Check the size of group and MPI.


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3-26

(3) Check whether or not the pattern or coaches observations indicates any faults and where appropriate use the trace and profile tools guide to confirm and explain these to the firer.

(4) Make every effort to encourage the cadet.

Trace and Profile Tools Guide

3-79. Position and Hold.

a. Before Firing.

(1) Cant: A cant left or right may not be a fault if it is consistent (see Fig 3-14).

(2) Butt Pressure (see Fig 3-16).

3-80. Test & Adjust.

a. Barrel Movement: Trace and Profile.

(1) Profile. The position of the purple circle may indicate incorrect alignment (see Fig 3-17).

(2) Trace. The Green line not moving up and down on the target may also indicate incorrect alignment (see Fig 3-17).

3-81. Movement of the Position: (Flinching). Trace. On completion of a practice view the trace of shot No.1 and continue to view the trace of shots until a pattern has been identified. Shots that do not follow the pattern indicate a fault and lack of consistency. 3-82. Trigger Operation and Follow Through. Trigger Squeeze: The green line passing through the red area indicates a snatch. The green line dropping away sharply after the shot indicates no follow through (see Fig 4-5). Coaching During Rapid Practices (DCCT)

3-83. Coaching during a rapid practice is as previously taught. Group Coach System

3-84. It would be ideal to have one coach per cadet but this is often not possible. To overcome this problem, cadets of different standards should be grouped with one coach, e.g., a 75 mm grouper, a 100 mm grouper and a 150 mm grouper. The cadets should be instructed to stop firing and raise their hands if they miss with a given number of consecutive shots e.g. one shot for the 75 mm grouper, or two shots for the 100 mm and 150 mm groupers. This method permits the coach to concentrate more of their help on the weakest cadets of the group.


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3-27 Summary

3-85. The technique of coaching has no fixed rules, only guiding principles. A coach must understand that grouping is the foundation of shooting and must know where each bullet has gone. Good coaching eliminates many bad shots but bad coaching can achieve just the opposite. Coaching is never complete until the cadet is able to shoot well by himself. Correct assessment of the cadet’s ESA is the foundation of good coaching.

Fig 3-13 Trace

Fig 3-14 Cant

Correct Too much, either left or right


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3-28

Fig 3-15 Trigger Squeeze

Fig 3-16 Butt Pressure

Fig 3-17 – Barrel Movement

Correct Snatched and no follow through

Correct Either too much or

too little

Acceptable barrel

movement

Incorrect erratic barrel

movement


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3-29

Fault Finding

3-86. The first step is to apply the tests to find out what the cadet is doing wrong before it can be put right. Usually the fault will come under one of the following headings:

a. Position and hold.

b. Aiming.

c. Trigger operation.

d. Follow through.

e. Flinching. 3-87. The instructor should check each cadet aims and fires several ‘dry shots’. Watch for the following points:

a. The General steadiness of the weapon in the few seconds immediately before the trigger operation; lack of this will indicate a poor position and/or hold.

b. A good aim spoiled by any movement at the moment of firing indicates faulty trigger operation (this is less obvious with SUSAT).

c. Allowing the rifle to move off aim immediately after the trigger is operated indicates that the cadet does not understand properly the meaning of the term ‘follow through’ and its necessity.

3-88. When using iron sights some inconsistent aiming is best tested by the use of the ‘aiming’ group:

a. Either securely rest the weapon on to sandbags or rest with the sights pointing at a sheet of paper about 0.3 m square pinned to the wall. The distance from muzzle to paper should be 4 metres and not less than 3 metres. The cadet looks through the sights and directs the instructor to move a small spotting disc or a representative target held flat against the paper until a correct aim is seen through the sights.

b. The instructor marks the paper by pricking it with a pin through the hole in the small spotting disc (the pinprick must not be visible to the cadet). This is repeated with the instructor placing the small spotting disc on a different part of the paper to start. This should be continued until an ‘aim group’ of five pinpricks has been produced. At a range of 4 metres the ‘aim group’ should not be larger than 7mm. If this standard is not achieved further instruction in aiming is necessary.


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3-30 3-89. The foregoing tests may have revealed the fault, or faults which prevent the cadet from shooting well; the next step is to give the extra instruction to remedy them. The instructor should expect a more consistent result when this test is carried out using SUSAT. Position and Hold 3-90. Position. Explain and demonstrate the following points of position and hold:

a. Body is to be slightly oblique to the line of fire. A balance should be achieved between the angle needed for the cadet’s left hand to hold the hand guard well forward of the magazine and at the same time the eye should be 25mm or more from the back sight or when using SUSAT the adjustments detailed in the rifle lessons.

b. If the cadet appears to be more comfortable as well as feeling more stable with the right leg drawn up slightly this should be encouraged.

c. If the cadet has unusually short arms it may be impossible for them to move the left hand as far forward as is desirable; this makes holding the rifle steady more difficult. The further forward the left hand can be placed without undue strain, the steadier the rifle will be.

