Hand book Malyalam Sixth standard 2009

8/14/2019 Hand book Malyalam Sixth standard 2009

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

mtUUv 6


2/169

A[ym]Iklmbnaebmfw VI

Xbmdmnbh {io. HmwIm-c-\m-Y.]n

{io. PbcmPv.]n.sI

tUm. Fw._me

{io. blnb. ]n

{io. cmaN{.sI

{io.-iywIp-am.-Fkv

{io. kPojv \mcm-bW

{ioaXn kvanX Ac-hnv

Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:[email protected]

Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab

Government of KeralaEducation Department

2009

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tUm. ]n.-k-Xyt\i

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3/169

kplrt,

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\nhlntXv. A[ym]I klmbntbmsSmw ap klmbI-kwhn[m\fpw {]tbmP\sSpn mkvdqw {]h\insSpWw.

hnZymYnIfpsS Nnbpw `mh\bpw hfpXn `mjm]T\n\v \nWmbIamb ]pv. sshhn[yam ]T\m\p`hfneqsSCXv km[yamWw. CXc hnjbfpsS ]T\ sasSppXn\pw mjm]T\ns mKambn e`n A\p`h klmbIamhpw.

]mTy]XnbpsS A DsmpsImv ]T\n\v

Znimt_m[w \Im\p NpaXe A[ym]Icn \nn]vXambncnpp.IqSpX IcptmsS hnZym`ymk{]h\fn aptdmIgnbs.

BiwkItfmsS,

F.]n.Fw.aplZv l\ojv. sF.F.Fkv UbdIvS (CNmPv),Fkv.kn.C.B.Sn.


4/169

]mTy]Xn kao]\w 05

ASnm\ ]mTmhen

1 hnizw kvt\labw 27

2 Cw \nd hw \nd 45

3 {]]inev]nI 60

tIcf ]mTm-hen

1 hWkpc`nbmw qan 75

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5/169

5

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cq]w\Im\p {iaw Bcw`nXv 1997 emWv. B[p\nIamb hnZym`ymkktXfpwcoXnIfpw A\pkcnv DZv{KYnX coXn, {]{Inbm[njvTnX kao]\w, {]tbmKm[njvTnXmkvapdn-I, Ipn Adn-hns \nam-Xm-hmWv F ImgvN-mSv, kmaqlnI Npp-]mSvm\\nanXnbn {][m\amsW Xncndnhv, ka{Khpw \ncchpamb aqey\nWbwXpS-n-b Bi-b- AS-p ]mTy-]-Xn \ne-hn hp. Ch-b-\p-k-cnv ]Tn-p-h hnZymYnI Ctm lb skUdnXew ]qnbmnbncnpIbmWv.2005 se tZiob Icnpew NqSpw AXn\v B[mcamb \ne]mSptcJIfpw kzbwhnai\]camb hnebncpen\p Ahkcw \InbncnpIbmWv.tZiob ]mTy]Xn NqSpw tIcfhpw

]pXnb ]mTy]Xn \smcp BibamsWv Ctm s]mXpkaqlw kXnppv.tZiob Icn- pew Nq-Sns kao]\w \psS ]mTy-]Xn Cp t\cn-Sp {]iv\sf apdnpISm\p DmgvN Xcppv.\mw kzoIcn sskmnIhpw Zmi\nIhpw Ncn{X]chpamb kao]\ tZiob]mTy-]Xn NqSpw (2005) GXmp kzoIcn- n-cn-ppshXp tIcfns hnZym`ymk ImgvNmSpIp AwKoImcambn IW- mmhpXmWv.P\m[n]Xyhncpamb A[nImcLS\bpsS Fm khntijXIfpw NnIfpw apsmkvapdnbn {]Xn^enncpp. \n_vZXbpsS kwkvImcamWv Ap mkvapdnbn

hfm {ian--Xv. AXn\p ]Icw kwL-]-T-\-n\pw kl-hnX]T-\-n\pw{]mapJyw \In. IpnIfpsS AhImi AwKoIcnsSpIbpw Adnhv -t\SpXn\p AhcpsS \nWmbI ]v m]npsImSppIbpw sNbvXp. CXphgn mkvapdnsbP\m[n]Xyhcnm {ianp. Adnhns \nanXnbpw kmaqlnI\nanXnbpw ]ckv]c]qcIfmbn amdn. P\ D]mZIcmIpXn\p kam\ambn, mkvapdnIfnsemt\m]mZIcmbn hnZymYnI amdn.`mhnkaqlspdnp ImgvNmSv

