The Kiln and Red Earthenware Pottery of the Jordan Pottery ...
Handbook of Marks on Pottery - Forgotten Books
236
Transcript of Handbook of Marks on Pottery - Forgotten Books
HANDBOOK OF MARKS ON POTTERY
AND PORCELAIN
MACM ILLAN AND CC ., L IM ITED
LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA 0 MADRASMELBOURNE
THE MACM I LLAN COMPANYNEW YORK c BOSTON 0 CH ICAGO
DALLAS SAN F RANC ISCO
THE MACM ILLAN CO. OF CANAD A , LTDTORON
'
I O
jib 9 v4 eh
HAND BOOK
MARKS ON POTTERY
PORCELAIN
W ! RURTON,M .A.
AUTHOR O F‘A HISTORY AND DESCRI PT ION OF ENG L ISH PORCELAIN ,
A HISTORY AND0 DESCRI PTION OF ENG LI SH EARTHENWARE AND STONEWARE, ’
‘PORCELAIN
,ITS MANUFACTURE,’ ETC .
AND
R. L . HOBSON,B.A.
AUTHOR OP THE GUIDE To, AND CATALOG U ES OR , THE POTTERY AND PORCELAININ THE BRITI SH M USEUM, PORCELAIN ORIENTAL, CONTINENTAL,
AND BRITISH,’ETC .
MACM I L LAN AND CO . ,L IM ITED
ST. MA RT IN’S STREET, LONDON
I NTRODUCTION
THE ardent col lector o f Pottery or Porcela i n , even when hehas l ong passed h i s “ novi t i ate,”c onstan t ly feel s the need of are l i ab le pocket vo lume c on ta i n i ng the au thent i c and i nd i spu tab lemarks of the pot tery and porcela i n o f the best “ co l lec tors’”
per i ods . I t has been ou r aim t o supply su ch a vo lume i n acondensed and prac t i ca l form . The on ly marks gi ven i n th i sbook are those wh i ch are beyond d i spu te. The arrangemen tis geograph i cal, the d ifferen t spec i es of ware be i ng separate l ytreated wherever prac t i cable ; but, by e laborate i nd i ces , readyreference has been prov ided to each mark , as we l l as to eachfactory . I n add i t i on
,a condensed accou n t of the i m portan t
produ c t i ons o f every cou n try prefaces each sec t i on of thework . The a im
,throughou t, has been to render th e work as
complete and se l f-con ta i ned as such a pocket manua l can be ;th ough , i n h i s st udy , the col lec tor w i l l nat u ral ly tu rn fo r fu l leri n format i on to the i m portan t h i st ories or monograph s, su chas those ment i oned i n the b ib l i ography .
I t has been assumed that the col lec tor is acqu ai nted wi ththe broad d i st i n c tion s of Simple Pot tery, Faience, Stoneware,and Porcelai n . The terms are u sed here i n a very defin i teway .
S IMPLE POTTERY i n c l u des al l the form s of earthenwarewhether made from wh i te or co l oured c lays, glazedw i th a transparen t lead glaze .
FA IENCE i n c l u des al l the forms of earthenware, coatedwi th t i n-enamel , such as Majolica, Delft, and theirrelated types .
POTTERY MARKS
STONEWARE i n cl u des the hard , v i trified and impermeab leki nds of earthenware, whether Rhen i sh , Engl i sh , orOriental .
PORCELA INS are the tran s l u cen t and (general ly) wh i teforms of pot tery .
The porcelains are c lass ified i n the cu stomary way,as
hard-paste or soft-paste. The hard-paste group inc l udes s u chwe l l-defined types as th e Ch i nese, Japanese, German, andmodern Con t i nental p orcela i ns . The soft-paste grou p i n cl u desal l th e porce la i n s in wh i ch the fired body i s d i st i n c t ly softerth an i n the former grou p. The soft-paste porce la i n s c ompri setwo d ist i n c t vari e t ies, wh i ch are of widel y d ifferen t val ue t oth e c ol lec tor.
A. The soft-paste glassy porcelains ( i n val uab le on accoun tOf thei r qual i ty an d rarity), s u ch as th ose made atF l orence (s i xteen th cen tu ry), Rouen (seventeen thcentu ry), and the early Fren ch and Engl i sh porce lains(e ighteenth centu ry)
B . The soft bone-paste p orcelai ns, su ch a s th e Engl i shporcel a i n s made i n the later e igh teen th and th roughout th e n i ne teen th cen tu ry.
So much atten t ion has been pai d t o marks that it may benecessary to state c learly the exac t val ue of a mark. Oth erth ings be ing equal , a marked example of any per i od i s m oreval uab le than an u nmarked one . But the mark al one mustnot be c on s i dered as the sole c r i terion of exce l len ce or evenmarket val u e . Un fort unately s i n ce factory or workmen
’smarks have become general , qu i te a large proport i on of p ieceshave been sen t ou t w i thou t any d i st i n c t i ve mark
,espec ial ly i n
byegone centu ries . Th i s has been the opport u n i ty of the
forger and “ faker,
”and the reader is earnest ly warned to beon h i s guard aga i nst the i r abom inable c leverness . The markswh i ch are most d iffi cu l t t o im i tate
,and are in that respect
m ost re l iable, are those wh i ch occu r u nder th e glaze ; as wasgeneral ly the case before th e e ighteen th cen tu ry . Du ring thee igh teenth cen tu ry there was a gradual i n trod uct i on o f markspain ted, pr i n ted, or s tenc i l l ed over the glaze, and th is practice
INTRODUCTION vii
has been i n creas i ngly fol l owed, wi th some except ions, to thepresen t day.The u n der-glaze marks are of two k i nd s (a) th ose stamped
or inc i sed i n th e b ody of the ware wh i le i t i s s t i l l soft . Theseare perhaps the most rel iab le of al l marks
,for once made i t i s
very d iffic u l t to remove or al ter th em . They may,however,
be so imperfec t ly formed, or have been so ob l i terated by theglaze as to be dec i phered w i th d iffi cu l ty. (é) Marks pai n tedu nder the glaze. Th i s is the mos t importan t class of marks
,
bei ng fou nd on Orien tal porce la in,Pers ian earthenware,
European faien ce, and nearly every k in d of Eu ropean pot teryan d porcela i n . Down to the end of the e ighteen th centu ry,pract ical ly al l u nder-glaze mark s were in bl ue (the most avai lab l e colou r), and it is onl y in the n i neteenth centu ry, as a ru le,that u nder-glaze marks i n black, p ink, or green are found .
Many of these later marks are pri n ted and not pai n ted . I nal l the o ld wares , where n ot otherw ise spec ified , it may betaken for gran ted that the mark i s pa i n ted i n bl ue .Wi t h the i n trod uc t i on o f over-glaze, or enamel , c ol ou rs and
g i ld i ng in the e ighteen th cen tu ry w e get an i ncreas i ng use ofmarks in the same s tyle . The fac t that these marks are
pai n ted over the glaze de trac ts great ly from their val ue, for‘ several reason s . Su ch marks are eas i ly added to any p iece ofpottery or porcelai n
,as they can be fi red at a temperatu re
t hat wi l l not ser i ou sly impai r the prev i ou s decorat i on .
Gen u ine over-glaze marks can be read i ly removed and a moreval uable mark subst i tu ted , so that they canno t be regarded i nthemse l ves as be i ng so safe and tru stworthy as those wh i choccu r u nder the gl aze .The marks themselves con si s t of fac tory names, or trade
marks as they are cal led nowadays,the s ignatu res of pot ters,
pai n ters,or g i l ders , wi th or w i thou t da tes and desc ri pt i ve
notes, p laced i n some i n con sp i c u ou s p lace, occas i onal ly i n thedes ign , but general l y u nder the base of the p iece . Some ofthem
,espec i al ly the early ones , afi
’
ord prec i se i n format i on ast o th e origi n of the p iece o n wh i ch they occu r, bu t others aremere workmen’s s ign s or pat tern marks, or n umbers wh i ch are
of l i t t le val u e u n less supported by other evidence . The
v i i i POTTERY MARKS
tendency of many Old factories (and some modern ones) toborrow each other’s marks, or to adop t s igns s im i lar t o th osein u se at some more famou s works, i s a source of end lessc onfu sion wh i ch can on ly be avo ided by a knowledge of thewares themse l ves.The period covered extends rough ly from the M idd le Ages
t o 1 8 5 0 ,though a selec tion of certa i n m odern marks has been
inc l u ded, especial l y Of s u ch wares as are al ready finding favourw i th col lec tors. No at tempt has been made to reprodu ce theexac t s ize of the ind i v i d ual marks, becau se of the c onstan tvar iat i on s i n s ize and form of the same pai n ted mark ond ifferen t p ieces . Stamped and writ ten nam es have beenreproduced i n Roman and I tal i c types respec t i ve l y
,excep t i n
those cases where s tr i ki ng i nd i v i dual i ty o f scri p t rendered ad i rec t Copy necessary . Each new factory; or group of factori es,as it occu rs is pri n ted in con spicu ou s type . The dates givenfor th e Eu ropean wares requ i re no explanat i on, but in th eOr iental sec t i ons, w i th wh i ch espec ial pa i n s have been taken ,the dates are th ose of the actual spec imen from wh i ch themark was copied . These Or ien tal marks cannot be regardedas date -marks when they are mere symbol s or benevolen texpress i ons .Spec ial acknowledgments are due to M. Pap i l l on , th e
au th or of th e Gu ide t o the Ceram i c Mu seum at Sevres, forperm i ss i on to u se h i s c omplete l i s t of Sevres Marks ; toProfessor E . S. Morse , for a s im i lar cou rtesy w i th regard to h i si n val uable Catal ogue of th e Japanese Pottery i n th e Mu seumof F i ne Arts
,Boston
,US A. t o Dr. C . H . Read , for a
number Of Orien tal mark s ; t o Mr. Arth u r Hayden,for a
number of Copenhagen marks ; to the P otiery Gazette andto Mr. E . She l don , for many Engl i sh marks ; and to Mrs.
Hobson,for assist i ng i n the compi lat i on of the I nd i ces.
W. B .
R . L . H.
CONTENTS
PAGESITALIAN MA IOL ICA I -2 2
ITALIAN PORCELA IN 2 2-2 4
GERMAN POTTERY
GERMAN PORCELA IN
AUSTR I A HUNGARY 40-4 1
SCANDINAV I A
RUSSIA
SWITZERLAND
ALSACE-LORRA INE
FRENCH POTTERY .
FRENCH PORCELA IN
SPA IN AND PORTUGA L
BRITI SH PORCELA IN
BR ITISH POTTERY
AMERICA
MODERN BRITI SH MA RKS
X POTTERY MARKS
PERSI A AND THE NEAR EAST
CH INESE PORCELA IN
CH INESE POTTERY
J APANESE POTTERY
J APANESE PORCELA IN
INDEX OF NAMES
INDEX OF IN ITI ALS
INDEX OF MARKS OTHER THAN NAMES OR IN ITI ALS
INDEX OF ORIENTAL MARKS AND N AMES
INDEX OF ADDITIONAL NAMES
INDEX OF ADD ITIONAL IN ITIALS
INDEX OF ADD ITIONAL MARKS OTHER THAN
NAMES AND INITIALS
INDEX OF ADD ITIONAL ORIENTAL MARKS
I 93- 1 99
2 0 1 -204
2 0 5-206
20 7-2 10
2 1 1-2 1 2
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK
h .p . hard-paste porce lain .
s .p . soft-paste porce lain .
p . painted .
pr. printed .
i nc . inc i sed.
imp. impre ssed or stamped .
st . stenci l led .
WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED
Auschet , E. S. , AHistory and Description Of French Porcela in .
Barber, E. A. , Marks ofAmer ican Po tters .
Ber l ing , F. , Das Me issner Porzel lan und seine Gesch ich te .
Brinckmann, J .,Fuhrer durch das hamburg isches Museum fiir Kunst und
Gewerbe .
Burton, W. , A History and Description o f Engl i sh Po rcela in.
A H istory and Descr ipt ion Of Engl ish Earthenware and Stoneware .
Bushel l, S . W. , Ch inese Art. Vo l . I I . Victo ria and Albert Museum
HandbooksChafi
’
ers, W . ,Mark s and Monograms on Pottery and Po rcelain .
Church , A. H . , The Catalogue of the Schre iber Co llect ion .
Engl ish Earthenware .
Engl ish Porcelain.
In ser ies ofVicto r ia and Albert Museum Handbook s .
Fortnum , C. D . Maio l ica.Fouquet, D . , Contr ibution aI’étude de l a céramique o r ientale .
Franks , Sir A. W . , Catalogue of a Co l lection Of Cont inental Porce lain at
the Bethnal G reen Museum .
Catalogue of a Co l lect ion of Or iental Porcelain and Pottery.Japanese Pottery .
Graesse-Jaennick e , Gu ide de l ’amateur de po rcela ines et de poter ies.
Havard , H. , La FaI’
ence de Delft .Hayden
,A Royal Copenhagen Porcelain.
Hobson, R. L. , The Catalogue of Engl ish Po ttery in the Br i t ish Museum .
The Catalogue of Engl ish Po rce la in in the Br it ish Museum .
Jaennick e, F.
Grundr iss der Keram ik.Deutches Ste inzeug , Mettlacher Museum .
Jew i tt , Ll . , The Ceram ic Art o f Great Br i tain.
Mo rse, P rof. E. S. , Catalogue of Japanese Pottery in the Museum of Fine
Arts. Boston, U. S .A.
Pazaurek , G . , Mi ttei lungen des nordbohmischen Gewerbe-Museum .
So lon , L. M., German Stoneware .
A History and Descr iption Of the Old French FaIence .
ITAL IAN MA IOL ICA
THE term MAIOLICA i s appl ied in these pages to the decoratedI tal ian pottery made from the fifteenth century onwards
,though
i t i s often used to embrace certain kinds of ware to which thename i s not stric tl y appl i cable
,v iz. mezza-ma i ol i ca
, g rafi ato wares,and the later lead -
g l azed , whi te earthenware s of the e ighteenthand n ine teenth centuries .
MEZZA -MA IOLICA i s the name g i ven to a common buffearthenware , coated wi th a wash of wh i te Clay (S l i p) , and paintedin s imple, often c rude t i n ts o f g reen , blue , and purpl i sh brown ,under a th i n colourless g laze . It was the precursor of true maiol ica .
GRA FF I ATO ware i s a mezza-maiol ica,with a substant ial coat ing
of whi te sl i p,whi ch was decorated by scratching or cutt ing out a
pattern th rough th i s sl i p-cove ring, so as to di sc lose the buff orred body beneath— colou rs
,i f u sed at al l
,were u sual ly added in
patche s or washes—and in any case the ware was fini shed with aClear, straw-colou red
,lead g laze . Thi s
,l ike the painted mezza
maiol ica,was a ve ry early type of product
,which
,however, has
continued in use,i n the north of I taly especial ly, to the present
t ime .
MA IOLICA proper was fash ioned in a bufi’ ware,more carefu l ly
prepared and c loser i n texture than mezza-maiol ica, and i s coatedwi th a wh i te
,opaque layer of t in-ename l ( i nstead of sl ip ) , on wh ich
the painte r lai d h i s colours : the late r and mo re de l icate l y paintedmaiol i ca was fini shed wi th an addi t ional thin coat of colourle ssg laze , appl ied over the fi red colou rs
,l ike the varn i sh over a picture .
Up to the e ighteenth centu ry one fi ring suffi ced for the coloursand the t i n-ename l, and only such pigment s could be used aswould stand the fu l l heat of the maiol i ca ki ln . The marks , onware s of th i s peri od
,are almost always in blue .
35
2 POTTERY MARKS
Early i n the e ighteenth century a new process was introduced .
The body and i t s t i n -ename l coat ing were baked and fini shedfirst, then the decorat ion was appl ied to the fi red surface i n on
the-g laze colours,wh ich were fixed at a comparat i ve ly l ow heat
i n the ename l l ing ki ln . From th i s t ime marks i n various colourson the g l aze became common .
The most famous peri od of true maiol ica was from about I 500to I 560 when the typi cal decorat ion cons i s ted of pi c torial subject scopied from eng raving s after the g reat I tal i an painters . The
marks at th i s per iod are often ve ry e laborate , and te l l u s not onlythe name of the painter of the piece
,but the botega or factory i n
wh i ch he worked,the name of the maste r unde r whom he served
,
and the t i t le of h i s subject . Hence the frequent occu rrence ofsuch words ( somet ime s i n contracted form ) as botega, maestro,vasaro (potter) , pictor, fatto (made ), fec i t, pinxi t, etc . On the
l ustred wares of D i ruta and Gubbio the mark i s u sual ly i n l ustre .
Maest ro G iorg i o Andreol i of Gubbio (9. 7L ) was famed for h i s ski l li n the product ion of lu stres, e spec ial ly ruby lustre, and the pottersof other towns sometimes sent the i r pieces to Gubbi o
,after they
had been painted and fi red , to be embe l l i shed wi th lustre byG i org i o. Such pieces bear G i org i o’s mark in lu stre, i n addi t i onto the mark or signatu re of the orig i nal painter, which i s i n blue .
ITAL I AN PORCELA IN
THE earl iest European porce lain,o f which marked example s are
known , was made at Florence under the patronage of F rancescoMari a d i Medi ci i n the last hal f of the s i xteenth centu ry
,and i s
cal led “ Medic i Porcela in .
” Th i s “ Medic i ” porce lain owed i tst ranslucence to the g lass used i n i t s preparat ion . It i s amongthe rarest of cerami c treasures
,and an authent ic spec im en i s
worth many t imes i ts we ight i n gold . Nothing more i s heardof I tal ian porce lain unt i l about the middle of the e ighteenthcentury
,when the rage for porce la i n manufactu re was at i ts
he ight i n Europe .
Hard porce lai n in imi tat i on of the ce lebrated Me i ssen porce lain,
a s we l l as soft-paste porcela in , was then made at Veni ce success i vel y
ITALIAN PORCELAIN 3
by Vezzi,Hew e lche, and the Cozz i fami ly . The more famous
porcel ain made at Docc i a ( I 7 3 7 onwards ) w as a so ft paste du ringthe early years of the fac tory, but a hard paste was made afterwards,and the same may be sai d of the royal factory
,started at Capo
d i Monte i n 1 74 3 , and subsequent ly transferred to Naples . A tTrevi so and V inovo anothe r kind of porce lain , contain ing s i l icateof magnesi a, was produced for a few years at the end of thee ighteenth century. Th i s ware has a ye l low i sh waxen appearancewhich i s pecul iar to certain Ital i an and Spani sh factories .
4 ITALIAN MAIOLICA—FLORENCE , CAFFAGGIOLO
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Grafii atoWare
G . F F . 1 5 60
P I G IVLIE A SFORZZA
c . 1 5 1 0
M . F . c . 1 6 50
IOHANNES. ANTON I US. 1 676
BARN
P
A
A
B
P
‘L
IZNC
SYSH US '
and o ther membersof the Cuz io fam i ly
at Pav ia
1 7 34 la 2 6 marzo
P av ia
Maiolica proper .1 5 1 5
-20
Tuscany
I 500-20
Caffaggio l o
Caffaggio lo
1 500-20
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—S IENA ,PESARO
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Siena
c . 1 5 1 0
Ferd izzando M'
m 'i rz
Campam'
S enese C H 0 Oa’z’
pz'
rzse 1 7 33 .
P F . Campan i .
1 6 th centu ry
Monte lupo
Pesaro
D z’
pz’
nta Gz'
ovz'
nal e
1 5 4 2
Gi ro/(m mda [e Gabice Made in the Lan
franch i wo rkshopby Mo . G i ro lamo
I n P esaro (or G i ron imo )
PesaroEarly 1 6th cent . Al astro Gzz‘
om mo
I"r1c 15 I P .
Terencz'
ojam? in la1 5 2 0 -30
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—PESARO, GUBB IO
MAR K. DESCR I PTION.
Gubb io
Gubb io
Marks o f
Maest roG io rg io And reo l iwhose datedwo rks range from
I SO I-4 I
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Gubb io
G io rg io '
s mark issome t imes aecom
pan ied by a head , a
vase , a merchant 'smark , etc .
Sal imbene ,b ro the r of G iorg io
c . 1 530
N Is supposed toconta in the le t tersV I N , and to b e the
mono gram of
V incenc io . son o f
G iorg io
8 ITALIAN MAIOLICA— GUBBIO, CASTEL DURANTE
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MAR K .
I n g fibz’
o 50. mam a
d‘
maftro [bra/l ino
Mastro S imona
m Castclo D am /e
G . S . c . 1 5 3 0
in scrol l s
H ipol l ito Romba l don i
a’Urban ia pz
’
n se 1 647
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—URBINO
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Urbino Urb ino
FATTO IN BOTEGADE Mo OR ATO FONTANA
SFOR ZA . D . P.
i Urbz'
u op i
fai l /e in Uré ino i n Fontanaéotega a
’e JV " Gu ido
fontrm a vasaro
Mr m o
Gu z'
a'o d u ra rztz
'
u o
I 5 3 5
fi z’
storz’
a
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—URB INO
MAR K ,DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Urb ino
Vasa ro A more
P S imone d iS Ilvano Anton io Marian i
1 630 uncerta inGu ido
Gi ro/l imo Uroz'
zz
fea’
e 1 5 83
g i ro/1!mo of for/1050
G . L . l ’
1 5 42 uncertainUrbz
'
m'
P atrma feci t 1 5 84 TheI’atanazzi fam i l y
~ 1 606
in a sh ield
URB IN I EX FIGL INA
FRANC ISCI PATANATI I
v z’
zzcerztio f afanafa z’
c . 1 5 40
E . B .
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—URBINO,DIRUTA
MARK .
Foo/Tod a’z'
fi lm a’i fi l on s i u r Ro lef
in Uroz'
no 1 7 7 3
Ci tl a Borgo S . Sepol cro
Bar Tera/I i Romano
in S . Qu i r z'
w
Romano
I DERVTA
CDL
fm if ". ( f roz'
rzi
DESCR I PTION .
Urb ino
at Borgo SanSepolcro,
1 7 7 1
Di ruta.
D i ru ta
MARK .
In do ram!
0 . v
l u l om'
o Laf rer iI n Den t /a
DESCR I PTION.
Probab lyG io rg io Vasaio
I I
I
I 2 ITALIAN MAIOLICAw DIRUTA,VITERBO
MAR K .
MAR K .DESCR I PTION .
Di ruta
Fabriano
ViterboV ITERBIEN
on aTibbon
I 4 ITALIAN MAIOLICA— FAENZA
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MAR K .
Faenza
FATQ IN FAEN z A
m CAXA P IROTA
c . 1 5 3o
c . 1 5 2 0
Faenza.
ITALIAN MAIOLICA— FAENZA I 5
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DEs CR I PTION .
Faenza
c . 1 5 30
c . 1 5 2 5Casa P iro ta)
Mark o f
with the wo rdFAENZA
1 6 ITALIAN MAIOLICA—FAENZA,VENICE
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Faenza
fa to in fa ienze in
l o Ant P omom’
no
Cimatfz'
de Favesc
Z aci mr ia Va l aress i
1 6 5 1 in Faenza
AF
RAVENA
ForliTlzomas Adassel l z
'
Fer ra r z'
en foo
in R im i no 1 5 3 5
1 485-
90
I n Venetia in Co'
l rada
d i S t“ P ol o in botega
dz’
M 0 Ludov ico
ITALIAN MAIOLICA— VENICE
1 8 ITALIAN MAIOLICA— VERONA,MILAN
,TURIN
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Verona
Mi lan
Pavia
c . 1 7 1 0
Turin
ITALIAN MAIOLICA—TREVISO,LODI 1 9
MARK . MARK . DESCR I PTION.