3-91. Holding. The hold with the left hand must be with the whole hand and not just the thumb and forefinger. To demonstrate this, open the hand so that the rifle rests across the palm, then close the fingers and thumb around the hand guard. The left wrist should be kept as straight as possible and the heal of the left hand:

a. If the tips of the fingers intrude onto the line of sight, angle the fingers slightly to the rear but do not allow any part of the palm of the hand to break contact with the hand guard.

b. It is important that the left hand should not consciously be used to pull the weapon back into the shoulder, it should hold firmly and steadily, supporting the front end of the rifle to prevent it moving.

c. The right hand must pull the pistol grip firmly back towards the shoulder. The grip with the thumb and last three fingers must be as tight as it is possible to be without causing the hand to tremble.

3-92. Testing Position and Hold. Retest the cadet by firing dry shots at a small spotting disc or representative target.

a. When the cadet has fired one or two shots tell him/her to rest the weapon without moving their elbows or changing their hold on the rifle.

b. Tell them to close their eyes and, keeping them closed to bring the weapon into the shoulder.


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3-31

c. When they are settled, tell him/her to open the eyes to see where the sights are pointing. They should be very near to the target - if they are not then they must move the body and retest until the position is such that they can (almost) point the weapon at the target with the eyes closed.

d. Explain that this drill should be completed whenever possible on the range.

Aiming

3-93. If the cadet is unable to aim consistently give the following instruction before retesting using the ‘aim group’ method:

a. Ask the cadet to close their left eye and to look at an object about 20 metres or more away. Tell him/her to extend the right arm and bring up their thumb until it is pointing to a spot just below the distant object. Point out that if they can still see the object clearly, then the thumb will appear blurred; if they look at the thumb to see that clearly, the object will be blurred. It is not possible for both to be clearly in focus. Explain that the same applies to the foresight and target and that the cadet must ensure that when they fire, the foresight is clear and the target slightly blurred.

b. Retest on the ‘aim group’ method.

c. If the cadet is still not able to aim consistently, it may be that they are not looking through the centre of the back sight aperture.

d. Get the cadet to aim another group, however this time tell them that they are to concentrate on the distance that the eye is from the back sight, it should be not less than 50 mm or when using SUSAT the adjustments detailed in Lesson 5 and is always the same. They must ensure that the cheek is always in the same position and finally, double check that the tip of the foresight is in the centre of the aperture before the instructor marks the position of the ‘shot’.

Trigger Operation and Follow Through

3-94. Failing to ‘follow through’ after operating the trigger is a common fault which is often combined with the tendency to close the eyes at the instant that the shot is fired, and up to a point, with flinching. To remedy these faults:

a. The first step is to get the cadet to describe what happens to the foresight after the shot is fired. During initial shooting training the cadet is taught to declare where the sights were pointing at the instant of firing. Now get him/her to declare what happened to the sights after the shot was fired.


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3-32 b. Once it has been established which way the weapon is moving, and is able to describe this movement after every shot, they have gone some way towards following through. c. It will be noticed when firing live rounds that, if the cadet declares that the rifle moved in the normal way seven times and that it behaved differently twice, those two shots will be wide of the group - they must normally be so because for the weapon to behave differently the cadet could not have been doing exactly the same thing and the essence of grouping is to do the same thing every time.

d. If the firer follows the above drill properly, it will of course prevent him /her from closing the eyes at the moment of firing.

Flinching

3-95. Movement of the cadet in anticipation of the recoil of the weapon is a common cause of bad shooting.

a. To help the firers, the good coach, who at any time sees that a cadet has miscounted their rounds, or has a stoppage or for any other reason is unaware that the next time they operate the trigger a round will not be fired, should never tell the cadet. They should use this opportunity to see and to bring home to the cadet the fact that they are flinching if seen.

b. If all the foregoing hints and tips fail to uncover the cadet’s faults and they still cannot obtain reasonable result, it is fairly certain that they are flinching as they fire.