`mhnkaqlspdnpff ImgvNmSv hnIknnpsImp am{Xta hnZym`ymk cwKs]cnh\p XpSw Ipdnm Ignbq. ]ptcmKa\]camb Zi\fpsSbpw

]T\fpsSbpw A\p`h-fpsSbpw ASnm\n kaqlnse apgph

]mTy]Xn kao]\w


6/169

6

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$ tZiobt_m[w, kzm{ibXzw, X\Xp kwkvImct]mjWw, P\m[n]XymhImiFnhbvp apJy]cnKW\ \IpXmIpw Cu kaqlw.

$ Zcn{ZP\hn`mKfpsS tan\p apJy]cnKW\ \IpXpw D]mZ\m[njvTnXamb Hcp hnIk\k]w ap\nn hn`hsf {]tbmP\sSppXpambkaq-l-amWp krjvSn--s-tS--Xv. \psS am\-h-i-nsb kpncamb HcphnIk\n\p thn {]tbmP\sSpp Hcp kaql{Iaw \mw hn`mh\ sNpp.

$ a\pjys Iqmbvabnepw klIcWnepw ASnbpdv aptmpt]mIpXmIpw Cukaqlw. kns D]mZ\hpw hnXcWhpw \oXn]qhIhpw Imcy-ahpamIp hnIk\amXrII krjvSnpIbpw Ah ]cn]menpIbpw sNpw.

$ Adnhv s]mXpkmsW [mcWbpsSbpw At\zjWhpw hnai\mINnbpw Adnhp\namW {]{InbbpsS ASnm\inebmsW XncndnhnsbpwASnm\n kaqlw \hoIcnsSpw.

$ Ncn{X]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb ImcWfm ]pds hn`mKtfmSphnthN\sXntc \nccw t]mcmSp Cu kaqlw kv{Xopw ]pcpj\pwkaqlns ]ptcmKXnbn Xpeym\w \Ipw.

$ kmwkvImcnIsshhn[yw am\npsImv kzw kmwkvImcnI-]mccyskwcnpIbpw D]t`mKkwkvImcns Zpjv{]hWXIsXntc iamb\ne]msSSppIbpw sNp kaqlambncnpw CXv. kmwkvImcnIcwKvam[ya Dbp A\`nejWobamb {]hWXI XncndnbpXn\pwAXns\Xntc {]XnI- cn-p--Xn\pw IgnbpXmbncnpw CXv.

$ kmaqlnIXnIsXntc AWntNcm\pw kmaqlnI]ptcmKXnm-bp{]h\p t\XrXzw \Im\pap kX, hn`mKobinIsXntciambn {]XnIcnpXn-\p at\m-`mhw Ch {]XonX kaq-lns apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cn-pw.

hnZym`ymkey

tIcfns hnZym`ymkey \nWbnptm CybpsS kzmX{yhpw]cam[nImchpw atXXcXzhpw P\m[n]Xyhpw Acnpdnm Icpp Hcpkaqls apn ImtWXpv. Db kucyt_m[hpw {]hrXyppJambam\pjnIaqeyfpw CXneqsS ^ehmm IgnbWw. kpcnXXzt_m[hpwNpaXemt_m[hpw kmaqlnIPohnXns kakvX cwKfnepw sXfnbWw. Xshf IpSpw_nsbpw kaqlnsbpw hfbpsS `mKamsW Xncndnhv Hmtcm

hynbnepw DmtIXmWv.