N eD .O .N.
ov
G . Baron iBassano Early roth cent .
Risetuiacton S imone Mar ioni
22BIts/TANO
A“ fa7" 0
Padua
(tj‘
jCU l D
BaSSano
mark used byTerch i
c . 1 5 5 5
S . E . C.
G" IB Faoor im d i P ose/tiB A
Ear ly 1 8 th cent . 1701i t Cref/ ( mi
flci t I 767
MARK .DESCR I PTION.
MAR K .
Savona
S . Rubatto
Mark of Ch iodo1 8th cent . 0 . 1 667
a t i n al so on p iecedated 1 7 5 1 Banal-“
m”Eaten )
with s ignatureo f A. Rat t i
2 2 ITALIAN MAIOLICA AND PORCELAIN— FLORENCE
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION .
U rb ino
'
E $ ION A:
Monogram s
o f the same
Castel l i
2 3
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Venice Venice
in b lue
Fozi zm a l o
IZ’zzeI ia 1 7 63
Ven ice or
p . in red
0 0
“L 40
[aw l/ 113 Hel c/zi s
I'
enes ia
Fab“ Gem im’
ano 1 764- 1 8 1 2
s . p. at firs tC INOR I h . p . atterward s
2 4 ITALIAN PORCELAIN— LE'
NOVE, CAPO DI MONTE
MAR K .
ITALY AND GERMANY—ADD ITIONAL 2 4A
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Italian maiol ica German fai ence
Geo rg Leubo ld(Hamburg )
fa bbn'
caflag
1 8 th cent.
Early 1 8th cent.
(See p . 2 1 )
1 9th cen t .
G ius t in ian iSCHRAMBERG
in Warse/tau
l-G' P F ,627Franke l Schreck
G .G . IP. F 1639
Von Loewenfe ld t
2 4 13 GERMANY,HOLLAND,
ETC —ADDITIONAL
MAR K . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
(See P 3 5 )
Hochs tpa inter's in i t ial s
HamburgEarly 1 8 th cent .
Sch lesw igD P . after 1 7 86
550 10 Salzburg1 7 96 ya ! t u rf.
Oldes loe0 [Jesl oé
MagdeburgGU ISHARD
Early 1oth cent .SHUICHARD
Cl "6 Pru ssia
D . Tenniers i nvent.
I .
Ho rn D octor Graver:
f aj/‘
ancefaor ique
Ho frat Errenre ich
c . 1 760
ju'
n x it 17 19
GERMAN POTTERY
A NUMBER of potters i n Germany and Swi tzerland from the
s ixteenth century onwards were engaged in the manufac tu re ofe laborate stove-t i les, usual ly ornamented with re l iefs i n sunkpane l s and coloured wi th sl i ps
, g lazes , and t in ename l ; brown ,ye l low
, g reen , blue , maganese purp le, and wh i te we re the princ i palcolours u sed . The manufac tu re of t i n-g lazed faience after the
I tal ian and Dutch styles was common in most parts of Germanyin the seventeenth and e ighteenth centurie s and a certai n amounto f sl i p-decorated and grafii ato earthenware was made i n Sou thGerm any
,at Gennep i n Luxembourg , and at Schafi
‘
hausen i nSwitzerland
,i n the e ighteenth century.
In the Rhen i sh province s a large stoneware industry deve lopedin the s ixteenth century at S iegburg , Rae ren , Cologne, Frechen ,and e l sewhere
,and during the two fo l low ing centu rie s at G renz
hausen i n Nassau . The typical Rheni sh stoneware varies fromwhi te to freckled brown
,and i s ornamented w i th pane l s i n low
re l ief made i n moulds and appl ied,as w e l l as wi th stamped and
inc i sed decorati on the ware was g lazed w i th sal t, and somet imescoloured w i th patche s of cobalt blue and maganese purple . The
cutt ing of moulds for the re l iefs was an importan t branch of th i si ndust ry
,and mo s t of the marks are those of the mou ld -cutters
,
and appear in re l ief i n the panel s . Bottle s w i th a bearded markon the neck
,known as Bel larmine s or G reybeards, are the
commonest spec imens of Rheni sh stoneware . The tal l,taperi ng
tankards of wh ite S iegburg w are are among the best examples ofth i s c l ass . Another variety, made ch iefly at Kreussen, i s heavil ypainted in ename l colours .
2 6 GERMAN PORCELAIN
GERMAN PORCELA IN
THE secret of true or hard-paste porcela in , after the manner ofthe Chinese, was di scovered about 1 70 7 at D resden by J . F.
Bottger, an alchemist, i n the employ of Augustu s I I . of Poland,
Elector of Saxony. He di scovered abou t the same t ime the
method of making a fine red stoneware,now known as Bottger
ware,but cal led by h im red porce lain . Thi s ware was fin i shed
by pol i sh ing on the lathe,or covering wi th a black g laze and
enrich ing wi th gold and s i lver ornament or eng rav ing . Bo’ttger
and h i s secrets were transfe rred i n 1 7 1 0 to Me i ssen,where he
started the ce lebrated Me i ssen porce lain factory under st ri ctsurve i l lance . The process
,however, could not be kept h idden
,
and escaped workmen carried the secret fi rst to V ienna andafterwards to al l parts of Germany . Fac tor ie s sprung up i n one
princ i pal i ty after anothe r under the protect i on of the rul ing houses,who vied wi th each other during the e ighteenth century i n the
product i on of true porce lai n . Al l the German porce lain i s hardpaste
,varying i n fineness according to the source s of the porce lain
c lay . The finest material was obtained from Aue i n Saxony, anda coarser earth mined near Passau produced the g reyer andinferior wares made i n the Thuring i an fac tories at the end of thee ighteenth century . Each fac tory had i ts d i st inct i ve markusual ly painted in blue under the g laze, though among the minorfactor ies
,part icularly those of the Thuring i an di st ri c t, there w as a
tendency to use marks suspic i ously simi lar to the Me i ssen c rossedswords . The latter mark i s some t ime s found wi th one
'
or twocuts across i t : th i s s ignifies that the ware was faul ty and rejectedby the Me i s sen factory as unfi t for decorati on
,and any ornament
on pieces so marked must have been added e l sewhere .
2 8 GERMAN STONEWARE—RAEREN,GRENZHAUSEN
MAR K .
E 7 71st
DESCR I PTION.
Mel s ior
Honck ebour
W Il l ens
Raeren
MAR K .
M I S97
K B L Ho/z-r
f ol i o /m es
Ho/zr 1 790
L .M . E .
M J W C
GEORG IUS VEST
1 8 th cen t .
G renzhausenmodern
Boufii oux
7 P ierre Morfroy
J ean Rifflet
J ean Bertrand
Jean Al lers
DESCR I PTION . MAR K .
CASPAR VEST G . F . GREENER
C l z’
zer 1 7 2 3
ANS CHR ISTOPH VEST J o/IaIm Seoa l t F ran
ADAM SCHAR F
S feo/zer
101-1 2 SCHAPER
IV . Sc/zmi d 1 7 2 2
HER R CHR ISTOPH “
1 7 1 2
MARX
JOHANN CONRADTROMEDI
Kordenbusch
B . K .
G . K .
2 9
DESCR I PTION .
Nu remberg
1 665 a decorato r
Schaper
Memmingen
c . I 5 60
3 0 GERMAN FAIENCE— ANSBACH, BAYREUTH,GENNEP
MARK .
A”spat/i
P i flx i/ F . G. Fl iegel
Ar zzstadt 1 77 5
y OgQIny
e
ANTON I US BERNARDUSVON VEHLEN
PMW/‘ZL
DESCR I PTION .
Arnstad’o
1 8th cent .
1 7 2 8-3 5
Knol ler ( 1 7 20-40 )
Nu rembe rg
1 7 th cent.
MAR K .
ANTON IO CARD INALGERR IT LONNE
PETER MENTEN
P iefer Hez'
c/zens feciz‘
in Bor l ot 1 77 7
names and in i t ialsof po tters
Marks ofZesch inger ,
w ho som e t ime s
s igns h is fu l l name
near Aschaffenbe rg , c . 1 8 2 5
GERMAN FAi ENCE— FRANKENTHAL,HANAU
,KIEL 3 1
DESCR I PTION. DESC R I PTION .
H ammesandimtials
1 8 th cen t .
( 1 66 1 -1 80 5 ) off 72 C
H Ba l ly ( 1 6 80 -90 )
Van Alphen
Hanan
3 2 GERMAN FATENCE— ECKERNFORDE ,STRALSUND
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Hadensee
S tralsund
Stral sund
DESCR I PTION.
Meissen
Marks inc ised on
Bot tger'swares
I 707‘ 1 7 1 9
Im i tat ionCh inese and
Japanesemarks on'
Me issenpo rcela in
earl y 1 8th cent.
p . in b lue
( Inc ised markon po rce la inin the roya lco l lect ion
at D resden )
MARK .
Cemgfe E ru st Kei l .
Ill eissen Im '. 6
DESCR I PTION .
Mei ssen
Caduceus
mark , prope rlythe rod o f
i Esculap Ius .
p . in b lueand purpleI 7Q 7
‘
3S
Cypher o fAu gus tus I I. o f
Po land , Elec to rof Sax ony.p . in b lue(1 purple1 7 2 5
-40
Kosel marksaid to have beenonly placed on
wares made for
the Countess o f
K o sel . m is tresso f Augu stus I I .
An earl y mark ingo ld
In an o rnamentalescu tcheon
The cross swo rdsfrom the Arms of
Saxo ny used
from 1 7 2 5onwards .
p . in b lue ,
rare ly in go ld .
purple or red
3 4 GERMAN PORCELAIN—ME ISSEN
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MARK .
Mei ssen
.s ndk w
t’
awt .
’etjé c i l a w eissé Laue/zefeci t
1 7 5 0
DESCR I PTION.
Mei ssen
painter's namc
3 6 GERMAN PORCELAIN—HOCHST,FURSTENBERG
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Hochst
p . in b lue
Joseph Schne iderimp .
p . in b lue
Pau l Hannong
MAR K .
011417 71”
DESCR I PTION.
Frank enthal .
p . in l i lac
Von Recum
C . 1 800
Arm s of Bavar iaimp .
p . in b lue
MAR K .
C. H . S z‘
lberkamer
DESCR I PTION .
Arms of Bavaria .
p . in b lue
Name of an artIst.
p . in l i lac
MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Sceptre o f Elec to rof Brandenbu rg
1 76 3- 1 83 7 :
wi th do tsjan . 1 837 .
p. in b lue
1 834-1 844
From 1 870
F rom 1 88 2 .
Seger Porze l lan
GERMAN PORCELAIN—THUR INGIA
MAR K .
0. 1 783
L imbach
Factory ofGrosbreitenbach ,
da tes from 1 779
G ru ber to present day.
inc .
Go tha or Gera
1 7 88-
92
GERMAN PORCELAIN—THUR INGIA,BOHEMIA 3 9
MARK .
Gerac . 1 7 8o
Cf . Go tha
Sitzerode
DESCR I PTION .
L ippe and Hesse .
p . or s tamped
1 793 onwards
p . I II b lue
4 0
MARK .
K lentsc/z
IIARDMUTH
BOHEMIA— AUSTR IA-HUNGARY
AUSTR IA-HUNGARY—MISCELLANEOUS 4 1
MAR K , MARK. DESCR I PTION.
REINTHAL
I'
.R.
E . Fo tinger
( 6 3 1, Auspi tz
Frain
late 1 8 th cent
H & C°
Mark on modernI tal ian majo l ica
4 2" DENMARK ,
FRANCE , ETC— ADDITIONAL
MARK .
l au fec
DESCR I PTION.
Copenhagen
porce lain
Anton Carl Lup laumode l ler .
Ondrup , pa interI 7 79
-87
And reas Hald
m odel ler ( 1 7 8 1 -97 )
Hans Meeh lmodel le r c . 1 7 9 1
Jensen , pa in terc . 1 82 0
Lyngbe , pa interc . 1 83o
OII modern cop iesof early wares .
En e r e t
CHOI S Y
DESCR I PTION.
patent : on
Dan ish porcelain
Jarry at Aprey[1 67
Pa illartand Hau t in1 82 4-36
Chant i l lyh . p . porce la in
P Po t terla te 1 8 th cent.
Paris , 1 9th cent.
P 7 6
44 POTTERY MARKS
Eng l i sh earthenwares invented i n S taffordsh i re at the end of thee ighteenth centu ry .
A red ung lazed ware after the manne r of the Ch ine se buccarowas made i n Holland by de M i lde and de Calve early in the
e ighteenth cen tury .
A few hard-paste porce l ain factorIes w ere e stabl i shed in Hol landand Belg i um towards the end of the e ighteenth century, and animportant manufac tu re of soft-paste porce la in , afte r the Frenchfash ion
,flouri shed at Tournay from 1 7 50- 1 799 .
The pri nc ipal Scand inav ian potte ries were at HerrebOe, Ror
s trand (a d i strict of Stockholm ) , and at Marieberg . Tin-ename l ledfa’ience afte r the fash ion of Del ft was the ch ief product, thoughporcelai n al so was made at Marieberg for some years . 1 The
hard-paste porce la i n of Copenhag en was fi rst made i n 1 7 7 2 , andthe factory holds an
_
imp0rtant pos i t ion for i t s arti st ic ware s at thep resent t ime. I t had been preceded by the manufacture of softpaste, examples of wh ich are ve ry rare .
Russ ian porce lai n was made principal l y at th e Royal factoryi n St. Petersburg , and by Gardner and Popoff in Moscow : hardpaste
,after the manner of Me i ssen
,was made at both places .
S tove-t i le s,sl ip -wares
,and t in-ename l led faience were produced
in consi derable quant i ty i n Swi tzerland in the seventeenth ande ighteenth centurie s, ch iefly at W i n terthur, Zu ri ch , Schaffhausenand porce l ain works flouri shed at Zuri ch and Nyon
,making ch iefly
h ard-paste porce lain,though soft paste was t ried for a t ime at
Zurich .
In Al sace-Lorraine the princ i pal factories were those of Strassburg , Hagenau , and N idervi l ler where good fa
'
i’
ence and hardpaste porce lain were made i n the e ighteenth century. The
S trassburg faience i s no ted for i t s rococo fo rms and i t s enamel ledd ecoration re sembl ing the paint ing on porce lain . F i ne earthenware and terra-co ttas were made at Lunevi l le and at N iderv il ler
,
the figure s and g roups mode l led by Cyfflé at the former place ,and Lemire at the lat ter be ing j ustly celebrated.
1 The facto ry at Rorstrand has for many years produced many varie t iesof porcela in , earthenware , and s tove- t iles. Its present-day porcelain is worthyof note .
MAR K .
CV S
HOLLAND—DELFT 4 5
DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
G il l is de Koning1 72 1
Thomas Spaandonck . 1 764
Jacobus Ha lderAndriaensz
The Claw W VDB
Hend rIck van
M iddeld ijk , 1 764
E w Lambe rtus van
Be nhorn . 1 69 1
P ie te r van denBrie l , 1 7 5 9
W idow van den
Brie lThe Four Roman
HeroesMath ijs Boender
1 7 1 3
The Stag
MAR K .
HOLLAND—DELFT
DESCR I PTION.
Jacobus K oo l1 676
GeertruyVers tel le , 1 7 64
Jacobus de M i ldeI 7S9
The Porcel ain
Justus Brouwer1 7 5 9
MARK .
P I : RVfM
The Porcelain
den Houk , 1 6 5 9
Johannes Harlees
1 7 70
J ohannes van
Duyn , 1 764
Im i tat ions o f
Ch inese marks
Pe trus van
Marum , 1 7 5 9
Ren ier Hey , 1 697
Johannes van der
K loo t Jansz , 1 764
MAR K .
L P Ka n.
(Wfie ef k
HOLLAND—DELFT
DESCR I PTION .
The Ewer
or (Lampel ban )fo unded by Ge rr i tBrouwer , 1 7 5 9
Abraham van der
Kee l . 1 7 80
MARK .
( k S fcn n e
fl u x .
4 7
DESCR I PTION .
The Three Bel l s
van der
Does , 1 7 64
The Thr eePorcelain Bottl esJacobus Pynack er
1 67 2
Hu go Brouwe r1 764
MAR K .
HOLLAND—DELFT
DESCR I PTION.
M isce l laneous
Thomas Jansz1 590 1 6 1 1
Lamb rechtGh isbrech ts , 1 640
Isaack J un ius1 640
Q . Aldersz
K leijnoven , 1 6 5 5
MARK .
Ah’
IHOLLANTL—DELFT
DESCR I PTION.
Flyt. M . Byclok
1 669
Ar i! Jansz van
der Meer , 1 67 1
Lucas P ie tersz
van K esse l , 1 67 5
D i rck Jansz y an
Sch ie , 1 679
Ad riaenPynack er , 1 690
P ie ter Pou l isse1 690
Johannes vander Wal , 1 69 1
Corne l isW itsenburg , 1 696
J . Baan.c . 1 698 . (AlsoAB in mono gramforA. C . Brouwer
I 699 )
GAAU
4 9
DESCR I PTION .
Sixtius van der
Sand , 1 705
Pau lus van der
Stroom , 1 7 2 5
P iet Vizeer. 1 7 5 2
5 0 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM— PORCELAIN
DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION .
c . 1 7 7 2 -1 7 82
A-o[afmtdo [0mAmsterdam
1 8 1 0
h . p .
Pa inted on lyp . m b lue and
at Ro t terdam
J flofterQa/m.
11817.
p . in red
p . in b lue
A. Dareuber ,d i recto r Tournay fai ence
5 2 NORIVAY ,SWEDEN,
AND DENMARK—FAIENCE
MARK .
SWEDEN AND RUSSIA— PORCELAIN 5 3
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Pau l ( 1 796 - 1 80 1 )
KIEBZ
Baranowk aGardner
73am »:k a in Vo l hynia
Po rcela in , h . p
p . in sepiapr. In red
5 4 RUSSIA SWITZERLAND— PORCELAIN POTTERY
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Hans He inrichnonOBb I G raf, 1 662
Ehrhard t
H . E . A. M . I . T. (Stove t i le makers )G I
1 64 7
ryAI/IHA 53“er
Bro thers D an ie l HafnerKorn il off, S l eckéorn
St. Pe tersburgKOPHMAOBhIX
'b 1 82 7 E . I . F . Ern t ing , 1 7 7 2
H . K . R . 1 70 5
S imon jean RenaudNeuchatel
feci t , 1 7 69
La i r i 1 602
Mezer
Early 1 9th cent .
L . P . 1 62 0
Heim '
z'
c/z S tadl er
D . P . 1 63 6
D . s .
Dav id Su l zer
A' P ' 1 686 Ab raham PfauHans Ul ri c/z Heg rzer
A. B . 1 638 (Signatures , ch iefiy Hams / (1605 DA . KER I 7 2 4
on s tove t i les )Hofi namzpz
'
nx z'
t
H . P . Z
LORRAINE—POTTERY PORCELAIN 5 5
DESCR I PTION .
(Poppe lsdorfnear Bonn1 8 th cent.M. Wesse l )
Schafl'
hausen
c . 1 795S l ip ware
0 I 74 3
Zurichporcelain( 1 763 -1 79 1 )5 . p . at firs t
a fterwards h . p .
p . in b lueNyon
1 7 8 1 -1 8 1 3Arms of the town
p . in b lueD Dortu
I 7 89G ide , pa inter
Pfluger freresCo .
Strassburg
Ch . Harmong( 1 7 1 0 -
39 )Faience and
porce lainH . p . 1 7 2 1 -5 5 .
p . in b lue
Pau l Hannong
MARK .
N IDERVII J J ZR
Le Al z'
re A im!
N ia’er wz
'
l l er
DESCR I PTION .
Stras sburg and
Hagenau
J o seph HannongPorce la in , h . p .
1 7 60 -80 .
p . in b lue
Strassbu rgFaience
Niderw i l l er
Beyerlé ; faI'
ence
1 7 5 4 ; porce la inh . p . 1 7 65
Com te de Custine1 7 80
- 1 80 1
C laude Franco isLanfrey ,
manager to 1 80 1 ,
and proprie to rto 1 82 7
1 8 th cent .Lem i re , mode l ler
s ince 1 794
Lunevi l l e( 1 7 3 1 onward s )Cyf
’flé , m ode l lerb . 1 7 2 4 0 1 1 806 ‘
po t tery
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Lunevi ll e
Utzschne ider
LUNEVILLE
FRANCE
IT i s not yet defini tel y sett led where the ce lebrated “ Henri I I .
ware”was made. Formerl y i t was supposed to have been made atthe Castle of O i ron
,near Thouars
,but i t i s now more general ly
assigned to the ne ighbouring vi l lage of Saint-Porchai re . Thi sware i s very rare and remarkable . It i s a fine
, g lazed earthenwareof ivory colour
,with stamped patte rns
,l ike those on contemporary
book-binding s, i nlai d w i th darker Clays , and occas ional ly touchedw i th colour. The shapes are careful ly and e laborate l y mouldedand the occu rrence of the royal arms, and the cyphers of Henri I I .
and D iane de Poi t iers at test the royal apprec i at i on of the ware .
Commoner lead-g lazed earthenware s we re made from early t imesat Beauvai s, and in the ne ighbourhood of Saintes, bu t they arerare l y marked . Nor has any marked example of undi sputedPal i ssy ware been found . Bernard Pal i s sy
,the most renowned
of French potters,was born abou t 1 5 1 0 near Saintes , and by
extraord inary patience and al l - sacrific ing i ndu stry succeeded inmaking the pecul iar type of pottery assoc i ated foreve r with h i sname . It i s a fine dense pottery wi th rich lead-g laze mo ttled orsplashed wi th blue
, g reen , purple , and ye l low : most of the piecesare enri ched wi th rel ief des igns, but perhaps the most Characteri st icare the rust i c d i shes wi th accuratel y moulded she l l s, l izards, ee l s,and aquat ic c reatures in re l ief and colou red after nature . Pal i ssyi s said to have died in the Bast i l le about 1 59 2 . H is sons cont i nuedthe work
,and among hi s other fol lowers were seve ral potte rs at
Avon,near Fontainebleau
,i ncluding Barthelemy de Blémont, to
whom the mark B B (p . 59 ) i s att ribu ted . Pal i ssy w are hasbeen frequently copied
,Pul l of Pari s
,about 1 8 50 , be ing part icularly
successful i n th i s work .
In the seventeenth and e ighteenth centuries the French potters .
devoted themse lves to the manufacture of t in-ename l led fa‘
i‘
ence ,57
5 8 POTTERY MARKS
fi rst in im i tat i on of I tal i an maiol i ca, and afterwards of Dutchde lft . The processes employed were essential ly the same asthose descri bed on page I i n connect i on wi th the I tal i an ware .
Indeed the art was introduced into the sou th of France by I tal i anpotters at the end of the s ixteenth centu ry
,and the early wares of
Lyons and Neve rs are pure ly I tal ian i n style . Among the manyforms of decoration adopted on French fa'
Ience five di st i nct schoolsare obse rvable The I tal i an . ( 2 ) The Persi an style adoptedat Neve rs for a sho r t period i n the seventeenth century ; i t consi stedof whi te floral ornament on a deep blue g round . ( 3 ) The Rouenschool
,characteri sed fi rst by the use of scal loped borders and
embroide ry patterns, recal l ing lace work, and afterwards by acommoner decorat ion
,in which a cornucopia i s the central moti ve.