Advanced Marksmanship Training

3-96. The amount of time that a Unit is able to devote to shooting training throughout the year very often precludes the possibility of it ever becoming dull and repetitive. Nevertheless, the requirement for regular shooting practice throughout the year demands that Shooting Officers consider the problem of maintaining interest in shooting and in particular to the motivation of cadets who have difficulty in achieving satisfactory results. Advanced marksmanship training is a training aid which can help instructors to overcome the problem. 3-97. Definition. Advanced marksmanship training is a term used to describe a form of marksmanship training which, by nature of its novelty and by the ingenuity of the organizer, promotes and maintains interest. It can be used at any stage of training and should be related to the potential performance of the cadet and to the standard of shooting already achieved.


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3-33 3-98. It should incorporate one or more of the following main shooting skills:

a. The ability to group tightly.

b. The ability to apply fire at all distances.

c. The ability to react quickly to an opportunity target. 3-99. Advanced marksmanship training can be conducted on all types of ranges but will usually be organized on 25m and indoor ranges because of their convenience. Whatever type of range is used the safety rules in Pamphlet Cadet Training Ranges and the Range Orders must be observed. 3-100 - 3-110 Reserved


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3-34 SECTION 4. - THE BLANK FIRING SYSTEM

General

3-111. The Blank Firing System is designed to enable the weapon to function normally and safely when blank ammunition is used. The system consists of:

a. A Blank Firing Attachment (BFA) incorporating a bullet trap.

b. A specially designed blank magazine. Description

3-112. The blank firing system consists of the following:

a. BFA (see Fig 3-18). The body of the BFA partially surrounds the

flash eliminator with its claw like rear engaging behind the flash eliminator. The BFA body is threaded to receive the tube which fits into the Rifle and LSW muzzle. The tube is a bullet trap designed to capture up to three live rounds accidentally fired through the Rifle and LSW. There are different tubes for the Rifle and LSW. There are four different BFA’s. They are marked on the bullet trap with the appropriate weapon type. The correct BFA must be used or stoppages will occur.

Fig 3-18 The Blank Firing Attachment (BFA)

b. Magazine (see Fig 3-19). The body of the magazine is the same

size and shape as the normal magazine. It can be stripped in exactly the same way. The guides on the magazine body are coloured yellow to assist with identification. Fitted to the front of the magazine is a yellow detent depressor. Above this a detent guide is cut into the body with a detent set into it. This is attached to a round limiter which is situated in front of the magazine platform. The platform and spring are particular to this magazine. No attempt must be made to fit a normal platform and spring to this magazine. No attempt must be made to remove the round limiter or its components.


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3-35

Fig 3-19 The Blank Magazine

Fitting and Removing the BFA

3-113. To fit the BFA:

a. Ensure that the weapon is unloaded.

b. Unscrew the tube sufficiently, which will then enable the body of the BFA to fit over the flash eliminator.

c. Position the BFA over the flash eliminator, insert the tube into the eliminator and then engage the claw of the BFA body onto the rear of the eliminator. Ensure that the sides of the body are located at the 3 and 9 o’clock position.

d. Holding the BFA in position, tighten the tube by rotating it clockwise until it is firmly seated.

e. Using the combination tool tighten the tube by turning the nut that is attached to the top of the bullet trap. Do not over tighten.


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3-36 3-114. To remove the BFA

a. Ensure that the weapon is unloaded.

b. Reverse the procedure detailed in paragraph 04106.

Cleaning and Maintenance

3-115. It is important that the BFA and magazines are correctly cleaned and maintained to ensure their serviceability.

a. When the system is not in use, the attachment must always be kept clean and oiled to prevent rust forming on the uncoated metal parts. b. Before any blank firing, ensure the attachment is to be thoroughly dry cleaned and checked to ensure that it is fitted securely. c. After any blank firing, all fouling within reach, both inside and outside the attachment, is to be removed. Abrasive materials such as Scotchbrite is not be used as it will remove the protective coating on the BFA. The attachment should then be inspected and oiled. d. The magazine is to be cleaned and then inspected as for the normal magazine with the following additions:

(1) Under no circumstances should any attempt should be made to remove the round limiter or spring when stripping. (2) Inspect the detent, the detent guide and detent depressor for damage. (3) Check that the round limiter is not bent or damaged. (4) You are to ensure that the round limiter moves up and down freely by pushing in the detent and at the same time pushing down on the detent depressor. The round limiter should move up and down freely. (5) If the magazines are damaged in any way they should not be used but returned to the Armourer for remedial action.

Use

3-116. The following points are to be noted:

a. The magazine is to be filled in the normal way. The round limiter will stop the accidental filling with live rounds. Under no circumstances is the round limiter to be depressed when filling the magazine.