7/169

7

kmaqlnI\oXnp thnbp hnZym`ymkw

kaznepw \oXnbnepw ASnbpd Hcp kmaqlnI{Iaw cq]sSpm IpnIsfkcmp hnZym`ymkamWp eyantSXv. CXp P\m[n]Xynepw

aX\nct]Xbnepw kv{Xo]pcpj kaznepw A[njvTnXambncnWw. `cWLS\aX\nct]X hn`mh\ sNpp. CXp PmXnaXmZnIfpsS t]cnep kv][sbbpwA{Iasfbpw {]Xntcm[npwhn[w iamn ]cn]mentXpv. kpNnXambXm]cysf XSbm\pw Iqmbva hfm\pw Ignbp ]T\{IaamWp eyantSXv.hntamN\n\pw kmaqlnIamn\pw thnbp D]m[nbmbn hnZym`ymkw amdWw.B{]Imi\n\pw kzXzmht_m[n\pw hgnXpdpXmhWw hnZym-`ymkw.hnZym`ymkw kpenXhpw hnthI]qWhpamb hnIk\n\v

]cnnXnkwcWspdnp ka{Kamb Aht_m[w hfnsbSptXpv.kpnchnIk\w F eyw apn IpsImv Fm hnIk\ {]h\sfbpw]cnnXnv A\pKpWamIpw hn[w cq]sSpm\p at\m-`m-h-amWphnIknntXv. hn`hkwcWnepw hn\ntbmKnepw kpenXhpw hnthN\]qWhpamb kao]\w kzoIcnm hnZymYnI {]m]vXn ssIhcntXpv.anI ]ucXzw hnIknnpXn\p hnZym`ymkw

kaqln DchmZnap ]ucmcmbn {]hnm Ignhp \IpXmbncn-Ww hnZym`ymkw. bpnNnbpw Ncn{Xt_m[hpw cmjv{SobhoWhpwDsmpXmbncnWw ]uct_m[w. imkv{Xobkao]\hpw \oXnt_m[hpwPohnXns kakvXtaJeIfnepw {]ISnnm `mhnXeapdbvp IgnbWw.

Db tZiobt_m[w hfp hnZym`ymkw kmhtZiob hoWn A[njvTnXamb tZiobt_m[amWp \mw ey-an-tSXv.am\h]ptcmKXnbpw hnizkvt\lhpw DbnnSnp-XmhWw AXv. `mcXnssshhn[ysf AwKo-I-cn-p-Xpw Iqn-bn-W-p--Xp-ambn Cu tZiob t_m[whftcXpv.AhImit_m[n A[njvTnXamb hnZym`ymkw

Cy `cWLS\ Ddp\IpXpw sFIycmjv{S {]amWfn ASnbncnpXpamb AhImi kaqln {]mhnIamm DXIp hnZym`ymkamWpeyanSpXv. CXp a\pjymhImifpw IpnIfpsSbpw kv{XoIfpsSbpw {]tXyIAhImifpw kwcnm ]mesamcppXmhWw. hnZym-`ym-k A-\p-`-h-v AhImit_m[hn-Imkhpambn t\_w DmIWw.imkv{XkmtXnI Aht_m[w hfp hnZym`ymkw

A\pZn\w hnIknpsImncnp imkv{XkmtXnIhnZyI kzmb--am-pXn-\pw PohnXkmlNcyfn {]tbmP\sSppXn\pap Ignhp hfnsbSpt -Xpv. imkv{XkmtXnIhnImk-\pkcnv Adnhpw tijnIfpw sa-s-Spm\p anIhv hnZymYnI ssIhcntXpv. s]mXpkaqlns Xm]cy IW-nseSpv imkv{XkmtXnIcwKs amtfmSv \ne]mSpI kzoIcn

m\pw IgnbWw.


8/169


9/169

9

Adnhns \namWnepw hn\nabnepw Dup hnZym`ymkw

Adnhp \nansSppXn\pw kaqln hn\nabw sNpXn\pw hnZym-`ym-k- n-eqsS Ignhv BPntXpv. Adnhp\namWns Imcyn hwiw, hKw, kv{Xo