(4 ) De l i cate arabesques wi th Ch inese figures and interlacing s, afterthe des igns of Berain , adopted at Moust iers early i n the e ighteenthcentu ry . ( 5 ) Ename l led bouque ts of flowers and landscapes i nscrol l-edged panel s, after the manner of the porcel ain painters,i ntroduced at S tras sburg , and largel y devel oped at Marse i l le s ande l sewhere i n the e ighteenth centu ry. About 1 780 cream -colou rand other Eng l i sh forms of fine earthenware th reatened to ous tthe national fa'
I’
ence,and at tempts we re made to produce the
Eng l i sh types of earthenware, notably at Douai and Cre i l . The
marks on French fa’ience are mostly pai nted in blue,somet imes
i n colours .
FRENCH PORCELA IN
FRANCE was the home of soft-paste porce lain . At the end of
the seventeenth centu ry th i s ware was succe ssfu l ly made , fi rst atRouen
,then at St. C loud, and a few years later i t was made at
Li l le,Mennecy
,and Chant i l ly. The perfect ion of soft paste was
reached at V i ncenne s and Sevres between the years 1 740-70 .
The t rue soft -paste l arge l y con si s ts of a g l assy composi t i onor fri t mixed wi th sand and marl or pipe-c lay and othering redients and i s coated wi th a lu sciou s lead-g laze of creamytone . The body i s tender enough to b e easi l y scratched with asteel point
,and the g laze i s so soft that the ename l s painted upon
i t s ink i n and become i ncorporated i n the moderate heat of the
6 0 FRENCH FAIENCE— LYONS, NEVERS, ROUEN
MAR K .
P e tra:
B . Ret ro!
P ier re I'l l arz
'
e IWorzg is
B ond i rzo
DESC R I PTION.
Combe'
s potteryc . 1 7 40
C . 1 7 5 3
c . 1 7 5 0
And o thers in1 8 th cen t .
J . Boulard
MAR K .
H . Borne
Den is Lefeb vre1 636
Jacques Se igne1 7 26
9 N ico las V Iode
c . 1 7oo
FRENCH FAIENCE—ROUEN 6 I
DESCR I PTION . MAR K .DESCR I PTION .
Rouen
Omonz
Bornem rt
Anne 113 8
o 173 6 C laude Bornee Vavasseur
MAHQZ'
0. I 7S6
I 743-94
6 2 FRENCH FA'
I'
ENCE— ROUEN
FRENCH CLOUD,SINCENY, LILLE 6 3
DESCR I PTION.
St . Cloud
0. 1 670 onwards
T in i t ia l o f Trouc . 1 7 1 0
Bertrand
Joseph Bedeau
P ierre Jeanno t
L . Malériat
Ghai l
MAR K.
DOREZ
DESCR I PTION.
1 790-0. 1 85 0
J . Boussemart
( 1 7 29 1 802 )
Painter's mark
Do rez
L ille
Le febvre et Pctit
64 FRENCH FAIENCE—VALENCIENNES, MOUSTIERS
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Val enciennes
F L . Dorez G . v z'
zj'f a Al oustz'
ers
Early 1 8th cent . c/zez CMrz'
ssy 1 7 1 1
P icard '
s facto ry V Fc . 1 756
G . V. F.
M c A 175 6
Ferraud
QfOII l LCL
”15 1101 (21121Pa inter T1 8 1 5
1 669-1 85 4
CRO S
MAR K .
FRENCH FAIENCE—MOUSTIERS
DESCR I PTION . MARK .
Ferraud
Late 1 8th cent .Achard
Fourn ier
C I t“
)
6 5
DESCR I PTION.
G . for Gaze
Mar seil l es
A C lérissy, 1 697
Anto ine Bonne foy
J . Fauch iez
Jacques Bo re l l i(see p . 2 1 )
1 78 1
MAR K .
Lau rens Basso
A Tou l ouse:
N I SMES , 1 5 8 1
DESCR I PTION .
D . Lest rade
Lap ierre
1 7 36
P ichon , c . 1 7 5 2
Dupre, c . 1 7 40
Nimes
MAR K .
66 FRENCH FAIENCE—MONTAUBAN , LA ROCHELLE
DESCR I PTION .
Pouhet
Co l in or Chaux
Manufactur
La Roche l le
1 740-5 6
68 FRENCH FAIENCE—ST. OMER , VRON,DESVRES
,DOUAI
DESCR I PTION . MA RK . DESCR I PTION .
DOUAI1 7 80
-1 82 0
Prudhomme
D . C .
PVronHALSFORT
S SDe w eBLONDEL
Fa i t aD esv res , 1 7 78
Martin Damman
v an der P las
Dup l‘é -Poula ine Casti l lzon
1 732
EP INAL
5 . PAUL
FRENCH FAIENCE— CRE I L, ORLEANS 69
MARK .
CHEM.
anno, 1 77o
CAMBR AY
EPERNA Y
JEAN GAUTIER
a rl/[ou tins
DESCR I PTION .
I 794C ream ware
Angou leme
1 8th cent .
Bourg 1a Reine
1 8 th cent .
MARK .
S a int Longe
Lacouves Ga l let
TEU H
DESCR I PTION.
Bourg l a Reine
Tours d’
Aigues
1 8th cent .
C. 1 7 5 3
Bergerac
Cour cel l es
(Ma ine ) , 0. 1 7 83
Late 1 8 th cent .
1 787 . Copy o fPa l is sy ware
Or leans
FRENCHZ FAHHKHL—CHANTHJ XZ ST. CLEMENT
MAR K .
Claude P el z’
sz'
e
1 72 6
d'
eng l efonta ine
CHANTILLY
LOVI S L IAVTE
aw’
sseau a tour
DESCR I PTION .
Meudon
1 845porcela inMat-haul:
(Champagne )1 7 5 1
-1 800
Ognes
(Aisne ) , 1 748-82
Limoges
MARK .
L'
z'
ta l ienne
a’o S az
'
nt Cl ef/nea t
GALLE NANCY
Geofi‘
oi
Sa int Anzans
DESCR I PTION .
l gth cent .S tyle of Pal issy
near Beau vaislate 1 8 th cent .
Baron de Tremb le1 85 6
Saint ClementI 75 7
1 9th cent.
pr. and imp.
MARK .
SEVRES
P ajou , 1 787
Cl a ude Re l /my
A PAR IS
PASCAL
FRENCH FAIENCE—PARIS
DESC R I PTION .
C . Remey 1 8 1 7
Rue Roque t tela te 1 8 th cent .
fo rmerly O l i v ierl gth cent .
F . Pasca l
c . 1 8 5 0
MARK .
7 1
DESCR I PTION.
Pu l l . c . 1 8 50
Sty le o f Pa l issy
1 85 9
7 2 FRENCH PORCELAIN— ST. CLOUD, LILLE ,MENNECY ‘
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MARK .
VALENC IEN
Fauquez andVann ier
Trou
p . in b lue and inc .
p . In b lue
p . in red
p in red or gold
a t rf t P“ p . in b lack p . in b lue or me.
Lam a
FRENCH PORCELAIN—BOURG-LA-RE INE , ORLEANS 73
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Bourg-la-Reine
Bourg-la Re ine
p . in b lue
1 790-1 8 1 1
0 . 1 7 82-88
5 . p . p . in b lue
WNo u c'lno
L IM 0 6 5 5p. in b lue
74 FRENCH PORCELAIN-l—CAEN, BOULOGNE ,PARIS
76 FRENCH PORCELAIN— PAR IS,VINCENNES
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
La Seinie
FLEURY
PONTEINx
F . D . HONORE Bozad S t. Antoine
1 7 85Hannong
F . M. HONORE
R . F . DAGOTY
DAGOTY ET HONORE
Boa I“ P oisson i tem
1 7 80
Ie Bon Iza l ley Paris . In go ld
Vincennes
2 0 Bou l evard des
[tal z'
ens
C . H . P ILLIVUY T
S c/ze c/zer
FRENCH PORCELAIN—VINCENNES, SEVRES 7 7
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Brachard
father and 5 011
Bourdus
Liance
Le R iche
Tris tan , 1 769
P Perro t in , 1
MARK .DESCR I PTION.
Sevres
78 FRENCH PORCELAIN— SEVRES
Le tters, marks, and numbers indi cat ing the year i n whi ch V i ncennesand Sevres porcela in was decorated.
the year 1 7 5 3 AA denotes the year 1 7 7 8 T9 deno tes the
X I I I
J ,
7 deno tes the year 1 807
1 808
1 8 1 0
1 8 1 4
I 07 7I 793
I 77 3
I 7 7 7
1 To reca l l the come t of 1 769 some of the decora tors subs t i tu ted the mark N'é for the da tel e tter Q .
2 The insert ion of the let te rs J and J J in the Sevres Gu ide ( 1909 ed i t ion) , recent ly Shown tohave been used as date- le t ters , necess i tated the al terat ion of the above tab les to correspond .
Le t ters deno t ing the yearfe l l in to d isuse dur ing thet ime of the Revo l u t ion ,
and be tween 1 793- 1 800
such marksFrom 1 80 1 the fo l lowings igns were used .
were rare .
From 1 8 1 8—1 834 the year
was ind icated by the lasttwo figu res of the date , e.g .
1 8 deno tes 1 8 1 8
1 9 1 8 1 9 and so
on . After 1 833 the dateis g i venin full .
FRENCH PORCELAIN— SEVRES 79
MARK . DESCR I PTION . DESCR I PTION.
SevresSevres
cl ear ed
p . in b lue
SeV r 9 3
1 829-30
l eM . Impde S cv P as
1 8 29-
30
80 FRENCH PORCELAIN—SEVRES
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Sevres Sevres
cypher of Lou isPh i l ippe
pr. in green
I 8S4-70
Th ird Repub l ic1 8 8o 89 .
MARK .
FRENCH PORCELAIN—SEVRES
DESCR I PTION. DESCRIPTo
ARCHELA IS , deco rato r,
1 865- 1 90 2
ARMAND , b i rd s , e tc . , 1 74 51 746
ASSEL IN , portra i ts , etc .
,
I 7SO'
94
AUBER’
I‘
ainé , flowers , 1 7 5 4
AUV ILLAIN, ground co lours
I S7 7
AVISSE , deco rator , 1 8 5 0
1 884
BA IL IN fi ls , flowers , 1 75 01 800
decorato r ,
BARB IN , deco rato r . 1 82 4 -3 9
BARDET, flowe rs . 1 7 5 I 1 800
bouque ts , e tc . ,
1 7 80-
9 1
BARRE , de tached bouque ts ,1 7 80-9 1
BARRE, flowers , 1 846 -8 1
BARR IA 'I‘ , figures ,I 85 2
1 883
8 1
Marks and mono grams o fpainters , deco rato rs , and
g i lders at Sevres .
ALONCLE, b i rd s ,
1 7 5 8 -8 1
ANDRE, Ju les , land scapes .
1 84 3-69
ANTEAUME , landscapes . e tc
I 7S4
APOIL , Alex is , figure subjec ts1 84 5
-64
APO” Mme , fi gures , 1 864
82 FRENCH PORCELAIN -SEVRES
DESCR I PTION.
BAUDO IN,o rnaments , 1 7 50
BECQUE'
I‘
, flowers , e tc . ,
I 74S
BELET, E flowers , e tc
1 878-1 900
BELET, L . ,decorator , 1 879
BER ANGER , figures , 1 8071 846
BERTR AND , bouque ts , 1 7 5 01 800
B 1EUV1LLE ,decorator , 1 8 7 7
B IENFA IT, g ild ing , 1 7 5 6
B INET, bouque ts , 1 7 5 0
B INET, Mme . (née Chanon ),flowers , 1 7 50
-1 800
BLANCHARD , deco rator ,1 8 1 1
BLANCHARD , A decorato r ,1 87 8 -1 900
BOCQUET, decorator , 1 902
BOITEL , g ild ing , 1 797 - 1 82 2
BONNUIT, deco rator , 1 8 5 8
I 894
BOUCHER,flowers , 1 7 54
BOUCHET, landscapes , etc . ,
I 7S7 -93
BOUCOT, flowers ,1 7 85
-9 1
BOUILLAT, flowers , etc
1 800- 1 1
BOULLEM IER ,giIdIng , 1 82 2
1 84 1
BOULLEMIER ainé , g ild ing ,1 8 2 2 -4 1
BOULLEM IER fi ls , g ild ing ,1 802 - 1 2
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
BOULANGER flowers , 1 7 5 4
BOULANGER fi l s , subjec ts ,
1 7 70-8 1
BRACHARD, scu lpto r
B RECY , decorator , 1 880
BUTEUX , flowers , after 1 800
CAEAU , flowers , 1 848-84
CAPELLE , bo rders , 1 74 52
CAPRONNIER , g i ld ing , “
1 800
CARD IN , bouquets , 1 7 49
CAR R IER , flowers , 1 7 5 2
subjec ts ,
BULIDON , bouquets , 1 7 4 51 792
BUNEL , Mme flowers ,1 7 7 8
- 1 8 1 7
BUTEUX pere , flowers , 1 7 5 61 7 86
BUTEUX fi l s ainé , flowers .
1 7 7 3- 1 8 2 2
BUTEUX fi l s jeune , sub
jects , 1 7 80-
94
CA STEL , l andscapes , etc
1 7 5 0- 1 800
CATTEAU , decorato r , 1 90 2I 9O4
CATON ,
I 7 S3
CATRICE ,flow erS , etc befo1 800
CE deco rato r , 1 8651 894
CHABRY , subjects , etc
I 749
FRENCH PORCELAIN— SEVRES
DESCR I PTION.
FONTAINE , flowers , 1 82 71 85 7
FONTELLIAU , g i ld ing , 1 7 5 3
FOURE, flowers , before
FOURNER IE ,
1 903
FOURN IER , decorator, 1 878
decorator ,
FRAGONARD , figures , etc
1 847-69
FRITSCH ,figureS , etc . 1 763I 76S
FROMENT, fi gures
FuMEz , bouque ts , 1 7 77 "
1 80 1
GANEAU fi l s , g ild ing , after1 800
GAUTHIER , land scapes ,etc . 1 7 87
-9 1
GEBLEUX , decorato r , 1 8 83
GELY , deco rato r , 1 85 1
1 888
GENEST,figures , 1 7 5 2
GEN IN ,flowers , etc . , 1 7 5 6
GEORGET, figures , e tc . ,
1 802 -2 3
GERARD , subjects , before1 800
GERARD ,Mme . (née Vau
trin ) ,flow ers , b efore 1 800G I R ARD , Ch inese figu res ,
b efore 1 800
GOBERT,figu res , 1 85 2 -
9 1
GOBLED , deco rato r , 1 90 2
GOD IN ,g i ld ing , 1 808-2 8
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
GOMERY , flowers , 1 7 5 6
GOUP IL , fi gures , 1 863-79
GREMONT, bouque ts , 1 7 70
1 7 8 1
GR ISON , g i l d ing , 1 7 49
HOURY , flowers , 1 747-5 5
HUARD , decora to r , 1 8 1 1
1 846
HUMBER’
I‘
,fi gures , 1 862
1 870
HU-
NY , flowers , 1 7 9 1—99
J ARDEL ,decorato r , 1 886
JOYAU , bouque ts , b efore1 800
JUB IN ,g i ld ing , b efore 1 800
J UL IENNE ,renaissance or
naments , after 1 800
LAMBERT, flowers , 1 864 -96
LANG LACE, landscapes ,1 8 1 3
-44
LA ROCHE , flowers , b efo re1 800
LASSER RE , decorator , 1 896
GUILLEMAIN , decorator ,after 1 800
HALL ION , E . , landscapes ,1 884
HALL ION , Fr . , g i l der , 1 8661 895
HENR ION b ouque ts , befo re1 7 84
HER ICOURT, b ouque ts be
fo re 1 800
H ILKEN , figures , e tc . , be
fore 1 800
FRENCH PORCELAIN—SEVRES 8 5
LATACHE , g i ld ing , after
LE BEL ai né , figures , etc . ,
be fore 1 800
LE BEL jeune , b ouque ts ,1 7 80
-
93
LE BEL , landscapes , 1 804
1 844
LEANDRE , subjects , left in1 7 8 5
LEGAT,ground co lours ,
1 87 2
LECOT, Ch inese subjects ,
be fo re 1 800
LEDOUX , landscapes ,etc
1 7 5 8
LEGER , decorator , 1 902
LE G UAY , g ild ing , 1 74 8
LE GUAY , fi gures , etc . ,
1 7 7 8-8 1
LE GAY , deco rator , 1 866
1 884
LEGUAY ,m in iatures , etc . ,
1 7 7 2 1 8 1 7
LEGRAND ,g ild ing ,
after1 800
LEROY , g ild ing , 1 864-88
LEVE pere , flowers , etc . ,
I 7 S4
LEVE, F . , flowers , etc be
fo re 1 800
L IGNE, decorato r , 1 883
LUCAS , decorato r , 1 87 8
MAQUERET, Mme . (néeBou il lat) , flowers , be fore1 800
MARTINET, flowers , 1 86 1
1 87 8
MASSY , flowers , 1 7 79-1 806
DESCR I PTION.
MAUGENDRE , scu lpto r ,1 88 1 -86
c AUD , flowers , 1 7 59
MO I RON, bouque ts , 1 790
1 7 9 1
MOUGENOT, flowers , 1 7 5 4
MOREAU , g i ld ing , 1 809 1 5
MOR IN , naval and m i l itarysubjects , 1 7 5 4
MOR IN , g i ld ing , 1 888
MORIOT,figu res , 1 830
-4 8
MUTE I landscapes , 1 7 5 4
N IQUET, bouquets . left in1 792
NOEL ,flowers . etc . . 1 7 5 5
NOUAILH IER ,Mme . (nee
Durosey) , flow ers ,be fore
OUINT,Ch deco rato r .
1 879-82
MAUSSION ,Mme . de , figures1 860-
70
MERAULT ainé , deco rato r ,I 7 5 4 ' 9 I
MERAULT jeune , bouque ts ,
1 7 86 -89
MERIGOT, decorato r , 1 8481 884
MEYER , A. , figures ,1 863
1 87 1
M ICAUD , g i ld ing , 1 79 2
1 8 1 2
M ICHEL , bouquets , be fo re1 800
M ILET, O . , decorator , 1 8621 877
M INARD , decorator , 1 884
863
MAR K .
FRENCH PORCELAIN—SEVRES
DESCR I PTION .
Q U INT,E . co loured
grounds , 1 888-93
OU INT, Em colouredgrounds , 1 87 7
-89
PA ILLET, figures , 1 882 -88
PARPETTE ,flowers , e tc
I 7SS
PARPETTE , Mme , flowers ,etc . 1 794
PARPETTI ,Mme L flowers ,1 7 89
- 1 82 5
PAJOU , scu lpto r , 1 7 5 0
PELUCHE , decora to r , 1 880
PETIT,flowe rs , 1 7 5 6
PFE I FFER , bouque ts , b efo re
PHIL I PP INE aine, subjec ts1 7 80
-
9 1
PHIL I PP INE , flowers , 1 7 87
1 79 1
P IER RE ainé , flowers , before 1 800
P IERREjeune , bouquets , b efore 1 800
P IHAN , deco rator , 1 888
P ITHOU ainé , subjec ts ,befo re 1 800
P ITHOU jeune , figures ,e tc . , b efo re 1 800
PL INE , g i ld ing , 1 83 1
PORCHON , g ild ing
POUILLOT, b ouque ts , be
fo re 1 7 7 8
POURAR 'I‘ , landscapes ,1 8 1 5
-4 5
PREVOST, g i ld ing , 1 7 5 4
MAR K .
QUENNOY , decorato‘r , 1 902
RAUX , bouque ts , befo re
REGN IER , F. , figures , 1 8201 866
REGN IER , H . fi gu res , 1 82 51 870
REJOUX , g i ld ing , 1 86 2 -90
ROCHER , figures , etc . , 1 7 5 8
ROSSET, landscapes , 1 7 5 3
ROL’
SSEL , b ouquets , be fo re1 800
ROUSSEL , fi gu res , -1 842-7 2
RENA RD , E. , deco rator ,after 1 800
RENARD , H . deco rator ,1 88 1
R ICHARD , Em . flowers ,
1 869-1 900
R ICHARD , E. flow ers , 1 83 8
1 87 2
R ICHARD , F . ,decorato r ,
1 848-7 8
R ICHARD , S . , deco rato r ,1 832
R ICHARD , L deco rato r ,1 902
R ICHARD , P . , g ild ing , 1 8491 88 1
R IOCREUX , I . , landscapes ,1 82 4
-
49
R IOCREUX , D . , flowers ,
1 807-72
ROBERT,F . , landscapes ,
1 806 -4 3
ROBERT, Mme . , flowers ,after 1 800
ROBERT, J . F . , landscapes ,1 806 -1 2
88 FRENCH PORCELAIN— SEVRES
DEGAULT, figures , 1 808- 1 8 1 7DEMARNE , subjects , 1 808 -1 8 1 4DEMARNE (Mlle . Carol ine ) , landscapes ,
1 82 2 -1 82 5DENOIS (Ml le . Jenny ), po rtra i ts , 1 82 0
DESBO IS , scu lptor , 1 886 -1 887DEVELLY , C . , landscapes , 1 8 1 3
-1 848
D ID IER , deco rato r , 1 8 1 9- 1 84 5
DUCLUZEAU (Mme . Ade laide) , portraits ,1 809
-1 848
DUFRESNE , Henry , figures , 1 862
FONTA INE , flowers etc . , 1 85 0
FRAGONARD , Th subjects , 1 847- 1 869
FROMENT DELORMEL , Eng . , figures ,1 85 3
- 1 884
GALLO IS (Mme ) , figures , 1 87 1GARNERAY ,
L . , sea subjec ts , 1 838-1 842
GELY , J . , figures , 1 85 1- 1 888
GEORGET, figures , 1 803- 1 806
GODDE, enamels and re l iefs , 1 86 1 - 1 863HAMON , figu res , 1 849
-1 85 4
JACCOBER , flowers and fru i t , 1 8 1 8- 1 848
JADELOT (Mme . S . subjec ts , 1 864 -1 87 1JAQUOTOT (Mme . V ic to i re) , po rt rai ts ,
1 80 1 - 1 84 2
LABBE,flowers , 1 847 -1 85 3
LAMAR RE , landscapesLAMBERT, l and scapes , 1 858
LASSER RE , decorator , 1 896
LAURENT (Mme . Pau l ine ) , figures , etc1 850
LANGLACE, landscapes , 1 807 -1 844LANGLO I S (Polycles ) , landscapes , 1 847
1 87 2
LEBEL , po rtra i ts , etc . , 1 804 - 1 844LEGUAY , subjec ts , figures , 1 7 7 8
- 1 840
LESSORRE , figures , 1 834LY NY BY E , landscapes , 1 84 1 -1 84 2
MERIGOT, F . , flowers , etc . , 1 84 8- 1 888
MEYER -HE INE , figures , 1 86 2 - 1 868
MOR IO'
I‘
,figures
,po rtra i ts , 1 830- 1 848
PARENT, L .-B . , figures , 1 8 1 6
PHIL I P , enamel s , 1 847—1 87 7
PHIL I PP INE , s t i ll l i fe , 1 7 85- 1 840
POUPART, A landscapes , 1 8 1 5- 1 845
REGN IER , landscapes , 1 836- 1 870
R ICHARD , E decorator , 1 85 8
ROBERT, landscapes , 1 806- 1 84 3
ROD IN , scu lpto r , 1 88 1 -1 883ROUSSEL (P . fi gures , 1 848
- 1 87 2
SCHIL’I‘
(L . flowers , 1 8 2 2 -1 8 5 5SCHILT (Abel ) , figures , 1 847
- 1 880
SOLON (Ml le . fi gures , 1 862 - 1 87 1
SWEBACH , landscapes , etc 1 806 -1 8 1 4TR ACER , J . , b i rds , etc . , 1 84 1 -1 87 3TREVERRET (de ) , figures , 1 8 1 9TR I STAN . figures , 1 863
TURGAN (Mme . Cons tance ) , portrai ts ,I S34
VAN OS , flowers and fru i ts , 1 8 1 1 -1 8 1 4VAN MARCK , subjects , 1 82 5
- 1 86 2
VERD IER , J . , des igner , vers , 1 890
S PA IN AND PORTUGAL
THE manufactory of a t in-enamel led earthenware decorated i nblue
,mangane se and g reen , or i n blue and lustre pigment, or in
l ustre alone,flouri shed in Spa in from an early date , and was most
probably introduced by the Moors . Man i ses and Valenci a werecentres of the i ndu stry, which was at i ts best i n the fifteenth ands ixteenth centu ries . In the seventeenth century several I tal ianpotters settled in Spain , and introduced the manufacture of the i r,then decadent
,maiol ica there . Later, when French faience w as
at i t s he ight , some French potters removed to Spain,so that
during the seventeenth and e ighteenth centur ies t i n -ename l ledwares were made at Alcora
,Talavera
,and e l sewhere
,some o f
which recal l the l ater style s of I tal ian maiol ica,wh i le others
resemble French fa'
i'
ence . Wal l -t i le s wi th e laborate geometri calpattern s of Moori sh orig in , known as az u l ejos , were largel y madei n Spain from early t imes
,and formed a Spec ial industry.