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3-37

b. The gas plug is to be set to normal ‘N’. This should ensure the

ejection approximates in length to that obtained by the ejected case of a normal ball round. c. Handling drills are as taught in rifle lessons. d. The rapid rates of fire applicable to the Rifle and LSW must never to be exceeded. e. The BFA should be frequently checked for correct, tight fitting during use. f. Weapons are not to be tampered with or modified in any way. g. Serviceable issued hearing protection must be worn by all cadets and CFAVs when firing blank ammunition, and by all other personnel in close proximity to the firer.

Safety

3-117. The following safety points are applicable when firing blank ammunition:

a. A BFA MUST be fitted and the blank magazine must used when firing blank ammunition. b. A danger area of one metre exists in a semi-circle from the muzzle of the weapon when firing blank (see Fig 4-14). The weapon is never to

be pointed directly at anyone within one metre. c. Great care is to be taken during any type of training in which any personnel may unexpectedly appear close to the firer. d. Ear defence is mandatory for all firers, supervisors and others in close vicinity of the firing point or area. e. The attachments are only to be used when firing with blank ammunition. The nose of this ammunition is crimped and usually sealed with varnish, but in other respects the rounds are of the same shape and length as ball ammunition. These facts must be emphasized by Officers and CFAV in charge of training whenever blank ammunition is used. All users must become familiar with the difference between blank and ball ammunition. f. Under no circumstances are ballistite cartridges to be used instead of blank ammunition.


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3-38 3-118. Further rules for use of the BFA can be found in, Cadet Training - Ranges, Regulations for Cadets Training with Cadet Weapon Systems and Pyrotechnics.

Fig 3-20 Danger Area with BFA Fitted


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Intentionally Blank


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4-1

Chapter 4

WEAPON HANDLING TEST (WHT)

General

4-01. Purpose. The purpose of WHTs is to provide a measure of personal

weapon handling skill throughout the Cadet Forces in line with the appropriate poolicy. Mandatory testing ensures that handling skills of all personnel are monitored accurately and rectified if necessary.

4-02. Testing and Results. All tests are to be carried out in daylight and conducted by a qualified, competent Skill at Arms Instructor. Standards are to be measured and WHTs taken as follows:

a. At appropriate stages during the relevant training, where applicable, and on its completion.

b. Within six months prior to live or blank firing the weapon.

c. Within six months prior to conducting or supervising any training involving the weapon. d. Prior to attending any Range Management Qualification, Exercise Planning and Conducting Officer or Skill at Arms Instructor Courses.

4-03. Results. Results are to be recorded in the appropriate unit personal record, also on WESTMINBSTER and BADER.

4-04. Progression of Training. Prior to taking WHTs personnel are to have completed the appropriate lessons and practice periods in accordance with this pamphlet.

4-05. Conduct WHTs are to be conducted as follows:

a. NSPs are to be carried out by the instructor on all weapons and drill ammunition prior to any WHT taking place. Tests are to be

completed consecutively and are to be carried out using drill ammunition. Tests are to be conducted by a current and competent Skill at Arms (SAA) Instructor.

b. The ideal ratio of assessor to student should be 1:1. At most a SAA Instructor may assess 2 students at once; in this case the students must not be allowed to see each other.


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4-2

4-06. Definition of Standards The standards to be achieved are as follows:

a. Pass - Pass in all tests.

b. Fail - Fail in any test.

4-07. Training Performance Standards. Personnel are considered competent on achieving the pass standard. Failure to meet the pass standard indicates that they are not competent in the use of the weapon. Retesting is to be carried out after completion of remedial training. Providing the retest is conducted within the training session then only those test(s) that an individual has failed need be retested.


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4-3

WHTs L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle

Test No

Subject Stores Conditions Marking

1 Safety Rifle with sling fitted, unloaded, safety catch at ‘F’ weapon lying on the ground.

1. Order the Cadet or CFAV to ‘take control of the weapon’, without further direction the Cadet or CFAV is to take control of the weapon and carry out NSPs. 2. Order the Cadet or CFAV to hand over the weapon. The Cadet or CFAV is to point the muzzle in a safe direction and carry out NSPs before handing over their weapon to the instructor.

1. Standard: Pass – 1 mistake Fail – More than 1 mistake. 2. Award no qualification of any mistake affects safety.

2 Stripping, Cleaning

and Assembling

Rifle with sling fitted, unloaded, cleaning kit (with combination tool out), flannelette and oil.

