Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for...
-
Upload
trinhnguyet -
Category
Documents
-
view
246 -
download
7
Transcript of Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for...
![Page 1: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Handbook and damage atlas for
inspection of glass fiber reinforced
plastics
Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB
Klas Esbo
1
![Page 2: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
KIMAB Swerea KIMAB is one of the oldest Swedish research institute- founded
1921 and it is a merge between the corrosion institute and the institute for
metal research
Gunnar Bergman started year 1981 the polymer group
![Page 3: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Polymeric Materials
Chemical industry
Paper and Pulp
Plastic Joining Nuclear power
Steel industry
Pickling
Water and
waste water
Chlor/Alkali
Desinfection
Relining
Flue gas
cleaning
![Page 4: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Karin
Jacobson
Group Leader
Polymeric Materials
Daniel
Ejdeholm
Research Leader
e
Martina Källrot
Janstål
Researcher
Love
Pallonen
Researcher
Dinko
Lukes
Researcher
4
Nina Pendergraph
Researcher
Kenny Constanzo
Researcher
Klas Esbo
Researcher
![Page 5: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agenda
• Introduction
-Thermosetting resin
-Glass fiber
• Failures and damages
-Common failures
• Inspection
-Destructive
-Non destructive
• Conclusion
5
![Page 6: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction
6
Polymer
Glass fibers
Glass fiber reinforced
plastic (FRP)
![Page 7: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction
7
Thermosetting Resin
Glass fibers
Glass fiber reinforced
plastic (FRP or GRP)
Different types
Polymer
Initiator
Different structures
![Page 8: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Different termosetting resin
8
Thermosetting Resin
Vinyl ester
Bisphenol-A
fumarate
Terephthalic
polyester
Isophthalic
polyester Chlorendic
polyester
![Page 9: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Different initiator for thermosetting resins
9
Thermosetting Resin
Methyl Ethyl
Ketone Peroxide
(MEKP)
Cumene
Hydroperoxide
(CHP)
Benzoyl
Peroxide (BPO)
![Page 10: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Different additives for thermosetting resins
10
Thermosetting Resin
Inhibitors
Accelerators
Fillers and
Pigments
Other additives
![Page 11: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Different glass fibers and structures
11
Glass fiber
structure
Chopped strand
mat (CSM)
Woven Roving
3D-woven
Surface veil
Roving
Glass fiber
E-
Glass
C-Glass
ECR-Glass
A-Glass
![Page 12: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structural laminate, designed according to actual mechanical stresses.
Corrosion barrier, normally 2.5 mm thick. Protects the structural laminate from chemical attack.
Hand laid-up laminate
Structural laminate, alternating layers of woven roving (WR) and mats of chopped strand mat (CSM)
Corrosion barrier
Fibre-wound laminate Structural laminate, filament-wound with high fibre content
Corrosion barrier
Laminate build up for chemical environments
![Page 13: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Regulations and standards
13
• Regulations and standards verify that the level of quality inherent in the
specifications is, in fact, delivered to the purchaser
• Important regulations for Sweden are pressure equipment directive
(PED), AFS 2016:1 (AFS Arbetsmiljöverkets författningssamling) and
MSBs (Myndigheten för sammhällsskydd och beredskap) regulations
for tanks and pipelines
• Important standards for Sweden are EN 13121 (Behållare för kärl I
glasfiberaremerad plast för användning ovan jord), “PRN,
Plaströrsleningsnormer” and “PLN, plastkärlsnormer”
![Page 14: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Design of GRP/FRP
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications
Supplementary part to other sections of the Code providing material
specifications for nonferrous materials
European norm EN 13121 parts 1-4
GRP tanks and vessels for use above ground
Part 1: Raw materials – Specification conditions and acceptance
conditions
Part 2: Chemical resistance
Part 3: Design and workmanship
Part 4: Delivery, installation and maintenance
![Page 15: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Failures
15
![Page 16: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Diffusion
• Polymers are permeable
• Diffusion of the media into the corrosion barrier is okay, but never
into the structural layer.
• Called weeping if it comes out through the FRP
• Microscope is the best inspection tool:
16
HCl diffusion Corrosion barrier
Structural layer
![Page 17: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Blisters
• Due to diffusions blisters are created by an osmotic process
• In general they are rather shallow and are situated close to the
surface under the corrosion barrier
17
![Page 18: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Delamination
• When different glass fiber sheets disconnect
• Could be due to heat changes
• In general more severe and lies deeper then blisters
• Can often be repaired or changed
18
![Page 19: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Discoloration
19
• Can be caused by many different reasons; temperature, chemicals,
![Page 20: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Impact damage
20
• Hard and sudden damage against the laminate
• In general rather shallow but could cause severe damage on the
inside
• Outside looks like round mark with scars
Inside looks like a star
![Page 21: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Stress corrosion cracking
• Tensile stresses together with certain chemicals cause stress
corrosion cracking
• The fibers reacts with the chemicals and can cause rapid raptures
• Extremely sensitive to impact damages
21
![Page 22: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
All types of corrosion found in metals can also be found in plastics and rubber.
Uniform corrosion, wall thinning Stress corrosion Atmospheric corrosion, chalking Localized corrosion/pitting/crevice
corrosion Erosion corrosion Galvanic corrosion Filiform corrosion
![Page 23: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cracks
23
• Surface cracks
• Drying cracks
• Structural cracks
![Page 24: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Inspections
24
![Page 25: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Destructive testing
25
Composition
Thermal history by
differential scanning
calometry (DSC)
Microscope
Chemical composition
by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
Mechanical
strength
![Page 26: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Non-destructive testing
• Visual inspection
• Ultrasound
• X-ray
• Acoustic emission
• Barcol Hardness
26
![Page 27: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Calculations
• The vast variations of GAP and failures makes it difficult to make
calculations
• Weakest link?
27
![Page 28: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Example
• Clear damages was noted during inspection and a represented piece
was cut out
28
Possible to cut
out and repair?
Corrosion and cracks?
Change in
mechanical strength?
50% reduction!
![Page 29: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Example The Skoghall plant had problems with leaking
joints on their Anolyte line made of Alpolite (Viapal)
Potential service life of
20 years.
Poor joints reduced the
lifetime by a factor of 2.
![Page 30: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusions
30
![Page 31: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions
• GRPs have a complex structure
• Many different failures and damages can occur. They are not always
dangerous.
• Inspections are very important. Damages can be hard to detect
• Calculations are difficult
31
![Page 32: Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber ... · Handbook and damage atlas for inspection of glass fiber reinforced plastics Polymeric researcher, Swerea KIMAB Klas.esbo@swerea.se](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5c41e3ea93f3c338c80d0d90/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Scientific Work for Industrial Use
www.swerea.se