Porce lain was manufactured in due course i n the e ighteenthcentu ry
,the most important factory be ing that of Buen Reti ro,
near Madrid,founded in 1 760 by the he lp of workmen and
mou lds removed from Capo-di-Monte,Naples . The ware was
at first a soft paste,but after 1 780 a harder magnes ian porce la in
w as made .
C le ve r copies of Pal i ssy ware and the mottled earthenwares ofS taffordsh i re are made by Mafra
,at Caldas, i n Portugal .
96 SPAIN— VALENC IA ,MANISES, ALCORA,
SEVILLE
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MARK .DESCR I PTION.
CR°S P-c
ALCORA ESPANASob ya
FABR ICA REAL DE
ALCOR A ANo 1 7 3 5
1 5 th cent.
CHR I S OVALEROS
Painters' marks0 . 1 480
De l a Real Fa lzr 'iea
do Azu lejos de Va lencia
S oc de J uana Zamore ?Valenc ia, 1 7 86
Rea l Faor l ra do
D o Al ana S a l vador
92 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL , PORCELAIN—BUEN RETIRO
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MA RK . DESCR I PTION .
J OSEPH GRI( (
NAJLHAGRAN Portugal
Li sbon
F r
1 Mpensum
L l SB0AL isbon
1 790
1 804-8
THE BRITI SH I SLES
VARIOUS attempts to mak e porce lai n in the ne ighbourhood ofLondon culm inated in factories at Bow and Che l sea
,both of wh i ch
were acti ve as early as I 74 5 . The ware was a soft-pasteporce la i n
,the secre t of wh ich had been learnt
,no doubt
,from
French potte rs . Shortly afte r 1 7 50 other factorie s Sprung up atDerby
,Worcester
,Lowestoft
,Long ton Hall , Bri stol , and Li ve rpool .
Al l the early Eng l i sh porce la in s were variet ies of soft—paste , somedi st i ngu i shed by the admixture of bone-ash , and others by that ofsteati te . The on l y t rue hard-paste porce la in was made of Corni shmaterial s at Plymouth from 1 768-70 and at B ri stol from I 7 7o -S I .
The Eng l i sh porce la in s cont inued to vary under fresh expe riment st i l l the end of the e ighteenth century, w hen a more pe rmanentmixtu re was arri ved at by Jo si ah Spode i n Stafi'ordsh ire . Thi swas the modern Eng l i sh porce lain, made ch iefly of China clay andChina stone from Cornwall
,and bone-ash ; i t combines the
streng th of hard-paste with some of the soft me l lowness of the oldsoft-paste porce lain . The decorat ion passed th rough regularphases
,fi rst copying the Chinese whi te wares, then the blue and
wh i te,then the ename l led J apane se porce lai n exported from Imari
next came im i tat ions of the Me i ssen and Sevres styles , from the
rococo to the pseudo-class i cal and at the beg i nn ing of the n ineteenth century the Japan patterns were revived i n a very freerendering of the more e laborate Imari des igns . After th i s thepotte rs fe l l back on imi tat ion s of the earl ier styles unti l new l i fewas infused into the i r work at the end of the last centu ry .
Marked spec imens of Eng l i sh earthenware are practical lyunknown before the seventeenth centu ry . It was then that del ftor t i n-ename l led ware i n the Dutch fash ion began to be made,ch iefly at Lambe th : th i s industry spread ove r the country in the
e ighteenth century, and cons iderable factories sprung up at Bri stol93
94 POTTERY MARKS
and Li verpool . In Stafi'
ordsh ire and at Wrotham in Kent,
in'
Derbysh ire and other places the more Eng l i sh me thod ofdecorat ing earthenware w i th colou red "sl i ps was large l y pract i sed ,and many of the pieces bear the name s or i n i t ial s of potters aswe l l as those of the dest ined possessor-s of the pots . At theend of the seventeenth century sal t-g lazed stoneware was made byDw igh t of Fu lham ,
and at Nott ingham ,and a fine red stoneware
after the Ch ine se buccaro was made by Dw ight and by B lers inS taffo rdsh i re . Early in the e igh teenth century the Stafi
'
ordsh ire
po t te rs became ce lebrated for a fine,wh i te
,sal t-g lazed stoneware
of remarkable th innes s and sharpness wh i ch i s cal led sal t-g lazepar exce l lence . Thi s w as fol lowed by a lead-g lazed earthenwareof c reamy-ye l low tone perfected by Wedgwood i n h i s Queen’sw are abou t 1 760 . I t was decorated
,fi rst w i th splashes and
mott l ing s of g reen and brown or browni sh -purples, and afterwardsby paint ing i n ename l colou rs . Towards the end of the centurynume rous earthenwares and stonewares were invented or pe rfectedby Jos iah W edgwood and h i s contemporaries
,eng . j asper w are s,
b lack basal t or Egyptian black, cane-co l ou red stoneware,pea r l
ware,e tc . and i n the early n ine teenth centu ry a host of i ron-stone
ch inas,improved stone ch inas
,etc . mostly hard wh i te earthen
wares, w ere i nvented as cheap subst i tutes for porce lain . Markson Eng l i sh potte ry are mostl y impressed and are often di fficul t todeci pher becau se the g l aze has fi l led up the hol lows of the stamp .
96 BRITISH PORCELAIN— COALPORT, CHELSEA
MARK .
SALOPIAN
JOHN ROSE CO.
COLEBROOK DALE1 850
ENGLAND
COALPORT.
A .O. 17 50
DESCR I PTION.
Caugh ley
CBD
Coleb rookdale
Modern mark
MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Same mark ou tl ined in red
Anchor in b lue
Roub il iac ,
sculptor. inc .
Earl y mark copying a Ch inese seal
p . in red
BRITISH PORCELAIN— DERBY 9 7
MA RK . DESC R I P TION. DESC R I PTION.
D ow-o v .4 1?
p . in red
pr . in red
Crown Derby pr. m red
mark pa inted incolou rs
c . 1 7 82 onward s .
Early marks inb lue , puce , or
go ld , later in red
on Im i tat ionsof Sevres
I IICIsed on figuresand \ ases , pat tern
numbe rs andworkmen
'
s markadded
Rare mark in b lue ,
on po rce la inpr inted by Ho ldsh Ip at Derby
D ERB Y o
‘764
Copy of Ch ineset r ipod mark
Boob / v
98 BRITISH PORCELAIN—DERBY,LOWESTOFT
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MAR K .
copies ofW o rces te r marks .
Sadler , Liverpool
Mark of the RoyalCrown DerbyF 1
12d S adler , L zfl, enam’
1 876
B 'Z/afls , J CUZPSZ¢ C . 1 7 70
Gz'
l boa’y , maker
HERCULANEUM
S ho r e €& C° NANT-GARWC .W .
B i l l ingsleydeco rated variouswares at Mansfield
in 1 80 1
1 0 0 BR ITISH PORCELAIN— STAFFORDSHIRE, SWANSEA
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
H . 111017 7 3
M’ MASON P ardoe , B r isz‘
ol
Shorl hos e
1 8 1 4- 2 6
on painted and
b lue pr in ted w aresWEDGWOOD
W . T.
ENGL ISH PORCELA INJ . R. Co .
Ear ly 1 9th cent .
1 8 1 5- 1 8
SWANSEA
BRITISH PORCELAIN—WORCESTER
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Worcester
S im i lar marksoccur on Lowes to ft
Bow po rce la ins .
p . in b lue
Barr , F l igh t , andBarr , 1 807 -I 3
F l ight , Barr , andBarr , 1 8 1 3
-40
On printed ware
CHAMBERLA IN
1 0 1
DESCR I PTION.
Gra inger's
1 80 1 - 1 888
1 896- 1905
1 0 2 BRITISH POTTERY—NEWCASTLE,SUNDERLAND .
1 04 BRITISH POTTERY— DERBY, BRISTOL, SWANSEA
MA RK .
J . OLDF I ELD C0 .
S . M . 1 7 26
jo/m J /ei r , 1 708
By S fep/zen Shaw1 7 2 5
Radfom’S cu lpsz
’
t
DESCR I PTION.
Chesterfield
Richard Me i r
inc ised
P Flower
p in b lue
cream ware1 7 86-c . I 840
Bristo l
MARK .
f . E aves , B ri sfol
J . Doe , I 797
W . F . 1 84 8
POUNTNEY ALL IES
POWELL ,BRISTOI .
fil ar t/zar IVz'
l k z'
nson
B r istol P otfeiy , 1 808
P a rdoe, feez’
t , B r i s/al
W'
INCANTO
Nathan iel 1 748
P . P . Cor . L .
S to/ze , C/zimz
T. M . 1 790
Cambr ian. P of/er i'
DESCR I PTION.
on earthenwareear ly 1 9th cent .
painter
1 8 1 6-3 5
Mid . 1 9th cent.
paintermark inc ised
1 809-2 0
BRITISH POTTERY—SWANSEA, RY E,LAMBETH 1 0 5
MARK .
O I’AQUE PORCELA IN
SWANSEA
D l LLW Y N CO.
S roansea
D ILLWYN'
S
ETR USCAN WA RE
BEVINGTON C0 .
swANSEA
CHINA
DESC R I PTION .
Swansea
Camb rianW o rks
1 769 1 870 .
invented c . 1 7 90
1 84 5-6
1 8 1 7 -2 4
Be l levu e “ f
o rks1 869 onward s
MARK .
R ICHARD NORMAN
l . L . 1 638
G . R . 1 6 5 1
I . 1 6 5 6
I I . I . 1 669
H . 1 67 8
I . Ii . 1 697
T. IVet/zer z'
l l
Cleaver S t Lamire/11 ,
Lam/on
DESCR I PTION .
c . 1 837
1 06
MAR K .
Dou l ion 59° I/Vatts
Lambel lz P ottezy
M . P . B . C0 .
SCOTT
WOODNORTH 8: C0
E fzgraved by f ame:
J ohn P z'
a’l er his band
DESCR I PTION .
Staffordsh ire1 8 1 8
Staffordsh ire
Be lfast
on de l ft ware
Fremington
(N . Devon )Fishley
’
s fac to ry
MAR K .
CARTVVRIGHT
JOSEPH GLASS
T/zomas Heat/z, 1 67 7
J o!) Heat/z, 1 702
f osi ma Hea l /z, 1 7 7 1
Ric/2am! i ll ez'
r
J o/m zl l ez'
r , 1 708
R ic/l ard zl l are , 1 696
R ichard Jl l eer , 1 680
W . R ICH , 1 70 2
TH . SANS , 1 65 0
R. SHAW , 1 692
JOHN S IMPSON , 1 7 3 5
RALPH S IMPSON
W ILL I AM S IMPSON
THOMAS TOFT, 1 67 1
R ALPH TOFT, 1 676
JAMES TOFT, 1 7 05
CHARLES TOFT
R ALPH TURNOR , 1 680
W ILL I AM TALORGEORGE TAYLOR , 1 690
JOHN TAYLOR , 1 700
JOHN W R IGHT, 1 707
JOHN WEDGWOOD1 69 1
BRITISH POTTERY— LAMBETH , IRELAND
DESCR I PTION .
Stafl'
ordsh ire
c . 1 65 0
Derby
c . 1 708
VVrotham
c . 1 700
Modern
1 0 8 BRITISH POTTERY— STAFFORDSHIRE
MARK .
OPERATIVE UN IONPOTTERY
MACHIN POTTS
P . B . C0 .
I . DALE .
BURSLEM
T. R . B .
ROG ERS
STONE CHINAJAMES EDWARDS C0 .
WALTON
ANTHONY SHA\VBURSLEM
STEEL
BUR SLEM
DESCR I PTION.
M idd le 1 9th cent.
c . 1 800
Late 1 81h cent.
1 842
1 84 2 onwards
1 806-3 9
1 766- 1 82 4
MARK .
RILEY’
s SEMI -CHINA
S . A. Co .
ASTBURY
J . v0Y Ez
VOYEZHALES , F ecz’t
NEALE PALMER
NEALE W ILSONNeale C0 .
D ESCR I PTION:
Early 1 9th cent .
c . 1 7 80
1 760 -7 8
1 7 7 8-80
1 7 80-87
BRITISH POTTERY—STAFFORDSHIRE 1 09
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Hanl ey HanleyW ILSON
R. t i l l1 802
WI LSONXS
D I ‘N
jo/mDan iel 1 7 75STONE
o AA. Dam e! , S toke Engraver C H l
OPAQUE PORCELA IN
c . 1 7 05m“ 9
ENAMEL PORCELA IN
E . J /l a Per 1 7 70-1 8 1 3 SALT
E . zl /ayer 63:
S on 1 8 1 3- 1 830 EASTWOOD
Early 1 9 th cent .Earl y 1 9 111 cent .
T. J . J . MAYER e . 1 830 onwards1 8 5 7
-8
MAYER BROS .
KEEL ING , TOF'I‘ C0 . Earlv I 9th cent .
JOHN R ICK I IUSS ANDP ubl i shed by CHARLES TOFT
C . R . BOOTH CO .
e . 18 5 4
S . HOLL INS "
4- 1 8 16
B irchlate 1 8 th cent .
Successors ofT. N J . HOLL INS
B I RCH S . Ho l l ins
WARBURTON c . 1 7 80- 1 826
SHORTHOSE HEATH c . 1 800
HACKWOOD 1 8 z-6
SHORTHOSE CO . e . 1 82 14 3
C . 8: H La/e
HEATH H .\CKWOOD
1 1 o BRITISH POTTERY— STAFFORDSHIRE
HARD ING
FLETCHER C0 .
SHELTON
W . STEVENSONHANLEY
R . NI. V V. Co ,
R ia'
gw ay
R idgway Sons
BAGULEY,HANLEY
MASON'
S CAMBR IANARG l L
M. MASON
DESCR I PTION .
HanIeyM idd le 1 9th cent .
1 7 86-1 8 1 0
b lock printers
1 82 8
R idgway , Mosl ey ,W ear , and Co .
1 7 94 onwards
1 802 - 1 4
1 8 1 0
Lane Delphlate 1 8th cent .
ENOCH BOOTHI 7S7
A . E . KEEL ING
CHILD
BOWERS
RUBSLLA
DESCR I PTION .
Tunstal l
Early 1 91h cent .
c . 1 763
l gth cent .
1 I 2 BR ITISH POTTERY—STAFFORDSHIRE
MAR K . DESC R I PTION. DESCR I PTION .
Thomas JONES 8c w .\LLEY
El fi n , Kn ight 67° Co.
W'
edgw ooa’
WEDGVVOOD
1 7 68-80
1 8 1 9-29
CLEWS
P I I ILL IPS , LONGPORT
R . DANIEL
WEDGWOODvar
'Ih S izes1 802 1 840 84 BENTLEY 5 g
IVea’
g wood
BRITISH POTTERY— STAFFORDSHIRE 1 I 3
MARK .
WEDCWOOD SONS
JOS I AH WEDGWOODFeb. 2 , 1 805
WEDGW'
OOD
ETRURIA
\VEDG \VOOD
WEDGWOO D
ENGLAND
DESCR IPTION. MARK .
V ery rare
F . ME I R
Czysl a l I Iare
In varying s ize sc , 1 840
BATTY CO .
II o/zr and Smi l /z
P tI/C’I l l ees
J . CLEMENTSONI ra/11mm ,
Tz'
l /eflberg
Pa inter , 1 8 5 9-
7 5
111m l
DUCROZ MILL IDGE
From 1 89 1 .
E ng land addedROYAL '
l‘
l
on po rcela in PO RCEL i
expo rtedto Un i ted States
HOT'I‘ R CO .
REGINA
S ampsou Lownds
1 7 86
DESC R I PTION.
l gth Cent .
l gth cent .
W i th a phoen i x .
Han ley. c . 1 84 5
Earl y 1 9 th cent .
Tuns tal l
1 1 4 BR ITISH POTTERY—AMERICA
1 1 6
B ISHOI’S WALTHAM
CROSSLEYCOMMONDALE
\V . MARTINF i l l /l am
V I I I
MODERN BRITISH
DESCR I PTION .
Mark o fG . M . Forsyth
Mark o fW . S . Mycock
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
(des igner)
John Chambers
R ichard Joyce
C . E. Cundal l
Dorothy Dacre
Jess ie Jones
Gw ladys Rodgers
Ann ie Burton
MODERN BRITISH POTTERS’ MARKS 1 1 7
MARK . DESCRI P I‘
ION . DESCR I PTION .
ENGLAND
R idgway.
She l ton , S taffs F" J D Bod ley .
Burs lem , S taffs .
CO J . D immoc kand C0 .
ENGLAI“) Hanlev , Staffs .
Torquay
1 1 8 MODERN BR ITISH POTTERS’ MARKS
MARK .
ADAMSENGLAND
ZNGLAND
" auto.
”
DESCR I PTION .
B ishopandSton ier .
Hanl ey, S taffs .
MARK .
BRANNAM.
ESTABUSHED
FOLEY CHINA.
ENGLAND
DESCR I PTION .
W es thead ,
Moo re and Co .
1 2 0 MODERN BR ITISH
MAR K .
W N. C0$S .
ENGLAND.
DESCR I PTION .
Fu rn i vals , L td .
Co b rIdge , S taffs .
G . Jones and Sons .
S toke -upon-TrentS taffs .
Locke and Co .
W o rces te r
POTTERS’ MARKS
MARK .
Lo vat t and Lo vat tnear No t t ingham
A . Meak in , L td .
Tunstal l , S taffs
J . and G . Meak in .
Hanley , Staffs .
BR ITISH PORCELAIN—ADD ITIONAL 1 2 0"
MARK . DESCR I PTION . DESCR I PTION.
Derby-Che lseaA in b lue See p . 96
anchor , etc . in red .
imp. Tebo
in red \\ i thcrescent in b lue
See p . 96In puce
C BD ALERock ing/1am
Al anafactu rers to !beK ing
Tebo
inc . 0 11 a figure
Che lsea o r Derbyinc .
Inc . on a Che lseaBOYLE
Jug
1 2 0A BR ITISH PORCELAIN AND POTTERY—ADDITIONAL
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
p . in b lack and b lue 1 . Dawson 8 ’Ca .
Low F ord
p . and inc .
late l gth cent .
p . in b lue PATTERSON CO.
N . on Ty ne1 7 40 4 8 1 7
p . in p ink
Tyne P ottery
John Donal dson’
s Stock ton-on-Teess ignatu re late 1 9th cent.
R e Ctt‘
R, Hancock N 5 J u n Q coprinted ware
J Rojs s ou l/o
1 2 0C
MAR K .
BATH\VELL
GOODFELLOW
E . CHALL INOR
T. MAYER LONGPORT
COURTHOPE
PVi /l iam Heat/z
T. I I . CO
IND I AN TREEJ . M . CO .
To l-‘
T MAY
HAWLEY
BRITISH POTTERY—ADDITIONAL
DESCR I PTION. MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
R IDGWAY
w . R IDGWAY CO See p. 1 1 0
CAULDON
CAULDON PLACEENGLAND
Ha iles Adams
late 1 8th cent . GLASS , HANLEY c . 1 830
IV. Cl ow es Port H i l l , c . 1 8 1 0
B . ADAMS Early 1 9th cent .
BOURNE N I XON C0
1 8 30Tuns tal l
1 8 1 8
John YatesFenton ,
c . 1 830
CY PLES BAR KER Long ton, c . 1 800
Barlow (successo rOf the abo ve )
1 9th cent .r . in b luep
Al arti n , Stzaw 65° Cope in a. cartouche ,
Improved LongtonEarly 1 9th cent . C/zina Early 1 9th cent .
imp .
T. Heath CO .
Sax onJ . Me igh Sons
T. HEATH BURSLEMHanlev , c . 1 830
in a wrea thEarly 1 9th cent .
E . e» G . P h i l l ipsFo ley , 1 84 2 LONGPORT
'
I SH POTTERY
DESCR I PTION.
Sytch po t teryBurslem
Early 1 9th cent .imp .
(see p. 1 1 2 )
pr . in b lue
El k in . Kn ightand Bridgwood
at Fo ley0. 1 820-
50
pr. in b lue
Inscribed
MAR K .
MARE
G TAYLOR
WHITENINGl .
B . W . CO
GILDEA WALKER
ADDITIONAL I Z OD
DESCR I PTION.
1 9th cent .
Bates . Walker
Late 1 9th cent .
Wincanton
del ft
See p . I 04
Ireson(VViucanton ) p.
1 2 2 POTTERY MARKS
t i on of thi s ware,exclu s i ve of that made at Damascus
,i s di s
tingu ished by the use Of a fi ne red pigment , always i n palpablere l ief. Thi s pigment, general ly known as “ Rhodian red
,
”wasObtai ned from Armenian bole .
Marked example s of Pe rs i an,Syrian and Turki sh wares are
uncommon .
A t rans lucent pottery,wh ich i s general ly known as Pers ian
porcelai n , was made at a very early date , and then agai n about1 600 and even as late as 1 800 . Thi s ware frequently bearsde l i cate ly i nci sed patte rns or i s ornamented w i th pierced patternsthe open ings of wh i ch are fi l led wi th g laze . I t was formerlyknown in England as Gombroon Ware .
The marks found on Pers i an pottery‘
occur most frequently onthe wares Of the s i xteenth to the n ineteenth century
,part icularly
on the pieces i n wh ich Chinese i nfluence i s apparent i n the
decoration . Marks al so occur on Anatol i an wares Of Minorimportance .
w asofMinor
DESCR I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
El Chamy , Syrian
El Taurizi (=fromTauris ) 1 6 th cent .
Mark on1 4 th cent . ware
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K .