]p-cpjt`Zw XpSnbhbpsS t]cnep hnthN\sf {]Xntcm[nm\pwAXnPohnm\pw Ahp IgnbWw. XfpsS Bhiyfpw Adnhpw Bibfpw{]mtZinI, tZiob, AtZiob Xefn ]phbvpXn\pw {]XnIcnpXn\pwBhiyamb `mjmss\]pWnI t\Sm hnZym`ymkneqsS IgnbWw.hnai\mI kao]\w t]mjnnp hnZym`ymkw

am\hcminbpsS t\sf ka{Kambn hnebncpm\p Ignhv hnZymYnIfnhfnsbSptXpv. FmXcw NqjWp-saXntc \ne]mSp kzoIcnmAhp IgnbWw. PohnXm\p`hsfbpw PohnXk`sfbpw hnai\mIambnt\mnmWm\pw hnthN\_pntbmsS Xocpam\saSpm\pw Ahp IgnbWw.kzbwhnai\n\p kXbpw BhiyamWv. kmaqlnIXnIsf Xncndnbm\pwtNmZywsNm\pw bpn`{Zambn {]Xntcm[nm\pw IgnbWw. aphn[nIsfbpw]nSnhminIsfbpw {]tem`\sfbpw sNdpm\p Ignhv \nccw hftXpv.hyXykvX Bibsf kaNnXtbmsS kzoIcnm\pw ka\zbnnm\pw IgnbWw.{]NcnnsSp Bib hniIe\w sNpXn\pw sXpI XncndnbpXn\pw{]Xntcm[npXn\pw Ahp IgnbWw. Ahsb cmjv{SobkmaqlnIkmwkvImcnIXefn hniIe\w sNbvXp \ne]mSpI kzoIcntXpv.]T\spdnp ImgvNmSv

GsXmcp ]mTy]Xn ]cnjvIcW{]{Inbbnepw ]T\s kw_n Nne kp{][m\Imcyfn hy-amb \ne]mSpI kzoIcntXpv. Cu \ne]mSpI kzoIcnpXv FpsImmsWpw Ah {]tbmKn hcpm Fsv ]pXnb \S]SnIfmWp ssIsmffpI Fpw hyamtXpapv. C{]Imcw ssIImcyw sNstS Nne tNmZy- fm-Wv,

1. Ipn-I Fn-\mWp ]Tn-pXv?

2. Ipn-I FmWp ]Tn-tXv?

3. Ipn-I Fs\bmWp ]Tn-tXv?

CXn BZys tNmZy- ns Dcw hniZoIcnpIgn-p. \nn-Xamb KpW- hn-tijfpff Hcp mhnkaqls \nanpIbmWp hnZym`ymkns eysapw AXphgn hyn-bpsSbpw kaq-lnsbpw hntamN-\sa hnimeamb ImgvN- mSp km[y-amm-sapw kqNn-n-pIbpm-bn.]T\ns DffSw

Ipn-I FmWp ]Tn-tXv FXv ta ey-ns ASn-m\n Xocpam\n-Ww. \nehnepff kmaqlnIkmlNcys hniIe\w sNbvXpw AXn\Iv hynbpsS m\w ASbmfsSpnbpamWv Cmcyw \nhlntXv.\nehnepff kaqln Htsd sshcp[y \ne\npp. kmnIamb hnhn[Xp-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-ns A\-h[n cq]-fpw AXn AS-n-bn-cn-p-p.


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kmwkvImcnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw kv{Xo]pcpj t`Z]chpw apamb thXncnhpI D\oN{]iv\ krjvSnpp. imkv{Xnsbpw kmtXnIhnZybpsSbpw hfbneqsS a\p-jy-k-aqlw Htsd t\- ssIh-cn-n-p-s-nepw AXns {]tbm-P\wFmhcnepw Hcpt]mse Fn-bn-n-. am{Xa, \ne\np thXn- cn-hpIsf AhHpIqSn cqampIbpw sNbvXncnpp. BtKmfhcWhpw IhShcWhpwapp t\Snb ]e t\fpw CmXmpp.kns tI{oIcWw, hn]WnIfpsS hym]\w, B{KlfpsS \namWw FnhXIrXnbmbn \Spp. CXn\nSbn Irjn, ]ccmKX hyhkmbw XpSnbh XIcpp. AgnaXn, A{Iaw, BlXy, hKobX, Ahnizmkw Fnh s]cpIpp.Cu kmlN- cy-n hnZym-`ym-kns DSw Fm- hWw F tNmZyw {][m-\amWv. Hcp Imcyw DdmWv, CebpsS hkvXp\njvTamb hnebncpepw Cns icnbmb hymJym\hpw hgn am{Xta sas Hcp \mfsb sInSpm\mhq.