1. Order the Cadet or CFAV to strip the rifle for daily cleaning. Ask the following questions: a. What size flannelette is used to clean the barrel? b. What size flannelette is used to oil the barrel? c. Show how you would remove fouling or debris from the chamber. d. Show how you would examine the barrel for cleanliness. e. When should magazines be stripped? 2. Order the Cadet or CFAV to indicate the parts of the combination tool that are used to clean the gas plug. 3. Order the Cadet or CFAV to ‘Assemble the rifle and carry out the function test’. The Cadet or CFAV without further direction is to carry out the drills ordered.

1. Standard: Pass – 1 or 2 mistakes. Fail – More than 2 mistakes. 2. Award no qualification if any mistake affects safety.


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4-4

Test No Subject Stores Conditions Marking

3 Magazine Filling

Magazine with 10 loose drill rounds. Instructors Note: All ammunition is to be removed from the magazine and a magazine fitted with a penny depressor is to be used for the remaining tests.

1. On the command ‘Go’ the Cadet or CFAV is to fill the magazine with 10 drill rounds by hand.

Standard: Pass – Correctly filled. Fail – Incorrectly filled. No Time Limit

4

Loading

Rifle with sling fitted, one magazine in pouch. Instructors Note: Load with a magazine fitted with a depressor.

1. Order ‘With a magazine fitted with a penny depressor load’. Pouches must be refastened. Instructors Note: Leave the weapon loaded for test 5.

1. The Cadet or CFAV is to be told that no time limit is imposed but all actions should be carried out quickly and correctly. Standard: Pass – 0-1 mistakes Fail – More than 1 mistake. Fail – If any mistake affects safety.

5

Ready

Drill

Rifle with sling fitted, loaded (from Test No.4), representative target.

1. Order ‘Down’. 2. Once the Cadet or CFAV has aligned onto the target order ‘Ready’. Instructors Note: The actions tested are those relating to the ready drill only.



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4-5

Test No


6 Making Safe Rifle with sling fitted, loaded and Ready (from Test No.5), representative target.

1. Order ‘With a magazine fitted with a penny depressor - make safe’. 2. The Cadet or CFAV is to unload as taught and then place on a fresh magazine.


7

Stoppages Immediate Action (IA)


1. Order ‘Ready’ then ‘Fire’. 2. Order ‘Rifle firing alright - rifle stops’. Cadet or CFAV is to carry out the IA drill, ‘Cocking Handle fully forward’. Cadet or CFAV is to tap forward on the cocking handle and continue firing. Order ‘Rifle fires alright, Stop’.



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4-6

Test No


8 IA and Loose

Magazine Drill

Rifle with sling fitted, loaded and ready (from Test No.7), representative target.

1. Order ‘Fire’ and then ‘Rifle firing alright - rifle stops’. Cadet or CFAV is to carry out the IA drill, ‘Cocking handle fully forward’. Cadet or CFAV is to tap forward on the cocking handle and continue firing. 2. Order ‘Rifle still fails to fire’. 3. On examination of the body and chamber order ‘Rounds in the magazine, chamber clear’. Allow the Cadet or CFAV to complete the drill and fire. 4. Order ‘Rifle fires alright’ ‘Stop’.


9

IA and

Obstruction Drill

Rifle with sling fitted, loaded and ready (from Test No.8), representative target.

1. Order ‘Fire’ and then ‘Rifle firing alright - rifle stops’. Cadet or CFAV is to carry out the IA drill, ‘Cocking handle NOT fully forward’. 2. On examination of the body and chamber order ‘Obstruction’. 3. When the Cadet or CFAV has removed the magazine and attempts to clear the obstruction order ‘Obstruction Clear’. 4. When the Cadet or CFAV has visually inspected the chamber order ‘Chamber Clear’. 5. The Cadet or CFAV is to complete the obstruction drill. Order ‘Rifle fires alright’, ‘Stop’.



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4-7

Test No


10 IA and Empty

Magazine Drill


1. Instruct the Cadet or CFAV to cock the weapon and apply the holding open catch, with the working parts held to the rear, order ‘Test and adjust - Fire’ then ‘Rifle firing alright, rifle stops’. 2. The Cadet or CFAV is to carry out the IA drill, order ‘Empty Magazine’. Cadet or CFAV is to carry out the drill for an empty magazine. 3. When the Cadet or CFAV has completed the drill and continues firing order ‘Rifle fires alright’ ‘Stop’.


11

Unloading

Rifle with sling fitted, loaded and ready.

1. Order ‘Unload’. 2. The test is not complete until the Cadet or CFAV has recovered the ejected round, replaced it in the magazine and fastened the pouch. 3. Order ‘Stand Up’.



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