Charaf
Fathh
1 6th ce
CH INESE PORCELA IN
IT seems probable from l i te rary evidence that porcel ai n was madei n China at least as early as the T’ang dynasty (6 1 8-906but no examples of th i s period have reached Europe . The
various makes Of the Sung (960- 1 2 79 ) and Yuan ( 1 280 - 1 36 7 )dynast ies are known to us chiefly th rough a few of the coarserspec imens of the creamy wh i te ware of Ting-Chou and the g reyg reen celadon of Lung—ch’uan-h sien , and th rough the comparati ve l ymodern copies which abound . Marks on these wares appear tohave been unusual
,though w e read that the Chiin-chou porce la in
was somet imes marked w i th an eng raved numeral , and a palacemark Of the Yuan dynasty (S /zufu ) i s g i ven on p . 1 49 . Unde r theM ing dynasty ( 1 368- 1 644 the Yung -IO period ( 1 40 3-2 4 )was ce lebrated for i ts fine wh i te porce lain wi th eng raved ornamen t ; the Hsuan-té period ( 1 4 26-3 5 ) for blue and wh i te ( t o.
wh i te porcelai n painted in unde rg laze blue ) and a bri l l iant underg laze red decoration the Ch
’éng-hua period ( 1 46 5-87 ) for coloured
decorat ion,painted in ename l s and in g lazes ; the Hung-ch ih
period ( 1 4 88- 1 50 5 ) for a pale tran sparent ye l l ow ; the Chia-chingperiod ( 1 5 2 2 -66 ) fo r bl ue and wh i te the Lung-ch’ing ( 1 56 7-7 2 )and \Van-l i ( 1 5 7 3- 1 6 19 ) pe riod s for ename l led decorat ion com
b ined with underg laze blue, princ i pal ly i n five colours , i ncl udingg reen , yel low ,
manganese purple and red . Genuine spec imensof Ming po rce lain made before the s i xteenth centu ry are practicallyunprocurable
,though the marks of Hsuan-té and Ch
’éng-hua
occur very commonly on comparat i vel y mode rn w ares .The re igns Of K’ang-hs i ( 1 6 62 Yung-cheng ( 1 7 2 3-3 5 )
and Ch’ien-l ung ( 1 7 36-9 5 ) have suppl ied prac t ical ly al l the finestChinese porcel ai n in European col lect ions . The K’ang-hsi periodi s noted for the pe rfect ion of blue and whi te porce lain ename l led
1 2 8 POTTERY MARKS
porcelain s i n three and five colours,1 with a predominance ofg reen in various shades, whence the French name fami l le v erte ;
porcelai n wi th coloured g rounds, ag . g reeni sh-black, powderb lue, coral-red, coffee-brown
,leaf-g reen , etc .
,and reserved decora
t ion i n Othe r colou rs s ing le-coloured ware s w i th g lazes Of sangrte oaezg/ red
,peach-bloom
,apple-g reen , and other t ints . The
re ign of Yung -Cheng ( 1 7 2 3-3 5 ) was noted for the Clever imi tat ion sOf the anc ient ware s Of the Sung dynasty wi th s ing le-coloured ,splashed
,and crackled g lazes . Indeed most Of the archai c-looking
spec imens i n our col lect ion s, w i th g laze s Of th i s descrip tion , weremade about th i s t ime . Among ename l s the variou s rose t i ntswhich came i nto -
use at the end Of the preceding re ign , were ful lydeve loped ; and th i s period marks the trans i t i on Of the far/ti tl ef
aer i e i nto the f amz’
l /e rose,the old t ranslucent ename l s of l im i ted
range be i ng replaced by an extended pale t te Of Opaque colours .The e laborate ly and minute l y pain ted “
egg-She l l ” plates and
se rvices (Often wi th ruby-red g round underneath) w ere decoratedat Canton main ly for export ; and from th i s t ime onward largecons ignments Of porcelain decorated to orde r wi th c re sts andcoats of arms were sh ipped to Europe . The porce lai n i tse l f wasmade
,l i ke nearly al l the Chinese porce l ain known to u s
,at Ch ing
té-ch én,53 i n the province Of K i ang s i , but the enamel led decorat ion
i n Western taste was added in Canton .
Du ring the long re ign of Ch’ien—l ung ( 1 736-9 5 ) mechan i calperfect i on was reached in the manufacture of porce lai n . Therewas l i tt le
,Old or new , that the potters cou ld not achieve . The i r
g lazes imi tated jade, bronze, carved wood, lacquer, natural stones, :and al l kinds of ornamental material s ; and many new g lazecolours were adopted
,ag . soufi e
’
red of coral t i n t,deep sapph i re
blue (known as the “ Temple of Heaven ”blue ) , “ i ron-rust ”and“ tea-dust ” g lazes. The painted wares are wonders Of manipu
l at i ve ski l l,though the i r de l icate and e laborate fini sh may not b e
so pleas ing as the bolder style and broader effects Of the K’anghs i porcela in s . A g radual but su re dec l ine set i n afte r the re ignOf Ch’ien -lung , and the n ineteenth-century porce lain can usual ly bedist ingui shed from the Old ware s by i ts inferior potting , weaker
1 The ename ls are always translucent,and at this t ime an overglaze
enamel b lue large ly replaced the underg laze b lue in the five-co lou r deco rat ion.
2 The princ ipal except ion to th is s tatement is the i vory-white porce la inknown in F rance as Mano de Ch ina, wh ich has been made in the prov ince Of
Eu-ch ien from the early part of the M ing dynasty.
1 3 0 POTTERY MARKS
I 2. ,
3.
4 5.and the date can be guessed . I t reads Y u h sm-ch on men Ch l h
1 5
made In the h sm-ch’ou year recu rring . The hS In-ch’ou year,
the 3 8th Of the cyc le,recurred in the re ign of Kang-hs i who
completed a fu l l cyc le Of h is re ign in AD . 1 7 2 1 .
2 . The commones t system of dat ing porcelain i s by the
Nz'
en-lzao,or
' re ign-name adopted by the Emperor on the New
Year succeeding the death Of hi s predece ssor. These date s areu sual ly w ri tten in s ix characters in two columns ; the name Of
the dynasty com ing fi rst,fol lowed by the re ign-name Of the
Emperor ; the u sual end ing 13 m en (year or peri od ) c/zz'
l i (made ) ,but the latter word i s occasional ly replaced by tw o which al so
I 2
means “ made ” ( see p . 1 50 ) eg . Ta [Ming3 4 5 6
.
6 3.
Cfi’éflg lzzzcz men c/zz/t made In the Ch’engI 2
htia period (of the ) g reat Ming (dynasty) .The mark i s somet imes shortened into fourCharacters by the omi ss ion Of the name Of
the dynasty, ( see p . The i nd iv idual yearof the re ign i s very rare l y spec ified . Occasi on
al ly the word y it, Imper ial, i s u sed instead of m'
ezz : (see p .
The reader i s caut ioned that these re ign -marks cannot beaccepted as true dates
,withou t other evidence . The Ch inese,
who venerate ant iqu i ty,make a pract i ce of putt ing ancient dates
on modern wares . Hsz'
l azz-té and C/z’e’ng—fiua i n the fil ing
dynasty,f’aflg
-k yz'
,Y ang
-thing and Cé ’ien- l zmg of the Cfi’ing
dynasty are commonly used in th i s way,because Of the ce rami c
g reatness of the re igns i ndi cated . The exception to thi s caut ioni s the Imperial porce lai n
,on wh i ch the mark i s accurate l y and
ski lful l y in scribed .
The fol lowing table s i nclude the pri nci pal re ign-names of thefil ing and Cii
’z'
flg dynast ies, marks previou s to these be ingvi rtual ly unknown
,although they are reputed to have been fi rst
placed on Imperial ware s by order of the Emperor Ch én-t sung i nthe period Ck z'flg -té ( 1 004 -7 F rom the re ign Of Y zmgC/zéng onwards seal characte rs were commonly u sed i n the re ignmarks
,as shown be l ow . A l i st Of.Ch inese numeral s i s appended .
(B ) HALL MARK—The term “ hal l ”here u sed i s vague butcomprehens ive . It may refer to the shed of the potter, the
studio Of the painter,the shop of a dealer , the hal l Of a noble
CHINESE PORCELAIN 1 3 1
or the palace or pavi l ion of an Emperor. It may equal ly signi fythe place whe re
,or the place for which the ware was made ; and
i n the absence Of any preposi t i on the mean ing Of the'
hal l -markmust Often remai n Obscure . The word used in those marks i susual l y f ang ,
a hal l ( see p . 1 4 2 ) but t’ing ,a summer-house also
occurs,as we l l as c/zai , a studio (p . lzsnan
,a terrace (p .
and fang ,a re t reat ( p .
(C ) MARKS OF COMMENDATION,etc .
,i nclude ( I ) laudatory
terms such as P ao rl ieng (of un ique value ) on p . 1 4 7,“ a gem
among prec i ou s vessel s of rare jade ” (p . etc .
,referring to the
beauty Of the ware ; ( 2 ) words of good Omen such as S/zozc( longevi ty) , c (happine ss) , etc .
,implying a w i sh for the we l fare
of the owner of the vessel and ( 3) in script i ons wh ich refer to thesubject of the decoration
,cg . Tsai cl i’nan c/zi/l lo : Feel ing plea
sure in the water,”the subject be i ng fi shes in a pool ( see be low) .(D) S I GNATURES are rare on Ch ine se porce lain
,ch iefly because
of the minute d ivi s ion of labour i n the factories,where one
piece somet ime s passed th rough se venty hands . Some of thehal l marks
,
”however
,must be regarded as contain ing “ studi o
names ” of potters or decorators,and therefore as a kind Of
s ignature .
(E) SYMBOLS, DEV ICES , etc .,so dear to the Ch inese mind
,are
Often found in place of a wri t ten mark,the commonest be ing the
Eigh t Buddhi st symbols, the attribute s o f the Taoi st Immortal s,
the Hundred Antique s, and Emblems Of Happiness or Long-l i fesuch as the bat and the fungu s . More rare ly a g roup of object scan be t ranslated rebus-fash ion into a good w i sh ; ag . a penci lbrush (pi ) wi th a cake of ink (ting ) and a (jzc-i ) sceptre or mag i cwand , togethe r connote the phrase P i l ing ju -i
,May ( th ing s) be
fixed as you w i sh ”(p .
In the year 1 66 7 the Emperor K’ang -hs i forbade the use o fthe Impe rial t i t le or any sacred phrase on ch ina , lest i t Shou ldbe broken and desecrated . It i s un l ike l y that the proh ibi ti onremained i n force for mo re than a few years
,b ut during that
t ime the double ring intended to enclose the mark e i the rremained blank or was fi l led w i th a de v i ce or symbol or some
Other permi ss ible subst i tute .
ch’uan
feel ing pleasure in the water .
POTTERY MARKS
CH INESE POTTERY
THE manufacture of pottery i n Ch ina i s Of immemorialant iqu i ty
,bu t i ts h i story prior to the Han dynasty (B .C . 20 6
A .D . 2 20 ) i s on ly of antiquari an i nteres t . At th i s t ime i t appearsfrom l i terary evidence that stoneware
,a ve ry hard and parti al l y
vi trified pottery,was made ; and from actual exi st i ng spec imens
that a red earthenware with g reen or ye l low g laze was fash ionedi n vases of more or les s art i st ic form
,borrowed from the St i l l
more ancient bronzes . The spread Of tea-d ri nking during the
T ang dynasty (A.D . 6 1 8—906 ) proved, no doubt, a g reat s timulusto the potters
,but w e know l i tt le about the resul t s of the i r efforts
before the Ming dynasty (A.D . 1 368 It was i n the re ignof Chéng -té ( 1 506 - 1 5 2 1 ) that the potte rie s Of Y i-h si ng-h sien
,in
the province Of K iang su , we re started . The Y i-hs ing ware i s anung lazed pot tery Of varying hardness, and usual ly of red, bufif, orfawn colours . It was cal led by the Portuguese “ buccaro
,
” andi s best known i n tea-pot s Of fantast ic shape s
,-such as Bottge r Of
D re sden,
‘
certain D utch potters,and Dwight and Elers i n
Eng land copied at the end of the seventeenth and the beg inn ingof the e ighteenth centuries . The later examples are oftenename l led and the manufactu re cont inue s to th i s day. Importantstoneware factorie s exi st i n the province of Kuang- tung, dat ingperhaps from the Sung dynasty (A.D . 960 but best knownto u s by the i r later produc ts
,e.g . jars
,vases
,and figures wi th
splashed and mottled g lazes w i th a prevai l ing blue or blu i sh g reytone st reaked and fleck ed with scarlet
, g reen , and Ol i ve brown .
Th ere are potteries near Peking producing good copies Of the
porcelai n with turquoi se and auberg i ne g lazes, and there are
many Obscure fac tories wh i ch suppl y local needs but the Chinesepottery in European hands can
,as a rule
,be safel y assigned to
e i ther a Y i-h sing or Canton o rig in .
Marks on Chinese pottery u sually consi st of impressed sealsg i v ing the name (or art-name) of the potter or place ofmanufacture and date-marks are uncommon .
1 34 CH INESE DATE MARKS
CH INESE DATE MARKS
NIENHAO OF THE EMPERORS ON PORCELA IN AND POTTERY
DESCR I PTION . MAR K . D ESCR I PTION .
Sung dynasty
u s The same in
seal characters
The same
The same in seal
characters
MARK.
1 3 5
Ch’ing dynasty
The same in sealcharac ters
The same in sea lcharac te rs
1 3 6
DESCR I PTION .
Ch'ing dynasty
The same in sealcharacters
The same in sea lCharacters
The same in sea lcharacters
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Ch’ing dynasty
The same in sealcharacters
The same in sealcharacters
The same in sealcharac ters
1 3 8 CH INESE PORCELAIN— SYMBOLIC MARKS
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K .
Ch 'ien ( a cash
(State umb rel la)
Hua (a paint ing )Kai (canopy)
Shu (a pa i r ofbooks )
P ’ing (vase )
Ai-yeh (an artem is ia leaf)
CHINESE PORCELAIN—HARE ,LEAF, LOTUS, ETC . 1 3 9
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . .\ IARK . DESCR I PTION.
Lo tus flowe r
Flowers
The hare whichl i ves in the m oon
mak ing the e l i x i rOf l ife , is veneratedby the Tao ists Prunus spray
Artem is ia leaf : 1
good omen
Lo tus fl ower
1 4 0 CHINESE PORCELAIN—FLOWER,TR IPOD, ETC.
’
DESCR I PTION . MAR K .
Flower
A four-leggedincense burner
A tr ipod incenseburner
A tripod vaseEnd less knot
Insec t
1 4 2 CH INESE PORCELAIN— “ HALL ” MARKS
MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Yung lo t'ang ch ihmade att he
Yung l o (perpe tualenjoyment ha l l )
Ts'
a i hua t’angch ih z made at the
hal l Of b ri l l iantpa int ing .
1 820 5 0
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Ching w e i t 'angch ih made for the
hal l Of respec t fu l
A pa lace mark1 736
-95
Té hs ing t 'angch ih : made for the
hal l Of fragrantv i rtue .
1 5 7 3-1 6 20
Y u hai t’angchih z made in the
ha l l of ocean jade .
1 66 2 - 1 7 2 2
Shén té t’ang ch ihmade for the
hal l Of cu l t i vat ionof v irtue .
Palace mark1 8 20 50
CH INESE PORCELAIN,
“ HALL ” MARKS 1 4 3
MARK . DESC R I PTION. MARK . DESCR I PTION.
1 4 4 CHINESE PORCELAIN—HALL MARKS, ETC.
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
T'ien t i yi ch ia
Kue i yueh shan
Ta chi G reatgood -luck l
1 4 6 CH INESE PORCELAIN—COMMENDATION MARKS
MAR K .
Shou (longe v ity)A cur ious fo rm
known in Ho l landas the Sp ide r mark
Fu happ iness
In var ious fo rms
Lu emolument
Wan fu yu t’ung=May infin i tehappiness emb raceal l you r a ffa i rs
1 6 th cent .
MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Ch 'ang m ing fukue i : Long l Ife ,
riches ,and honou r !in a c i rc le l i ke a
cash .
l 6th cent .
Ch’ing Con
gra tu lat ions
Ch'
i yu pao t ingch ih chén z A gem
among prec iou svesse l s Ofrarejade !
1 662 -1 7 2 2
Ch I sh ih pao t ingch ih chén z A gem
among prec iousvesse ls Of rare
s tone
CHINESE PORCELAIN— COMMENDATION MARKS 1 4 7
MARK . DESC R I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Ai l ien chén Sl tangPrec ious re“ ard
o f the lo ve r o fthe lo tus1 8 2 0 -50
Y II lai=Arrival o f
friend s
S l IOtt “ u
ch iann myriadage s nevcr cnd ing
Nan ch 'uan ch inyu emb ro ideredjade OfNan-ch'uan(a name fo r Ch ing
1 66 2 - 1 7 2 2
yunn o r pub l ic sl Iou wu
use in the genera l 's ch tann myr iadha l l . 1 7 th cent . ages never curl ing
U sua l ly w ri ttenin an ho rizonta l
l IIIc
Shéng yu ya ch i
Elegan t co l leetton Of ho ly fr iends
1 66 2 - 1 7 2 2
1 4 8 CHINESE PORCELAIN—COMMENDATION MARKS
MARK . DESCRi PTION .
Y u jade
Chen : a pearl1 662 - 1 7 2 2
Ch 'uan comple te1 7 th cent .
Shun z e legant1 66 2 - 1 7 2 2
Hs ing z exa l ted1 662 -1 7 2 2
MAR K .
early 1 8th cent .
Chen yu z veritfi
ab le jade
Wan yu tr inke tjade
prec ious t rinket
A shop markundec iphered
1 50 CHINESE PORCELAIN —DESCRIPTIVE MARKS
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Ch'
a : tea
Ch iu z w ine
Ch iang t'angdecoct ion of g inger
MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Hs ieh chu chu jentsao : made for the
Lo rd Of the Hs iehBamb oos
ear ly 1 9th cent .
Kuan yao nei tsao
m ade at the
go vernment factory1 82 0-
5 0
CH INESE PORCELAIN— POTTERS’ NAMES, ETC . 1 5 1
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Tsu i Y uc l t h suanch ih : made o n the
terrace o f the
d runken moon
c . 1 8 3 0
L ing nan hu i ché=a L ingnan l i e .
Can ton ) pa int ing ;and the sea l
Pai shih=\Vh ite
Rock (a s tud ioname o f a pa inter )
c . 1 7 24
MAR K . DES CR I PTION .
Uncerta in sea lmarks
1 5 2 CHINESE POTTERY AND STONEWARE—CANTON
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MARK .
T'
ai yuan (po t ter)1 8th or 1 9th cent .
An Ol d name on
modern wares
Meng-ch '
én and
Hu i
Y u-lan-pi ch ihmade by Y u
-lan
1 5 2B CH INESE “ HALL MARKS, ETC—ADD ITIONAL
MAR K. MAR K .
wo rkmansh ip.
c . 1 700
T’ang dynas ty
(6 1 8 -906 A. D . )
JAPANESE POTTERY
THOUGH a primi t i ve pottery was made i n J apan before our era,i t was not t i l l the practi ce of tea-dri nking necess i tated a be tte rc lass of ware that anyth ing Of arti st i c pre tensi ons was made . In
the th i rteenth centu ry Kato Sh irozaemon ,better known as Toshi ro
,
j ou rneyed to China to learn the secrets of the Ch ine se potters .On hi s re turn he made the fi rst g lazed wares, whi ch cons i s tedch iefly Of tea-jars and tea-bow l s of fine stonew are w i th rich Streakyg laze s , amber brown , chocolate , and purpl i sh black, some t ime ssuperposed . A ye l low g laze was added i n the next generat ion .
These g laze s, known as Seto y‘
usur i,or Se to g laze s, were for long
the only covering for J apanese pottery . Towards the end Of the
S i xteenth century,afte r the i nvasion of Corea, a number Of Corean
potters we re t ransplanted to Japan by the victori ous H ideyosh iand proved a powerful i nfluence i n J apanese ce rami cs . Tea
drinking became an organ i sed cul t, and the tea soc ie t ies (Clzanoy u )acqu i red a semi -pol i t i cal s ignificance . In the i r ceremonie s thetea-drinkers studied an almost rude s impl i c i ty, and the ware safl
'
ected by them we re Of an archai c character,so that the potters
had to devote themse l ves to copying the old Se to and Coreanware s . The latter inc luded wares wi th g reyi sh-whi te g laze, org rey stoneware i n lai d wi th whi te or black clays i n what was cal ledM is lzlmcz style . Another important c lass Of tea-ware was a softpottery w i th smooth waxen g laze i n brow n , black, salmon red ,
or
yel low colours,known as Raku ware and int roduced by a Corean
named Ameya early in the s i xteenth century. A seal eng ravedwi th the word Raku (Happiness) was g i ven to Chojiro, the secondgeneration of the fami ly i n 1 588, and has been used by h i sdescendants ever S i nce . Raku ware was easi ly made and requi redonly a low temperature i n the baking ; i t has been manufac tu red
l S3
I 5 4 POTTERY MARKS
by a large number Of potters, profess i onal and amateur, i n variousparts of J apan .
Among the Old factories Takatori was noted for rich , variegatedand mahogany g l azes of the Se to style ; Karatsu and Hag i forwares of Corean type ; and Sh igarak i for rough archaic potterywi th bl i s te red and corrugated g laze . A rich brown or slatey g reystoneware , w i th no g laze at al l or on ly an acc identa l covering , wasmade i n B izen from early t imes : admi rably model led figu resand g roups have for long been made at Imbe , i n th i s province .
A g rey stoneware wi th t ranslucent g laze specked wi th brown wasmade at Iwaki i n the province Of Soma
,and was general ly
decorated wi th a te thered horse, the prince l y badge of the
prov ince . Grey ware w i th fine in lai d wh i te ornament,a deve lop
ment of the Corean M ir/l imo style,i s pecul iar to Yat sush i ro and
the prov i nce of Ise i s d i st ingu i shed by the work of a c leve ramateu r of the e ighteenth centu ry whose art name i s Banko . He
also worked at Yedo copying Raku,Corean
,and K i oto wares .
His seal was u sed by Mori Y usetsu,who revived h i s work i n 1 830 ,
and who was furthe r noted for the u se of i nterior moulds for h i sfine S toneware teapots which Show outside the finger-prints Of thepotter .The KlOtO ‘ potters worked in every style
,but the di st ri c t Of
Awata i s special ly noted for a beau ti fu l pottery wi th hard g reyi shwh i te body and tran slucent g l azes varying from g rey to creamcolou r and fine l y crackled . In the early part of the seventeenthcentury th i s ware was p ainted i n blue or brown under the g lazebut i n the latter part of that pe riod the ce lebrated potter
,whose
art name i s N insei,learnt the secre t Of ename l l ing on the g laze
from the porce l ain makers i n H izen . He was fol lowed by theKenzan, Kink ozan
,Hozan
,Taizan and other fami l ie s whose
descendants in many cases st i l l produce the fine l y ename l ledAwata faience . But the most beaut ifu l potte ry of th i s type i s thei vory wh i te ware of the provi nce Of Satsuma, w i th i ts lu st rousve l vety su rface and scarce l y pe rcept ible c rackle . Th i s ware
,which
probably dates from the seventeenth century, was at fi rst undecorated ; enamel led ornaments were sparing l y appl ied i n the e ighteenth centu ry
,but i n modern times the qual i ty of the ware has
degene rated and the mass of decorat ion increased . Indeed alarge proport ion of the ware i s now sent to Tokio, where i t i senti re ly cove red wi th rich ename l s and g i ld ing . There wereother and older wares made i n the prov ince Of Satsuma Wi th
1 56 POTTERY MARKS
scrip t or seal characters , more rarel y in the cursi ve J apanesewri t ing . They commonly end in the word sci or tsukuru (Ch .
c/zi/z) made , varied by such words as m ien made new (penc i l )drawn : g cz or y egak zc= painted . Tszck urzc fol lowed by the
word Kor e ( = th is ) i s read Kore o tsué ur u= made th i s . Somet imes the mark ends in
,or solel y cons i st s of a [( alzi lzan
,i .e.
wri tten seal (see p . a flouri sh or s ign wi thout l i terarymean i ng .
Date marks are g i ven i n two ways as on Chinese wares : ( I )the cycl i cal system wh ich i s identical w i th the Chinese (p . 1 2 9 ) ( 2 )the nengo which corresponds wi th the Chinese men into
,be i ng a
period , the name and leng th of wh ich are dete rmined by the
Emperor. The l i st of neng o began in 64 5 A.D . but the fol lowingsect ion beg inning i n 1 3 70 i s su ffic ient for identi fying potterymarks . The table of numeral s on page 1 37 w i l l be u sefu l i n th isconnect ion .
In the columns of Japanese marks the heading s in heavy typeare the names of prov inces . P lace-names have been pri nted ini tal i cs , where they migh t be otherwi se confused wi th the namesof potters , whi ch are printed in ordinary type.
JAPANESE POTTERY
JAPANESE DATES (NENGO ).
Ken-to ku
Bun-chu
Ten-ju
Ka-k i tsu
Bun-an
ChO-roku
Kwan-shO
Bun-sh t‘
)
ChO-kO
En-toku
Mci-O
Bun-k l
E i-shO
1 3 7 2
Man-J I
Kwam-bun
Ten-na
HO-e i
ShO-toku
K iO-hO
Gem-bun
Kwa in -
po
Eh -k it'
)
Kn an-en
HO-rek i
An-ei
1 5 8 POTTERY.
MARKS
‘
JAPANESE DATES (NENGO ) .
Tem -me i
Kwan-se i
K io-n a
Bun-k wa
Bun-se i
Tem -pO
Ka-e i
Man -en
Me i-ji nen TO-yen
TO-
yen in the
Me i-ji period
g (A. D . 1 868
Bun-k wa nen sei Tai m in nen se i=made i n the made in theBun-k wa per iod Tai m in dynas ty(A . D. 1 804 i e. The G rea t
M ing dynas ty ofthe Ch ine se
(A . D . 1 368- 1 644 )
On p . 1 89 is a complete e x
ampl e of a Japanese mark , ih
clud ing a date , i . e .
“ Made atOto
koyama , in Sou thern K i i , in the
fi rs t year o f Ka-c i (A. D .
Be low are five o ther examples ofdate -marks .
1 60 JAPANESE POTTERY—BIZEN, SETTSU
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Bizen Tsushima
c . 1 820
1 9th cent.
JAPANESE POTTERY—SETTSU , OMI , HIGO 1 6 1
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
0. 1 85 0
Shigarak i Uichu .
Uichu , po t ter o f
1 7 th cent .
Ba i r in at Beppo
c . 1 800
Y atsm/zi ro
c . 1 830
1 6 2 JAPANESE POTTERY—HIGO, KAGA, ISE
MARK. DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
1 7 80 onwards
c . 1 85 0
TOk o
c . 1 806
1 64 JAPANESE POTTERY—SUO, SADO, AWAJ I
MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Iwak uni
c . 1 770
Iwakuni
K ik k o (at Tada )c . 1 83 5
JusaIi -k enmark of K ik k o
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
JAPANESE POTTERY—IZUMI,K I I
, IGA 1 6 5
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MA RK . DESC R I PTION.
Kwan-k e i
Kairak uven se i
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Nagato
c . 1 84 6
e x isted from1 7 1 6 onwards )
Ak as/zz-u ra
MAR K .
1 826
Rak uzan at
1 7 80 -1 840
Unyei at
c . 1 830
1 68 JAPANESE POTTERY— SANUK I,TAMBA, OWARI
JAPANESE POTTERY—OWARI 1 69
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. DESCR I PTION.
Owari
1 7 30 onwards
Gen (for Gempin)c . 1 640
Toyohach i
Toyosuke
1 70 JAPANESE POTTERY—OWARI AND K IOTO
MARK . DESCR I PTION. MAR K .
c . 1 82 0
Se i (for Ninsei )1 7 th cent .
K iyo(mark used by
Har ima
1 7 2
MAR K .
JAPANESE POTTERY— K IOTO
DESCR I PTION . MARK .
Dohach i
JAPANESE POTTERY—K IOTO 1 73,
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MARK . DESCR I PTION .
K i for K ite i
A to rto ise
Zorok u
Otan i : markused by Zoroku
Se i fu (at
gene rat ions dat ingfrom c . 1 844
JAPANESE POTTERY— K IOTO
MARK . DESCR I PTION . MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Rak uwo
1 8th cent .Raku
Raku
Kenzan
Sei-J I , 1 9th cent .
MAR K .
JAPANESE POTTERY—KIOTO
DESCR I PTION .
Giyok u-te i
1 8 th cent .
Riok ozan : markused b v Rengetsu
K ’wan-riyo
late 1 8th cent .
MARK . DESCR I PTION .
Kiunk en (K ioto)1 9th cent.
Sh igenlate 1 8th cent.
early 1 9th 'cent.
JAPANESE POTTERY—TOKIO i 7 7
MA R K . DESCR I PTION . DESCR I PTION.
Masashi
Kase izan
worked near
0. 1 7 80
Korak uyen : markOf the pr ivate k i lno f the Pr ince o fM i to , at Tok io
1 83 2
probab ly Tok ioc . 1 850
H h'
to
Ko ren sakuas Imo made by KOI en .
Sanji ro at l madoa woman po t ter o
i gth cent . Tok ioc . 1 878
1 78 JAPANESE POTTERY—TOK IO,SOMA, SATSUMA
DESCR I PTION. MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Mak uzu K ozan( in a gourd ) 1 7 80
-1 800
JAPANESE PORCELA IN
THE pioneer of Japanese porce lai n was Gorodayu GO-Shonsu i,who spent five years i n Ch ina learn ing the art at Ching-té -ch én .
Returning to J apan i n 1 5 1 5 he made blue and wh i te porce lainwi th imported Ch inese material s ; but as he was unable to findthe nece s sary c lay i n J apan
,h i s success was only temporary and
left nothing behind but the knowledge of pa in ting i n blue undera g laze . The requ i s i te mate ri al s
,howeve r
,were di scovered in
the province of H izen by a Corean named Risampei, about theyear 1 60 5 , and forty years late r two potters named Tok uemon
and Kakiemon,wi th some he lp from a Ch inese, developed the
art of paint ing i n ename l colours . A flouri sh ing industry nowsprang up in the vi l lage of Ari ta and i t s ne ighbourhood , andmuch of the ware found i ts way to Europe on Dutch sh i pst rading with Imari , the sea-port of the Ari ta di st ric t . Th i s“ Old J apan porce lain fal l s roughly into two classes : ( I ) a finewhi te ware with de l i cate and sparse decorat ion of floral sprays,bi rds
,and animals i n bri l l iant ename l s, blue , manganese-pu rple,
g reen, and red— commonly cal led Kakiemon ware ; and ( 2 ) aheavier
, g reyer porce lain wi th c rowded ornament s chiefly indark impure blue
,soft Indian red
, and gold , obviously madefor export
,and commonly cal led Old Imari ware . Two other
factories i n the province of H izen Were ce leb rated in the
e ighteenth and the fi rst half of the n ineteenth centuries ; the one
at Ok aw aji, under the pat ronage of the feudal ch ief of Nabesh ini a,
and the othe r at Mik awaji, taken under the protect ion of thech ief of H i rado in 1 7 5 1 . The H i rado porce la in was the finestmade i n J apan ; and the be st spec imens were painted in a pale
but pure blue of g reat del i cacy, a favouri te subjec t be ing boysplaying under an ancient pine , the number of boys, seven , five ,o r th ree, i nd icat ing the qual i ty of the piece .
18 1
POTTERY MARKS
In 1660 Goto SaJ i ro , a nat i ve of the provi nce of Kaga, set
out to d i scover the secrets of the Ari ta potters,and from h i s
retu rn i n 1 664 dates the g row th of a flouri sh ing i ndu stry atKutan i -mura and i ts ne ighbouring vi l lages . Kaga porce lai n wasCh iefly no ted for i t s rich enamel s— blue
, g reen , purple , and red
e i ther painted i n the Ari ta style or laid on i n broad washe s ove rformal des igns penc i l led in black . In the nine teenth centu ry aspecial ty was made of decorat ion i n red and gold, wh ich hascome to be regarded as typical of Kaga ware .
The K ioto potters d id not tu rn the i r attent ion to porce la i nt i l l the end of the e ighteenth centu ry. Ei sen was the fi rst andhe was fo l lowed by Mok ube i
,Rok ube i, E irak u, Dohach i
,and a
number of other cle ve r potters . The Seto factories,de st ined
to be the most produc t i ve i n J apan , owe the i r knowledge ofporce la i n-making to Kato Tamik ich i, who penetrated the secretsof the Ari ta potters in the fi rst decade of the n ine teenth century.Ch inese i nfluence i s almost always apparent i n Japanese
porcelai n,and the early wares, i f marked at al l , u sual ly di splay
a Chinese date ,1 symbol , or mark of commendat i on . Moreover,
the be t te r factories were di re ctl y under the pat ronage of a feudalch ief who did not permi t the w orkmen’s names to appear onth e wares . Thus i t i s not t i l l the nine teenth century that t ruepotters’ marks are common on Japanese porce lai n ; and muchof the olde r wares have no mark at al l . Marks beg inn ing w i thth e wo rds “ Da i s pon
”(see p. 1 86 ) may b e safe ly regarded
as of n ine teen th-century date .
1 Such as the n ien/zaoof the Ch '
éng Hua (Jap . Se i ka), Ch ia Ch ing (Jap .
Ka-se i ), Wan Li (Jap . Man-rek i ) , Ch'ien Lung (Jap . Ken-riu ) for which see
P I 3 5
1 84 JAPANESE PORCELAIN—COMMENDATION MARKS
MARK. DESCR I PTION . MA RK . DESCR I PTION.
Leaf mark cop iedfrom the Ch inese
cop ied from the
Ch inese
Fungus mark
Hizen
Arita
MAR K . DESCR I PTION.
Nembok uan K izo
tsuk uru made byNembo k uan K izo
H izen KuwanTsuj i tsuk uru :
made by Tsuj i inthe H izen gove rnment (k i ln ).late 1 9th cent .
Hichozan Sh impotsuk uru z made byHichozan Sh impo .
Ar i ta1 9th cent .
JAPANESE PORCELAIN—HIZEN
MARK .
1 8 5
1 8 6 JAPANESE PORCELAIN—H IZEN,HARIMA
,ETC .
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MAR K . DESCR I PTION .
Tozan no in
seal o f To zan .
1 9th cent .
'
ntan i Sh iozoHar lma late 1 9th cent .
1 88 JAPANESE PORCELAIN—KIOTO
MAR K . DESCR I PTION . MARK .
Mak uzu K ozanKosaitsuk uru made
byMakuzu K ozan .
K ioto
1 85 1
Se ifu tsuk uru
late 1 9th cent.
Ogata Shuhei .
c . 1 8 1 0
1 9th cent .
JAPANESE PORCELAIN—K I I , OMI , OWARI 1 89
MARK . DESCR I PTION.
Owari
s ignatu re on
Koto ware
Kato Kanshiro .
late 1 9th cent .
1 9 th cent .
1 90 JAPANESE PORCELAIN—OWARI , MINO, AWAJ I
MAR K . DESCR I PTION. MARK .
San-ban . Seto Tog iyok uyenlate 1 9th cent. Gosuk e sei
INDEX OF NAMES
Aalmes, 47Aaron, 70Abso lon, 102
Achard , 65Adams , 1 1 1 , 1 18
A ire,68
A lbany, 1 1 4A lbarez , 90A lb isso la , 2 1fiF
OCk , 108, 1 1 8
cora ) 64 , 891 9°Al isandro , Mae stro
,1 6
A l len, 98A l lers , 28A l l ies,1 04
Al luaud , 73A l phen , van, 3 1Al trohlau , 40Amberg , 3 7Amste l , 50Ams terdam, 49, 50Andrea , Petrus , 1 3Andreo l i , Maestro G . , 2 , 7Andriaensz, 45Angarou
,19Angou leme , 69, 75
Anre iter, 40Ansbach , 30 , 35Antonibon, G . B . , 1 9Anton io , 1 3Aolasdinr, 1 7Ap ie l lo , 24Aprey . 67Apt, 67Aranda, 90Ardennes , 5Ardus, 66Arnstadt , 30Arras , 72Arzob ispo , 90A sc iano , 6A shworth , 1 10
As tbury, 108A tanas io , 1 5Augsburg, 2 7 , 35A ugustus I I .,26,Au l t , 1 1 8Auspitz, 4 1
Baan, 49
Pa .95
a e ey , 109Baden, 39Bagnara, 1 2Bagno lo
,I o
Bagu ley, I I o
Ba i ley , 1 1 1i aker , 1 05Ba ldau tonio , 1 7Ba ldems , 2Baldessar, hl aestro , 6Baranowka , 5 3Barbizet, 7 1Barce l la , I . S.
,1 7
Barise l io , 1 7Barker, 1 1 4Barnstaple , 1 18Baron, 64 , 67Baroni , G .
,19
Barr, 10 1Bassano , 19Basso , 66Bat igno l les , 70Bat is ta
,G.
,1 8
Batkin, 1 1 1Batty , 1 13Bayeu x , 70Baylon, 1 1 4Bayreu th , 30, 35Beauva is , 5 7 , 59 , 70Beck , van, 47Bedeau , 63Beech , 1 1 5Be lfas t , 106Be l l , 106Be l le Vue , 102 , 10 5Be l leek , 95Be l levi l le , 7 1 , 76Be lper, 103Benede tto , Maestro , 5
Bennett , 1 14I93
Bent ley , 1 1 2Berg, ( le , 47Berger, 3 5Bergerac , 69Berl in, 32 , 37Be rlot
, 30
Bern , 5 4Berto l ini , 1 7Bertrand , 28, 63Bes io , G .
, 1 8Be t ini , 1 3Bevans , 105Bev ington , 105B ide ford , 106
B i l l ings ley , 98B ing , 5 2B ingham,
I I 7B irch , 109B ishop, 1 18
B ishop 's \Val tham ,1 16
Blémont , de , 5 7 , 59B londe l
,68
B loor, 97Roch , 4 1 , 5 1
Bod le 1 17Bocnci
l
er, 4 5Bogaert , van de r, 49BOIsette , 73Bo logna ,
1 3Bond ino , 60
Bone , 95Bonn , 1
Bonnefi y , 65Bonnin, 1 1 5Bonpenc ier , 22
Boote , 108 , 1 14 , 1 18
Booth , 109 , 1 14 , 1 18
Bordeaux , 73Pore l l i, 2 1 , 65Borgano , I 8
Borgo San Sepo lcro ,
2 2
Borne , 60 , 6 1
Botero , B . ,20
8 011, 1 13Bottcng ruber, 35 , 40
Ban er, 26 , 33 . 13 2
Bone ereau 67
Bonfii oux , 2 8
Bou lard , 60Bou levard de S t. Anto ine ,76
Bou levard des I tal iens, 76Bou levard Po issoniere , 76Bou logne , 74Bou l ter, 1 1 5Bourdon
, 73Bou rdu
, 60
Bourdus , 77Bourg la Re ine , 69, 73Bourgou in, 67Bourne , 1 03 , 1 08
Boussemart , 63Bow
, 93 . 95 . 10 1
Bowen , 104Bow ers , 1 1 0
Boyle . 99. 107B rachard , 77Brama , G .
, 1 5B rame ld , 99, 10 2
Brand i , F ., 2 1
Brannam , 1 1 8
Bre itenbach , 38Bres lau
, 40
Bre tby , 1 1 7Bre teu i l , 80Brie l , van den, 45Brind ley , 106Brio t , 59Bris l ington , 1 04Bris to l , 93 , 95 , 98, 100 , 104Brit ton
,10 3
Broi l let , 76Brouwer, 46, 47Brown, 1 1 0 , 1 1 8
Brow nfie lds, 1 1 7
Bruges, 5 1
Bru sse ls, 5 1
Buccaro , 44 , 94 , 1 32
Buchwa ld , 3 1 , 3 2Budau , 40
Budwe is, 40
B uen Re t iro , 89, 91 , 92Buergen, van der, 49Burgess , 1 1 8Burgh , van der , 45Burs lem, 1 00 , 107 , 108, 1 1 7-9Burton , 1 16B urton-ou-Trent , 1 1 7Busch, 3 5Byclok , 49
Cadborough , 105Cadogan, 102
Caen, 74
Caff agg io lo , 4 . 5Ca'id as , 89, 9 1Ca ldwe l l
, 107Caluw e , de , 44, 50
Cambray , 69Cambrian, 1 04 , 1 05Campori , F . Maria , 6
Cand iana, 1 9Cantigal l i, 2 1
POTTERY MARKS
Capel le ti , 2 1Capo d i Monte, 3 , 24 , 89Carassus , 24Card ina l , 30Car i , Cazsari, 10Carocc i , Fabbri CO.
,8
Cartwright,1 06
Casa P irota , 1 4Casamene , 69Case l l i , G .
, 1 2
Cas te l Durante , 8Cas te l l i , 2 1 , 2 2Cas t i l lon, 68
Cas t leford , 103Caughley. 95 , 96Cau ldon, 1 1 8
Cau ssy , 67Cha i ley , 105Chamberla in, 10 1
Chambers , 1 1 6
Chanou , 74Chant i l ly , 5 8, 70 , 72Charles X .
, 79Chau x , 66Chea tham, 1 1 1
Che lsea. 93 . 95 . 96. mo
Chi ld , 1 1 0
Chiodo , 20
Cho isy , H . de , 67Cho isy-le-Roy, 74Cho l le t, 69Ciafi ico , L . A.
, 2 1
C iman i , I 6
Cimatti, A. R . , 1 6
C inc innat i , 1 1 4C i tta d i Cas te l lo, 4Clavareau , 7 1C lefiius , 45C lementson, 1 1 3C ler ic i
,Fe l ice , 1 8
Clé rissy , 64 , 65C lermond-Ferrand , 66C levedon
,1 19
C lew s , 1 1 2C l i fton J unct ion
,1 16
C l ignancourt, 7 5C los ter Ve i lsdorf, 38Coal port
, 95 , 96
Cobridge , 1 08 , 1 1 2Coccorese , C. ,
2 1
Cocker, 97Cochran, 1 1 9Codnor Park, 103Co imbra , 9 1
Co lebrookda le, 96Co l in , 66
Co logne, 2 5 , 28
Commonda le , 1 16Conditorey, 37Conrade , 60Cookson, 1 09Co
'pe land, 99 , 1 1 3Copenhagen, 44 , 5 2Co rne l isz , 48Cource l les , 69Courtil le , de la, 74
Cozz i , G., 3 , 23
Crane , 1 16Cre i l , 69Cre tté , 5 1
Crevani , F. , 1 9Cro l ius , 1 14Cros , 64 , 90Cross ley, 1 16Cu shmann, 1 1 4Cu stine , 5 5Custode , 60Cu t ins
, 4
Cu zio , 4Cyfl
‘l é . 44 . 5 5 . 56
Cyp les , 1 1 1
Dacre , 1 16Dago ty, 76
Da le , 96, 108Da le Hal l , 108
Da le , van, 49Da lwitz, 39Damm , 30 , 36
Damman, 68
Dan ie l , 5 4 , 1 09, 1 1 2Dareuber
, 50
Darté , 75Davenport , 99, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3Daves , 104Dawson, 1 02
Day , 1 16
Deck , 7 1De lft
. 43-49
Denby,103
Derby. 93 . 96-8. 104Derennes , 67Derue l le , 75Desvres, 68Devers
, 7 1
Dex tra. 45 . 47D ieu l , CID ihl
, 7 5D ijon, 64D i l lwyn, 105D immock , 1 1 7D iomede , 1 3D irms te i ii , 30D iruta
,2 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 22
D isd ier, 90D ixon, 102Docc ia, 3 , 2 3Doc , 1 04Does , van der, 47Domenigo , Z . , 1 7Don po t tery, 102 , 103Dona ldson, 10 1Donkin, 1 02
Donovan , 97Donyat, 104Doorne , 46Dorez, 63 , 72Dortu , 5 5Doua i , 68Dou l ton, 106
,1 19
Dresden , 26 . 33 . 34Dreux , 80
Hag enaU. 44. 5 5Ha les,108
Ha l l , 1 1 1Ha l ley , 76Ha ls fort, 68Hamburg , 3 1Ham i l ton, 109Hammek e i s , 5 5Hammen, van, 48Hammer, 3 5Hanan, 3 1Hancock , 98, 1 0 1
Hand , 1 1 5Han ley , 1 00 , 108-1 1 0Hannons . 3 1 . 36. 5 5 . 7 1 .
76Hard ing, 1 09, 1 1 0Hardmuth , 40Harker, 1 1 4Harle es , 46Harley
,1 1 1
Hart ley, 103Havi land , 4 1Heath, 1 04 , 106 , 109Heathcote
,1 1 1
Hebrix , 5 2Hegner, 5 4
He iche i i s , 30
He lch is , L , 23Hempe l , 3 5Hem hil l
, 1 1 5Hen e rson
,1 1 5Henneberg , 38Henri I L , 5 7 , 5 9Hercu laneum , 98, 1 03Herend , 40
Hermansz, 48H ero ld , 34Herrebde , 44 , 5 2Hess
, 49Hesse Darms tad t , 38Heu l , van der, 4 5Hew e lche , 3 , 2 3Hey i 46H ig ler, 2 7H i la ire
, 6 1
H ild itch,100
, 1 1 1H i l l pot tery, 1 1 8
Hispano-moresque , 90HOChs t
, 30 , 35 , 36Hoeve , van der, 48Ho fd ick , 47Hofl
'
mann , 5 4HOhr-Grenzhausen , 28Ho ldship , 97 , 10 1Ho l land , 1 1 3Ho l l ingshead , 1 1 4Ho l l ins , 109Ho l l its ch , 40Honck ebour, 2 8Honoré , 76Hoorn, van , 47Hoppeste in , 46Houk , van den, 45
House l , 75Houzé 81 CO. , 68
POTTERY MARKS
Hoyle,106
Hubeaudié re , de la, 67H il bener
, 1 1 5Huet, 69Hu l l , 102Hu lme , 1 1 5Hunt , 1 1 3Hyl ton, 102
Kretzschmar, 35Kreussen, 2 5 , 2 8, 29ru isw eg , 46ruyk , 48
u l ick , 48fi nersberg ,
29
La Roche l le , 66La. Se inie , 76Lafonde , 50Lafreri, A.
, 1 1
Lahens , 67L
'is le Sa int Denis, 75
Lak in , 107Lamarque , 70Lamarre , 76Lambert , 7 1Lambe th
, 93 , 105 , 106Lammens , 5 1
Lamoninary , 72Landa is
, 70
Lane De lph , 100 , 1 10, 1 1 1
Lane End , 99, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2Lanfrey , 5 5Langea is , 70Lang iers, 65Lapierre
,66
Large , 5 2Las sia , 74Lauche
, 34Laun, van, 49Lauraguais , Comte de , 74Laurier
, 69Laval le , 68Le Bru n, 73Le Due , 67Le franco is
, 74L’
ital ienne , 70Le Nove
,2 3 , 24
Le R iche , 77Le Vou lant
, 66Lee , 1 0 1Leeds , 103Le febvre , 60 , 63Le i , P ie tro, 7Le igh
, 68, 1 18
Le ihame r, 3 1
Lemaire , 76Lem ire . 44. 5 4Leonardus , 49Leopo ld , 5 6Les se l , 3 1
Lessore , 1 1 3Lestrade , 66
Lesum , 32
Levant ino , L . , 20
Le vas seur, 7 1Liance , 77L iante, 70Liege
, 5 1
L igron , 69Li l le , 5 8, 63 , 72L imbach , 38Limoges . 4 x. 59. 70. 73. 76Lmdner
, 35L isbon, 9 1 , 92
L i tt ler,Liverpoo 93 94.Locke , 1 20 9
Locker, 97Locke tt , 107Locre, 74Lod i , 19Loebnig , 34London, 102
Longport , 99 . 1 1 2
Long ton Hal l, 93 , 99
Lonne, 30Loosd recht , 50Lo rra in, R . le , 77Lorra ine , 56Lou is XV I I I . , 79Lou is Phi l ippe , 75 , 76. 79,80
Lovat t , 1 20Lowesby , 104Lowes toft , 93 , 98, 10 1Lownds , 1 1 3Lfidick e , 32Ludov ico , Maes tro, 16 , 1 7Ludwi sburg , 37Lunévi 18 . 44. 5 5 . 56Lu tri , 54Luxemburg , 50 , 5 1
Lyman, 1 14Lyons , 5 8, 60Mach in, 108
Mac intyre , 107 , 1 20Mad rid , 9 1 , 92
Mafra , 89, 91Ma inz, 3 1Malériat, 63Ma l ines , 5 1Ma l ing
,102
Ma l le t , 6 1Ma l ta
, 92
Manara , Baldasara, 1 5Manardi, 19Manises , 89, 90Mann , 1
Mansfie l , 98
Marans , 66Liarburg , 3 1
Marco l ini , 34Marconi , G . , 1 9Mare , 106Mar forio , Sebas t iano d i, 8Mar ia Sa lvador, 90Maria, Zoni , 8Mar iana , S imone d i A. , 10
Mar ie Anto ine t te , 75Marieberg. 3 2 . 44. 5 2. 5 3Marse i l les , 5 8, 65 , 73Marsha l l , 1 1 1Mart in, 1 1 6Martres , 69Mamm,
van, 46
Marx , 29Mason, 100 , 1 10
Massé , 56
Massare l los , 91
INDEX OF NAMES
Mycock , 1 16
I 9 7.
Masse l l i , Th . , 16Masson, 7 1
fiathaux , 70
ayer, 109 , 1 1 1
Meakin , 1 20Med ic i , 2 , 22Meer, 106Meer, van der, 49Me igh , 109Meir, 104 , 106 , 1 1 3hi e l ssenr 2
)261 33 1 34 7 35 1
93 . “30Memm ingen, 29Mennecy, 5 8, 70 , 72Mennek en, 27 , 28
Menten, 30
Mercat i , 2 2Mercer, 1 1 5Merl ino , G .
, 10 , 17Mesch , 48Me tt lach , 4 1Metzsch , 3 5Meudon, 70Meyer
. 5 4Mezer, 5 4M idde ld ijk , 45Mi lan, 18M i lde , de , 44 , 46, 50Mi l l idge , 1 13M inden, 3 2
Minton, 99, 1 07 , 1 13 , 1 16M iraga ia , 9 1Mis t , 1 1 1Moab it , 37Mé bius , 35Mohr, 1 1 3Moitte , 75Mombaers , 5 1
Mondovi , 1 8Mong inot, 76Mong is , 60Monnier, 73Montarcy , O. de, 75Montauban, 66Monte , 5Monte lupo , 6Montpe l l ier, 66Montreu i l , 74Moore , 1 02 , 1 10, 1 1 7 , 1 18
More l , 74Morfroy , 28
Morgan , 1 1 5Mor ice , 67Morreine , 67Morris , 100 , 1 1 5Mortlake , 10 5Mort lock , 102MOSCOW. 44 . 5 3 . 54Mose ley , 107Moser, 4 1Mos ley , 1 10Mouchard , 66
Mou l ins , 69Moust iers , 58, 64 , 65Musso ,
B. , 1 8
Myatt , 1 1 1
Nancy , 70Nantes , 67Nantgarw, 96 , 98Naples , 3 , 2 1 , 24Nast
, 7 5Neale , 108Neuchate l , 5 4Neumark , 40Nevers , 58, 60Newbo ld , 1 1 1
Newcas t le , 102 , 1 14New Ha l l
, 99New York , 1 14N icho las , 1 14N ico la da Urb ino , 9N ico leti, 19N iderv i l ler , 44, 5 5N imes , 66Noex , 1 6
Nonne , 38
Norman,105
Norton, 1 1 4No t t ingham, 103No ve
,1 9
Nowotny, 40Nuremberg, 29Nymphenburg , 36, 37Nyon. 44 . 5 5
Padua, 1 9Pahl , 32Paip u . 7 x. 77Pal issy . 5 7. 59.89Palme , 40Pa lmer, 108
Pa lvadeau , 67Pardoe , 100 , 104Paree , 46Paris , 69 1 72 1 747 6
Paristoe ,Don, 19Pasca l , 7 1Passau , 26, 29Patana, 10
Patanazzi, 10
Patras , 60Pavia , 4 , 18
Pearl ware , 94Pe l is ie , 70Pe l levé , 73Pe l l ipario ,
N ico la , 9Pe l loqu in, 64
69, 70 ,
Pencoyd, 104Penn ington, 103Pennis , 46 , 47Perdu ,61
Pere ira , 92Perr in, 65Perro t in, 77Perug ia , 4 , 1 0
Pesaro,6 , 7 , 8Pescet to , 20
P e terinck, 50Pet i t , 63 , 7 1 , 76Pfa lz-Zw e ibriick en
, 36Pfau, 5 4
P fe ifi'
er , 30
Pfluger 81 CO., 5 5Phi lade l phia , 1 1 5
P h il l ige l lus , F . , 6
Phi l l i ps, 102 , 1 1 2
P ichon, 66P ickman, 91
P id ler, 106P i e tersz
, 49P i lking ton ,1 16
P i l l ivuyt, 76P inder, 108P inx ton , 98P irkenhammer, 40P isa , 6
P iso tti , 4 1P i tz, 27P lant,1 1 1
P las , van der, 68P lant ier, Bonco irant, CO. ,
66
P lymou th . 93 . 95 . 98. I 04Poss inger, 29Po i t iers , 67Portobe l lo , 106
Pomp io , 10Pont-aux-Choux , 7 5Ponte inx , 76Poo le , 107POPofl
’
. 44 . 5 4Poppe lsdorf, 3 1 , 5 5P o tschappe l , 39Potsdam , 32Po t ter, 75Po tts , 108
Pouhet, 66
Pou l isse , 49Pountney , 1 04P ouyat, 74Prague , 39Pratt , 1 1 1Prem ieres , 68Pres t ino , Mae stro , 8Proudman, 1 1 4Prudhomme
,68
Puente de Ar7ob ispo , 90Pu ertas . 10
Pu l l , 7 1Pu t ten ,van
,CO.
, 43 , 49P ynack er. 47 . 48. 49
Qu imper, 67
Rye , 105
POTTERY MARKS
Quinq u iry , 66
Radford,104 , 1 1 1
Raeren,2 5 , 2 7 , 28
Ra info rth , 1 1 4Rambusch , 3 1
Rateau , 67Rato , 9 1
Rat t i,A. , 20
Rauens te in, 39Ravenna, 1 6
Raymond , 67Raynerius , E .
, 1 5Recum ,
von, 36
Re intha l , 4 1Remey
, 7 1
Renac , 69Renaud , 5 4Rennes , 67Reverend
, 7 2
Revo l , 60Reygens , 48
R ich , 1 06
R ichard , L ., CO.
,1 8
R ick huss , 109R idgway , 1 00 ,
1 10 , 1 1 7
R ifl’let, 28R i ley
,1 00
,108
R im in i , 16R is tori , 60Robe rt , 65 , 73Rocco , G .
, 2 1
Rockingham, 99, 102
Rodgers , 1 1 6
Rod rique , 60Roesch , 38Roge, 60Rogers , 1 08
Ro land , 66Ro let , 1 1Romba ldoni , H.
, 8
Rome , 1 3Romedi , 29Rondebush , 1 1 5Rookwood , 1 1 4ROrstrand , 44 , 5 2
Rosa , 30
Rose , 96Roset t i , 1 8, 1 9, 2 1
Ross i , 91Ro tteberg , 38
Ro tterdam , 47 , 50
Roub il iac , 96Rouen , 5 8, 60
-62
Rouy, 63Rov igo , Xanto A. da , 9Rozenburg den Haa g , 4 1Rue de Bondy , 7 5Rue de Crusso l . 75Rue de Popincourt , 7 5Rue de Reu i l ly , 74Rue de la Roque t te , 7 1 , 74Rue du Pet i t Carouse l , 74Rue Thiroux , 7 5Ruskin, 1 1 7Russ inger, 74
Saargem iind , 5 6Sad ler, 98 , 103St. Amand-les-Eaux , 63 , 64 ,74
Sa int Amans , 70
St . Antony’s,1 0 2
Sa int C lemont, 70
Sa in t C loud , 5 8, 63 , 72 , 80Sa int Den is, 76Sa int Longe , 69St. Omer
,68
St. Paul , 68S t. Pe tersburg, 44 , 5 3 , 5 4Saint Porcha ire
, 5 7 , 59Sa intes , 5 7 , 59Sal imbene , 7Salomini , G . , 20
Salomone , G . 20
Sa lopian, 95 , 96
Sa l t, 1 09Sa l t laze , 1 07
Sa lz urg , 4 1
Samade t,66
Sand , van der, 49San Qu irico , 1 1
Sans , 1 06
Sansont, 70Sargade los . 91
Sarregu immes, 56
Sav ino , G . P . , 1 3Savona
,20 , 2 1
Savy,65
Sceau x , 66 , 73Schafl
'
hau sen , 25 , 44 , 5 5Schaper, 29Scharf, 29Sche l ten, 40
Schie , 49Schlaggenwald , 39Schleswig , 3 1Schm id . 29Schne ider, 36Schoe lcher, 76
Schol l , 1 1 5Schoonhoven, 45Schre itzheim , 29Schronvoge l , 29Schuman, 37Scot t , 102 , 106
Sebas t iano , N .,2 3
Seger. 37
Segov ia, 91Se igne , 60Se imo , D . M. , 1 7
Sevi l le , 90 , 91
Sevres , 58, 59' 7 1 1 931
96 , 100
Sewe l ls , 1 02Sforzza , 49Shaw,
104 , 1 06 , 1 08
She l ton, 108 , 1 10
Shore , 98 , 1 05Shorthose ,
1 00 ,109
Siccard i, 20
INDEX OF IN ITI ALS
A‘1 4 1 I S1 2 1 1 22 1 30 1 32 1
3 5 . 50 . 5 3 . 62 . 74. 75 . 90.
9S1\ A . nA B'' 1 5 4 1 62 1 77A
36. ih monogram,
2 7 , 3 5 ,
3343859
in8
monogram, 50 , 72 ,
T. 70
W2, 5 1. E . W . , 23. .F in monogram, 1 5 , 1 7G . 23G . in monogram, 62G . G . 20
H .,1 1 5H . in monogram , 29
I . , 48K . in monogram , 46 , 48
L 1 3 1 1 40 1 9°
L. in monogram , 64M. 28
M . R . in monogram , 1 5N . , 40
. 1n monogram, 10, 47 ,
67K in monogram , 49
. M . Co . 1 1 5
33 1 73n monogram , 48, 62 ,
A. C .
,
. .D
76
. .D
. .D
"U
'U
U1
<3-l
inm“
73
20
35
11?
l
0\
1 9°
in monogram, 7
49. in monogram, 70
. V . K. in monogram , 45
3
>
w>
B . , 1 2 , 1 4 , 29, 3 1 , 32 , 35 ,
40, 5 1 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 68 ,
73. 77. 95 . 98.1 1 4
B . with paraph , 16B . H.
, 105B . 81 G . , 5 2
L., 1 1 8
A. , 20
A. S. , 1 4B . 59. 62 . 72. 107C. 6 2
D . 62 , 77D . in monogram , 62
-E . y. .E in monogram, 5 1
. .F in monogram, 62
. .F B , 10 1
G . 24
, 62
Z -
w
K 2 7 . 29. 39. .L 62
. .L in monogram , 32 , 50,
5 1 1 74. .L C .
, 5 1
. la R . 69M. , 1 5 , 2 7M . F.
, 1 5. Ou nP . , 30 , 1 1 7
~ R o ® 73 7768
. T., 63
. V ., 7 1
. W H M CO. ,1 18
1 4 1 5 1 1 2 1 36
21 481 63 1 661
6 1 1 95 1 9. é. A . % J 4A. G . 2 1
B . 1 1 , 3 1 , 47 ,
B . in monogram,
B . D . ,
. .B D . in6
monogram , 96
0
00
0000000000
0
wmwwwu
wwwmwwww
wwwwmmwwwwwy
wwww D. inmonogram , 96
. D . L. 1 1
. F. 40 , 60
. F. L. in monogram , 5 5
. .G 111 monogram,10
. .G P ., 2
11 .
. ia monogram, 74. H . O. N . , 6
81 Co . 1 10
. NK . in monogram , 48
. L. in monogram, 10 , 29
w
gi.,
63o , 62 , 1 1 72 , 90P. 23P . in monogram, 5 1 , 74P . S. 46
S., 62 , 63
S . in monogram , 96
T. in monogram , 36V. 38V . in monogram , 38V . K . in monogram, 46V . S . , 45 , 46
‘V-1 27 1 491 98000
000
0
0
00
00
0
0
0
00000
000
0
000
D~ 1 7 1 1 I 1 301 361 391 5 5 1 63164 1 66 1 67 1 681 72 1 75 1 96
with paraph , 1 1
& J ' 1 " 5A , 62
68
O . , 72
. 62
103
5 1 4762
inonogram, 97
5in
1 99. in monogram , 6 1F ,
66
1 2 7 1 54 1 62 1 68000
0
000
0
00
000
0
00
wz
rr
rr
x0
m0
000
D . V. , 7o , 7z
D 4 7: :V K . in monogram
, 45
3 2. 35 . 5 3. 62 . 66
. B . , 1 o
. B. , I O9F 5 4. J . D B . 111 monogram ,
: IM S. in monogram , 48
-P . 27. .Z R 2, 23
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 2. 3 2 . 36. 39.
491 5 2 1 62 1 65 1 761 77 1 9 1 ,
ggB
102 , 1 04 , 1 1 5F 40F. R . 40F U 1 39F. A. Z ., 66F . B . 5 9 , 62F . B. in monogram, 63F . B . B . 10 1
F . B . F . 16
F . C . 1 8
F . C. in monogram,1 8
Fd . 64F . D . 9 ,F . D . V .
32 1
F . E. V. 90
F' F 1 4 1 7 1 91 2 41 391 62 1 64 16
F . F. in monogram, 39F. F . O ., 9F . G . 91F . L . in monogram, 72F. M . P. in monogram , 7 1F . O. , 90F . O. I . in monogram, 5F . P . , 6, 65F. P. in monogram, 64F . P. R . 1 8
F . R 7 .F . R . in monogram,
F . V . in monogram, 72F . V . F , 64F . X . , 9
( in . 7 . 1 7. 2 x. 30 . 32 . 37. 38.
39. 48. 5 3 . 62 . 64 . 65 . 68.
G . Sc CO.,10 1
G . A., 62G . A. in monogram, 8, 75
POTTERY MARKS
1 8
. iF
n monogram, 62
9, 2 8
B . 19in monogram, 2 1
70
0
w H
. .A
. E.
M .
- 4K .
27. .A 19
. F. B . 1 10
. .F F 4H 63 . 75 . 1 1 5H . m monogram, 48H . A , 62
I . 1 6
. .I in monogram,1 9
. .I B . 62
. .J in monogram, 1 19K . 29
. K in monogram , 47, 48
. .L 62
L. in monog ran
8
1, 7 1
L. M . E. L. ,
L . P . 10 , 1 7M. 23 , 62P. in monogram, 6
R . 1 1 2
. R . D . , 62
. .S 8, 20 , 62V . 1 1
. .V F. 64
1 2 . 3 1 . 3s. 36 . 40 . 4 7.
5 2 , 5 5 , 68, 7 1 , 76, 1 1 5H . 81 G . 1 1 3H . S. 1 1 1
H . B . 62 , 7 7H . B . in monogram, 3 1 , 47 ,
5 2H C.
8: C07
4 1
C. D . in monogram , 27C . E. in monogram , 54D. in monogram , 59
HHHHHH .
H . G . in monogram, 69H . H .,2 7 , 40H . H . G .
, 54H . H . K. , 5 5H . I 105H . K . 2 7 , 3 1H . K . in monogram , 27, 5 1H . K. R . 5 4H . L. in monogram , 46H . L. L. , 76H . FL , 2 8H . M. in monogram , 36H . P . , 108 , 1 1 4H . P. in monogram, 5 1H . P. Z . , 5 4HHHHH
R . , 8, 62 , 1 1 5
B . 2 7 , 62
B . in monogram, 46B . S . 100
C. , 48
D . , 46
D . A. , 45D B . in monogram, 47D . M.
, 46
D . W . , 48
E .,2 7 , 105
E . W. E .
, 1 0 5F. P . (reversed) , 10 1
F. R ., 1 2
G 123 1 481 49H 4s. 48 1 04H . in monogram, 48H . K . in monogram , 48
I 3 1
K 2 7. 36. 46K . in monogram , 48
i L ., 105
1 1\ I 1 27 1 4 1 1 S I
P. s. 6P. in monogram , 46P. K . in monogram , 47
. P . S. , 60
36, 68
S . 111 monogram, 29
I .I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I .
I . T.,2 7 , 1 1 5
I .
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
JJJJJJ
JJJJ
8
2 3. I OSin monogram, 46
CO. , 102
8, 98 ,.
’
SiM . & Co .
, 106
R . G 1 1 2
A 1281 64 1 73
A. H . m monogram , 36
. B . , 28
B. in monogram , 62 , 63D. in monogram , 7 1 , 1 0 1 ,
1 1 7E . B . in monogram,
64E & S .
, I OS
. G ., 104G . m monogram , 29G K.
,29
2 04
with paraph,1 1
G. , 98, 1 05W . 102
. A., 64 , 108
A. in monogram , 74. A. M . , 10
A. S ., 61
B ., 8, 4 1
. C . . in monogram, 69
. .C T. 63 , 72
gmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
. P . in monogram, 40P. in monogram , withparaph , s. .P E . 7 2
(2 1 1 1
. R .
,20
, 92
S. 1 04T 73
. V . E . in monogram, 45
7 , 1 8 , 29, 39, 56, 62 , 67,
1 77 1 104R . B . , 108a
a
mmmmmmw
wwwwwwww
0\
~o
(I)
2°
POTTERY MARKS
U . 81 Cie . , 56
V . L. in monogram, 62 , 63 ,
72V. M . , 92V . P . , 1 7V . P. in monogram, 65V. R . , 6 1V. R . in monogram, 1 5 , 29,
36V. Z '1 30. 35
Z ’1 5 4, 55. 9 I
IE ,2 2
B . , 62
B . in monogram, 1 3 , 1 4B . S. , 1 1 8
56
1n monogram , 95 , 1 0 1F . 8: S . , 1 19G . , 1 8G . B .
, 1 1 8
H . D . in monogram , 7 1
K . 111 monogram, 39M . , 1 04
0-1 95P .
, 62
T. P . in monogram , 9 1
T. R . , 24T. R . in monogram , 1 1 , 1 8,60
T. R . F . in monogram , 24T. Z .
, 7 1
He
e
a
e
e
efi
e
e
e
e
a
a
a
6 , 1 2 , 1 6, 24, 32 , 38, 64,
90 , 91 , 1 1 5A.
, 3 1 , 92
A. B. , 28
C . , 1 7 , 90
D . , 62
D . G . , 1 8
D . K . in monogram , 46
E . in monogram, 1 5 , 45F .
, 64I .
, 322
2
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
2 24 , 29, 3 2. 33 , 3s, 36.
37 1 381 50 1 5 4 1 61 1 681 72 1
98, 1 00 , 104 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 5A. , 1 1 1
B . ,1 1 7
B . in monogram, 5 1
D’1 3 2
D . in monogram, 47E .
,28
F. , 1 04F . S.,28
H . T. in monogram, 1 1 7K . in monogram . 47 , 48
MW 30 1 50
R ., 3 1
S . CO . , 102
T., 39, 1 00 , 1 07
“ BM WV . D . B . , 4 5
5
2
2
?
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
INDEX OF MARKS OTHER THAN
NAMES AND IN IT IALS
Amherst Japan, 107 F leur de lys , 24 , 29, 61 , 63,Anchor, 1 7 , 23 , 28, 3 1 , 5 2 , 65 , 67 , 73 , 79, 9 1 , 92 , 1045 5 . 66. 73. 95 . 97. lower, 98. 1 38-140. 1 8399, 100 , 10 1 , 102 , 1 1 2 , 1 19 ork , 9
Antlers ,d1,6, 37, 39 Fortuyn, 45
Arm ho l ing mfe , 7 , 40 Fuchs ia , 1 1 5ArrO
S
W. 29. 39. 77. 92 . 9s.
1 0
Arrows crossed , 74Arrowhead , 32As tonne, 47Axe. 39. 46. 14 1
Baske t , 102
Beacon, 32 , 5 2
Bee-hive , 1 10 , 1 18Be l l . 43. 47. 102 . I 38Be lts , 5 2B ird. 34. 38. 103. 1 1 7. n 9B isto , 1 1 8
B lompo t, 45Boot , 45Bo t t le , 46Bow and A rrow, 95Brique t , 5 1Britann ia , 1 1Brush and pa ette , 16Buffa lo , 1 1 4Bu i ld ings , 1 10C’s crossed , 2 1 , 37 , 5 5 ,
9 1 . 99Caduceus, 33 , 95 , 1 18Cambria, 1 1 1Cambrian Arg i l , 1 10Cambridge , 103Cards , 34Cartouche , 32 , 105 , 109Cas t le , 4 1 , 69 , 70 , 1 17Chinese im i tat ion mark, 9,33 1 46 1 95 1 961 981 100, 106,1 1 2 , 1 2 5
C irc le . 28. 37 . 40 . 46.65 1 901 9 1 , 92 1 95 110 1
Circ le with cross , 1 4 , 63 , 909 1
ClaW . 43 . 45GMT, 1 1 7Cock , 2 1 , 49Come t , 78Comma, 1 13Crane , 1 16Crescent
, 5 , 10 , 24 , 59, 96,98, 100 , 10 1 , 1 19
Cross , 4 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 18, 19, 23 ,24 1 32 1 33 1 391 5 2 1 6 1 1 62 163 1 65 1 691 72 1 9 1 , 95 1 96 1104
Crown, 10 , 1 2 , 1 7 , 19 , 20 ,
2 x1 241 32 1 36 1 37 1 381 391
4 1 , 5 1 1 5 2 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 561 69174. 7s. 76. 77. 79. 80 . 9 1 ,92 . 95 . 96. 97 . 98. 99. 19 3 .109, 1 10 , 1 1 2 , 1 13 , 1 1 7 ,1 1 8, 1 1
Crysta l are , 1 1 3Cuba , 105
D'
s crossed , 98, 103Deer, 1 18Do l phin, 2
Dome of athedra l , 2 2Dog and Harp , 95Drab porce la in, 107Dragon. 56. 99Eag le . 5 3. 79.8 1 , 107
E lephant head , 3 5Ename l Porce la in, 109Erm ine , 99Eye 1 5 3
Fabu la, 9Fa lcon, 20Feather, 1 1 1
Fe lspar Porce la in, 99F ish , 20 , 5 5 , 1 38, 1 4 1F lag, 1 1 5
'
s crossed , 38ade maric, 100J up iter, S ign for, 95 , 98Key. 30 . 3 1Knot , 1 10 , 1 1 7 , 1 18, 1 38, 140
L’s crossed , 38. 7 7 . 75 . 75 .7 7 79 96 190
Labé1, 7'
3caf
r 95 1 ‘391 183ighthouse , 20
ion, 23 , 36, 50 ,103 , 1 19
Liver, 103Lovique , 1 19
L Pkan, 47
2 06
Merchant's Mark, 7 , 8, 1 8,
2 7 , 28Mounta in, 20Necklace , 69New S tone , 107N ider, 5 4No ta , 9No . 5
, 50
Numera l. 33. 6x. 98.
m9. 1 1 3 . 1 40
Obe l isk , 5 1Opaque china , 1 0 5Opaque porce la in,
105 , 109Orb
, 37
Pear l ware , 1 03Pentagram ,20
Phoeni x , 1 1 3P ipes , 30 , 76P rmce ofWa les’s feathers ,99, 1 1 1
Quatrefo i l,68, 69, 7 1 , 1 03
R , 5 2
R’
s crossed . 1 1 7
Reg ina, 1 1 3Reg is trat ion mark , 1 13R _ n
1 39
POTTERY MARKS
Swan, 1 19Sword , 1 5 , 95Sword s , crossed , 33. 34 , 3 5 .38. 39. 50 .
98, 100
V’s crossed , 7 1 , 73Vase , 7 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 38,1 40
Warranted Stafl'
ordshire ,
Whee l. 30 . 35 . 36W indm i l l , 75VVorkman
’
s S igns , 34 , 10 1Wreath, 391 991 I 00 1 102 1
Roos , 47Rose , 4 7Roya l Terra cotta porcela in, 1 1 3Rube l la , 1 10Ru in , 91St. A. , 64Sceptre , 37Scythes , 1 19Sem i-china , 1 08
Se vres groups , 1 1 7Shears , 90She l l (conch) , 6, 1 38Shie ld1 4 1 I O, 20 1 3 1 1 33 1 35 136. 37 . 38. 40 . 4 1 . 49. 59.68
, 90 , 1 1 8, 1 1 9Shie ld with cross , 1 6, 1 8
Ship, 1 1 2 , 1 19
S ign board , 34Snake , 28, 5 3Sp ira l , 1 4Spires , 4 1Stag, 50S tar. 4 . 1 9. 24. 47. 9°S taves, crossed , 38, 39, 50 . 5 4Stone China , 1 07 , 108, 109,
Stone Ware , 1 1 0
Stork , 4 1 , 50 , 1 40Sun
,20, 72 , 97 , 100
Terre de Lon aine, 56
Thart, 45
Ti l lenberg , 1 1 3Tower
, 4 1 , 50
Torches crossed, 74
Tree , 28, 92Trefo i l , 38Triangle
. 20 . 34. 5 3. 5 4. 67.
92 , 96, 97 , 1 08 , 1 40Tr1angles crossed , 2 4, 36Trident , 5 , 8, 1 4 , 95 , 1 00
Tr ipod . 97Trumpe t , 20
G . , 1 5 1
Gemp in , 169Gen, 1 6 1 , 1 69Genyemon
,1 73
Ghai by , 1 2 1 , 1 23Ghazal , 1 23G iozan, 1 71Giyok use l , 1 88
Giyok ute i , 1 76
Gobosatsu , 1 7 1Goho, 1 90
Gojosak a , 1 73Gombroon,1 2 2 , 1 2 5
Gorodayu , 1 81 , 186
Gorohachi , 1 59Gorosuk e , 1 73Gosaburo , 1 77Gosuk e , 1 90Goto , 1 82Gwan, 1 84
fi agLHakata ,1 67Hako , 1 85Hakodate , 1 85Ha l l marks , 1 29, 1 42 , 1 43 ,
Ch '1 yu t’ang, 1 43Chih hao t 'ang, 1 42Chih lan cha i , 1 43Chih yuan t’ang , 1 4 2Ching l ien t’ang , 1 43Ch’ing w e i t'ang , 1 42Ch
’u shun t’ang, 1 43
I yu t’ang , 1 43L i n yu t'ang, 1 43Lu y i t’ang , 1 42Shun té t 'ang
,1 42 , 1 43
Ss ii pu cha i , 144Ta ya chai , 1 44Tan n ing chai , 1 43T6 hs ing t’ang , 1 42
Ts’a i hsnu t’ang, 1 42
Ts’
a i hua t ’ang, 1 42
Ts'
ai jun t'ang , 1 43Yang ho t'ang, 1 43Y ii ha i t 'ang, 1 42
Y u t’ang, 142Y u tz ii t’ang , 1 42Yung lo t 'ang
,1 42
Hansu k e , 1 90Hare , 1 2 5 , 1 39Harima, 1 66, 1 70, 1 86Hat im , 1 2 5Hayashi , 1 78H e ian ,
1 87H ich07an Shimpo , 1 85H igo , 16 1 , 1 62
H imeji , 1 86H ira, 1 6 1
H irado , 1 81 , 1 85H iraga , 1 67H izen , 1 54, 1 59, 1 81 , 1 84
-6H0 , 1 64 , 1 83Hohe i, 1 78H oju , 1 78
POTTERY MARKS
J ewe l , 1 38inenan, 1 89
iin, 1 83;fizan , 1 74
J o shén ch en tsang, 1 44J u 1 62
J u 1, 1 40 , 1 4 1
ju i ln shan fang , 1 43jurak u ,
1 62
jusan, 1 60 , 1 79
jus an-k en, 1 64
Ka , 1 66 , 1 83Ka ichi , 1 59Kachu te i , 1 72 , 187Kaga , 1 62 , 1 82 , 1 83 , 1 86Kagura , 1 74Kahin Shin u , 1 5 5 , 1 75Kairak uyen, 1 65Kakiemon, 1 8 1Kak ihan, 1 56, 1 79Kak its ubata
,1 79
Kal lass , 1 24Kameyama, 1 59 , 184 , 1 86Kanashig e , 1 78Kanzan, 1 7 1 , 1 88
Hoko , 1 78Hok uhan ,
1 90
Horak u , 1 69osho , 1 64
Hoyei , 1 78oyen, 166
oyu ,1 78Hozan, 1 54 , 1 7 1
Hozen, 1 5 5 , 1 65 , 1 75Hs i eh
'
en k u w an, 144Hs i yii , 1 47H s ieh chu , 1 50H s ing , 1 48Huang-yun, 1 5 2
m Meng-ch’én, 1 52Hyoch iyen, 191
Ichirak u , 1 74ga , 1 65k ko , 1 69mado , 1 77Imari
, 93Imbe , 1 59, 1 60
Inariyama, 1 67Inuyama
,1 69
Ink , 1 4 1
Insec t , 1 40Ippodo , 1 73I riya , 1 76
I sawa , 1 63I se , 1 63I ssa i , 163I waki
,1 54, 1 78
Iwakun i , 1 64Iwakura , 1 7 1Iwam i
,1 65
Iwao , 1 65I zum i , 1 64 , 165l zumo , 1 66
Karatsu , 1 5 4Kaseizan
, 1 77Kashiu Sampei, 190Katat u , 164Kato , 1 82 , 1 89Kawamoto
,1 89
Ken, 1 75Kente i , 1 75Kenzan, 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 169, 1 74°
1 76Kenya,1 76
Kich iyemon, 16510 1
5391 5 5 , 1 5 8, 1 65 , 1 79,
1
Kik k o , 1 1
Kik k ute i, 1 7777 , 79
Kimura , 1 59, 160
Kin , 1 83Kinju , 1 62
Kink o.
zan, 1 5 4, 1 7 1inse i , 1 73
inshosha , 19 1Kintaro
,1 64Kioto , 1 5 4 , 169, 1 70 1 76,1 82 , 187, 188Kishin, 1 5 5
isu i , 1 87i te i , 1 72 , 1 73itok en
,1 90
iunk en , 1 76
Kiyen , 1 88Kiyo,1 70 , 1 7 1Kiyo-chika, 160Kiyomizu , 1 70
-1 73not, 1 38, 1 40
o,1 70
o M ing-hs iang,1 5 2
K0 Yuan-hs iang, 1 5 2Kochi-yak i,1 5 5Koho , 1 70Komaru
, 1 78
Korak uyen , 1 77, 1goKoransha , 191Koren
, 1 77Kosai , 1 73 , 1 88Kosao , 1 74Kosobe , 1 60
Kote i,1 63Koto , 1 6 1 , 1 89Kozan,
1 88
Ku , 1 48Kuan l ien fang,1 50Kuan yao , 1 50Kuang-tung, 1 32Kue i yueh shan chuang ,
1 44Kuchu , 1 70Kung m ing fu kue i , etc. ,
1 5 1
Kuo , 1 48
Kush ide , 1 85Ku sumura , 1 79Ku tan i , 1 82 , 1 86
’wa-bo , 1 59wan-k e i , 1 65’w anriyo , 1 76
INDEX OF ORIENTAL MARKS AND NAMES
Kyurak u , 1 74
Lai . 1 49Leaf, 1 38, 1 39, 1 78, 1 84Li-chih , 1 49Li-ta-lai , 1 5 2
L iang-chi, 1 29L ien ch'eng , 1 50
Lin ch’ang fa , 149L ing nan hui eh1, 1 5 1Lotus , 1 38, 1 39Lozenge , 1 38, 1 4 1Lu ,
1 46
Lung-ch'uan, 1 27Ma iko , 1 66Maisen, 166
Maku-in, 1 70Makusa ,
1 69Makuzu ,
160 , 1 76 , 1 78, 188
Marubashiro , 165Masa-ichi , 1 85Masaki , 169, 1 77Matsuyama , 1 77Matsuye , 1 66
Me iho , 189Meppo tam ,
165M ikawa , 1 59, 1 79Mikawaji , 1 59, 1 81 , 185 ,
1 91
M ikuni , 164M impe i , 1 64Min, 1 67M inato , 1 64M ino , 1 90M inzan, 167M ishima , 1 5 3 , 1 54M ito , 1 7M iura enya, 1 76M izoro, 1 70
Mok ube i , 162 , 1 75 , 182Mompe i, 16 1Mompe izan, 1 6 1Mori , 160
Mori Chikara , 185Muhammed Al i, 1 2 5Muhammed Harbaty, 1 25Musashi , 1 76-1 78
Mushiage , 1 60Mus ica l instrument , 14 1Nabesh ima ,
1 81 , 1 85Nagami , 165Nagato , 166Na oya, 169 , 1 70 , 189Na mura , 1 78
Nan iwa , 160Nanki , 165 , 1 89aosak u , 163
aoyoshi , 160embok uan , 1 85engo , 1 56-8ienohao , 1 29, 1 34
-6, 156
N iko , 1 79ina , 1 72
N inami, 1 72
Ninse i , 1 5 4 . 1 70iraku , 1 59N ishina , 184umera ls
, 1 37 , 1 40
Nuno Gunjiro , 164
Odo , 160
Ofuke , 168Ogata Shinsho, 1 5 5Ogata Shuhei , 1 88Ohi, 162Ohimachi, 1 79Ohorimura , 1 78
Okawaji, 1 8 1 , 183 , 185Okayama, 1 60
Okazak i , 174Okunisan, 1 79Omi, 16 1 , 1 89Omuro , 1 75On ike , 1 70Osaka , 160 , 16 1 , 1 79Ota , 1 79Otani , 1 73Otokoyama , 1 5 8, 165 , 189Otowa, 1 75Ouchi-yama, 1 75Owari , 168-1 70,
19 1
I 89 1 ‘901
Raku , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 165 . 1 74,I 79
Rak urak uyen, 1 77Rak uwo , 1 74Kakuzan , 166 , 1 78
Rante i , 1 76 , 1 87Rendaiji , 162Renge tsu , 1 76
Rh inoceros horn, 1 38, 14 1
Rhod ian, 1 2 1 , 1 22
R ikk , 1 24R iku , 1 5 9
R inso , 168
R ima n, 162R iok ozan, 1 76
R isampe i , 181
R issa i , 164Roki , 1 88Roku , 172 , 1 83Rok ube1, 1 72, 182 , 1 87Ryozen, 1 75
Saburo , 1 74Sado
,164
Sahe1, 162 , 1 88Sakai , 165Sak in, 1 64
209
Saku ra i , 160 , 186
Sampe i, 1 90Sampo , 1 85San o , 168
San an, 190
Sanjl ro , 1 77Sanrak uyen, 1 77Sanuki , 1 67, 168Sarayama, 1 85Sasashima
, 1 70
Sato , 160 , 186
Satsu , 1 79Satsuma , 1 5 4 , 1 78 , 1 79Sawayama ,
16 1
Sea l marks , uncerta in, 1 5 1 ,1 83 , 1 84 , 1 89
Sc i , 1 70 , 1 72 , 1 76Se ifu , 1 73 , 188
Se igen, 1 84Se iji , 1 74Se ikanji, 1 70
Se ikanyen, 190Seikozan, 1 78Sa ine i , 165 , 1 74Se ishi , 1 76
Se isuk e , 1 70
Se im n, 19 1
Senki , 1 79Sensuk e , 1 79Se l a , 16 1
Sew . 1 5 3 . 1 54. 1 5 5 . 1 89 ,184 1 ‘87 1 1 89, 190
Se to-suke , 163Se l tsu , 16 1 , 186
Shanjén ch'
én we l , 1 50
Shang su , 149She l l , 1 38, 14 1
Shéng , 1 48
Shéng yu ya chi , 147Sh ich ibe i , 17 2
Shido , 167Sh idoro , 166
Shiga , 160
Shigarak i , 1 54 , 1 6 1
Shigen, 176Shih fu , 1 48
Shimbe i , 187Shinzan, 167Shiozo , 186Shippo , 19 1Shise i
,1 77
Shoda , 1 78
Shodai , 162
Shoin , 162
Shonsu i, 1 73Shop mark , 1 48
Shosa i , 16 1
Shoson, 1 77Sho to , 1 59Shou , 1 45 , 146Shua i fu kung yung , 147Shuang hs i , 1 44
Shu-fl ) , 1 27 , 1 49Shuk e i, 1 7 2 , 188
Shun , 148, 167Shun-min, 167
Pai shih , 1 5 1£210 ,
£48
ao s eng , 1 3 1 , 14Peach, 1397
Pearl , 14 1Peking, 1 32Pers ia, 1 2 1 -1 25P i t ing ju '
i , 1 3 1 , 1 4 1
P0 k u chén wan , 1 47
2 1 0
Shunta i , 1 68Shuntan, 1 68Shunu , 1 68
Shunye tsu , 168Shunzan, 1 67Shuzan, 1 76
Soba ite i, 1 69Sobok ai , 1 68
Sogen, 1 6 1
Sok an, 1 6o
Soma,1 54 , 1 78
Sosendo , 1 87Soshichi, 1 67Soshiro , 1 75Soyen, 1 79S tone , 1 38S tork
,1 40
Suma , 1 66
Sum idagawa ,1 77
Sum inok ura , 1 73Suo , 1 64 , 1 67Swast ika , 1 4 1 , 1 84Syria, 1 2 1 -1 25Ta chi , 1 44Tabhino
,1 79
Tada,1 64
T'
ai y iian, 1 5 2
Ta ihe i , 1 7 1
Ta imen, 1 60
Taizan,1 54 , 1 7 1
Taka, 1 67Tak agamine , 1 70Takator i , 1 54 , 1 66, 1 67Tak uzan
,1 6 1
Ta!, 1 24Tamagawa , 1 77Tam ba , 1 68
Tan ku e i , 1 47Tann in, 1 65 , 1 74Ta iw an, 1 7 1
Ta tsumonji, 1 78T6 hua ch'ang ch'un, 1 44Te i , 1 73Te iji , 1 79Te iten, 1 67Tenk aichi , 1 75
POTTERY MARKS
Wén Chang shan ton, 1 48Whee l , 1 39Wu chén hs ien, 1 5 2
Teram i , 1 59T
'ien,1 48
T’ien kuan 12 u fu , 1 47T’ien t i yi chia ch’un , 1 44Ting-Chou , 1 2 7To , 1 61Tobo
,1 75
Tog iyok uyen, 1 90Tokro , 1 5 4, 1 76, 1 79, 191
Toko , 1 62Tokoname , 1 69Tok uemon, 1 8 1Tora Kichi , 1 6 1
Torto ise , 1 73 , 1 90Tosa, 1 60
,164 , 1 77
Tose tsu , 1 7 2Toshiro , 1 5 3 , 1 79To te i , 1 59, 1 65Totom i, 166
To -yen, 1 5 8
Toyohach i, 1 69Toyorak u , 1 69Toyosuk e , 1 69, 1 70Toyo-ura-yama , 1 66
Tozan, 1 66, 1 86Triang le
,1 40
Tsai ch’uan chih lo , 1 3 1 , 147Ts
’ang lang ln shiu , 1 50
Tsao t’ang, 1 5 0
Tsu i yueh hs ii an, 1 5 1Tsuji , 1 70 , 1 85Tsu shima, 1 60
Ts uyen, 1 73Turkish
,1 25
Vase, 1 38, 139, 1 40
VVafnk en, 1 66\Vagen , 1 75Wan fu yu t’ung, 1 46Wan shih ch i i , 1 5 1
\Van shou w n Chiang , 1 47\Va11g Shéng
~ k ao , 1 5 1
Y a, 1 48, 1 62
Yang-l in, 1 5 1Y a su kung shang , 1 44
Y a w an, 1 48
Yamaka, 1 5 6Yamamoto , 1 62Yamashiro , 1 70 -1 76 , 1 87, 1 88Yamato , 1 63 , 1 90
Yanagawa, 1 64Yashima , 1 67 , 1 68
Y asuk e , 1 74Yatsushiro , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 , 1 62
Yedo , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 , 1 77 , 1 79Yenzan, 1 78
V i-hs ing, 13 2 , 1 5 2Y ohach 1, 1 68
Y ok k a-ichi , 163Yoshida , 160Y osh itoyo , 1 69Y osobe i , 1 72
Yo tsuya , 1 77Y ouaz, 1 2 5Y il , 1 48
Y u Cha i , 1 5 1Y ii féng , 1 5 1
Va Iai, 1 47Y uan s in-hs ing , 1 49Y i
'
ieh ch’ang , 1 5 2
Yuko , 1 61
Y u-lan-pi , 1 5 2
Yung-chéng yn chih , 1 50
Yung ch’ing ch'ang ch
'
nn,
144Yur in, 1 63Y use tsu, 1 63
2 1 2 ~
INDEX OF
A., 1 20
*
A.K. i n monogram, 42*
E K B , 1 20 1)
F , 1 20*F B , 1 20AF . L. in monogram ,24AF . S. C . , 24A
L in monogram , 2411
. .L K . in monogram,248
G M 111 monogram 24A
POTTERY MARKS
Sm i th , 1 20 8
Sm ith, W., I 2OA
Sowter, 1 208Spode , 1 208S tevenson, 1 200S tockton-on-Tees , 1 2OAStoke upon Trent ,
1 20 8 , 1 20C
Str ingfe l low, 1 20 1)S tubbs , 1 208Swil l ington Bridge , 1 20 8Sytch pot tery, 1 201)Taylor, G .
, I 20D
Tebo , 1 20*
Tenniers , D . , 24 8
Thompson , J .,1 208
Thoune, 42
*
Toft , ohn , 1 20 8
Toft May , 1 20C
Thun, 42*Tunsta l l , 1 20CTurner, 1 20D
Twigg , 1 20 8
Tyne pot tery, 1 20A
Vauxhal l,1 208
Vecchio, de l , 24A
Yates , 1 20 8 , 1 20C
ADD IT IONAL IN IT IALS
H .,1 20
*
H B 111 monogram , 42*
H E m monogram 24 8H M in monogram , 42*
H P , 1 20 8
1 20A
M, 1 2OA
N, 1 20A
0 11,1 20
*
0 8, 1 2OA
P , 2411, 42”
1 20A
P . & HB
*42P . P. 24
T,1 20A
T. H CO., 1 2OC
TM in monogram, 24A
TO, 1 20A
V .,2 48V .E . in monogram, 42
*
V . H in monogram , 248V L 111 monogram ,2 4A
W ., 1 20A, 1 208 , 1 20C
W H, 1 208
WP in monogram ,1 201)
W . P C . , 1 20A
W R m monogram , 24A
W . S. J un. 81 CO. , 1 2011
W . S S , 1 20 8
Wa lker,1 2OD
Wa l lace CO. ,1 2011
Warbu rton, 1 20AWarsaw, 24AWedgwood , 1 208Whiten ing
, 1 201)
W i ldblood, 1 20 8
W i l l iams , 1 20 8
W incanton , 1 208
Wo l fe , 1 20 8Wo l fsbourg , C . F . de ,Wood , E. , 1 20 8
Wooden Box , 1 20 8
Worces ter, 1 2OA
INDEX OF ADDITIONAL MARKis OTHER
THAN NAMES AND INITIALS
Anchor, 1 20*
Crescent , 1 20A, 1 208
Cross , 24ACrown, 1
Etruscan, 1 201)
INDEX OF
Chan ching cha i , 1 5 28
Chang-chia , I 5 2ACh
'
én M ing-ynan, 1 5 2ACh
’én T
'ien-su i, I 5 2A
Ch’én Wén-ching , I 5 2A
Ch’ien yin, 1 5 2 8Chih tin 1 5 2A
Chin-sh ifi, 1 5 2AH s iu Lung-té, 1 5 2A
jén ho kuan, 1 5 28J én ts'un t’ang, 1 5 2 8
F lower, 1 20 8
Horn , 42*
Horse , 1 20C
Ind ian Tree , 1 20CSaxon Stone , 1 2OC
Stone-Ch ina, 1 20C
Three wavy l ines , 42‘Tr iang le In a C irc le , 42'Tr ident, 1 2OA
\t c l , 24 8Workmen'
s mark , 1 20A
ADD ITIONAL ORIENTAL
MARKS
Kung, 1 52 8Kung L1ang-ch 1, I 5 2A
Ku yii eh hs iian, 1 5 2 8
La i Kuan,1 5 2A
Ma Chen-sh ih , 1 5 2 8
Nan ch mg t'ang, 1 5 2 11
San ho t'ang , 1 5 2 8
Shang k u t 'ang, 1 5 2 8Shu ch'ang, 1 5 2 8
Ts'
u i , 1 5 2A
Wang Ch ih-ming , I 5 2AWang P ing -jung , 1 5 2AWang Pu-t’ing , 1 5 2A
V i-hs ing, 1 5 2A
Y G chén, 1 5 2 8
Y fi t'ang chia ch 1, 1 5 2 8
P r inted /y R. S: R. CLARK , LIM ITED, Ed" 10 3
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