AXpsImpXs ham\Ime bmYmYys mkvapdnp ]pdp\nm\mhn.IpnbpsS PohnXss Ccw ]e bmYmYyfpw iambn \nWbnpsImncnpIbmWv. kaqltmSp {]Xn_Xbpw hnai\mht_m[hpapff Hcp Xeapd cq]s-SWsan hnZym-`ym-k-n-eqsS AXn\p XpS--an-S-Ww. Cs Pohn-XsAdnpsImmWv \mfs PohnXn\p XbmsdSptXv.Fn DffSw hnIknphtcXv IpnbpsS A\p`h]cnkcp\nv BhWw. kaqlws]mXp-hn t\cnpsImn-cn-p henb {]iv\--fp-ambn Ccw A\p-`- h-p_apv. hynsb ]e coXnbn \apv ASbmfsSpmw. AXn\p sNdpXpw hepXpamb ]e ]cn[nIfpw Iev]nmw. Fnepw kmwkvImcnIamb Hcp Xew hp t\mn

bm tIcfw FXp ]eXnsbpw ASn-dbmbn hnpw. AXpsImv tIcfwF ASnm\ PohnXbmYmYyn\Ip \npsImv, Xs \nanp {]mtZinIhpw tZiobhpw BtKmfhpamb bmYmYysf Ipn hniIe\w sNpXv ]T\s AYhmpsap \mw IcpXpp. tIcfkaqlw t\cnpsImncnp apJy{]iv\sf tI{oIcnpsImv ]mTy]Xnsb s]mXphn cq]Iev]\ sNpXv ]T\s bmYmYyn A[njvTnXampsap {]Xonpp.tIcfkaqlw t\cnSp {]iv\ FXv, \psS am{Xw {]iv\f. AXn\p {]mtZinIhpw tZiobhpw AtZiobhpamb ImcW-fpw hnXm\fpapv. tIcfnse]cnnXn{]iv\sfpdnp ]Tnptm \nbambpw BtKmfXen A\p`hsSp hym]Iamb ]cnnXn\mihpw AXns `mKambn Dmbnhnpff XncndnhpIfpw ISphcpw. Npcpn, aqamb Hc\p`hbmYmYyw F \nebn tIcfw]mTy]Xnbn \ne\npw. Hw asm Xefnepw hnXm\fnepapff ]T\w hg hpapff Hcp \nan-ambn AXn hnpIbpw sNpw.`cW-LS\ hn`mh\ sNpXpw tZiobambn \nW- bnsXpamb aqeyfpw ImgvNmSpIfpw Cu ]mTy]Xn cq]oIcW-n \nWmbIambn hnpw. tZiobt_m[w, P\m[n]Xyho-Ww, atXXc ImgvNmSv, nXnkaNn, kmwkvImcnI-\nabnepff A`nam\w, ]cnnXn Aht_m[w, ]mizhcnsSphtcmSpff {]tXyI]cn-K-W\ XpS-n-b-h-sbmw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn \nan-s-Sp-m Cu ]mTy-]-Xn{]Xnm-_--am-bn-cn-pw.


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GXp aqeyhpw cq]stSXv A\p`hfpsS `mKambmWv. \ne\np {]iv\fpsS hnNn--\-n-tepw AXn-eq-sS-bpm-p Xncn--dn-hn-tepw \bn-p A\p`h e`n-t--Xp-v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]cn-nXnI-bp-sS-Xmb ka-Im-enIbmYmYys XncndnbpI, AXn Fs\ CSs]SW-sap ]cymtemNnpI, IpnIfpsS CSs]S Xefn AXn\v AhkcapmpI Fnh ]mcnnXnI Aht_m[w icnbmbn cq]sSpXn\v AXymhiyamWv. Am]w aqeyhnZym`ymkwIpnbn bmsXmcp amhpw Dmn.kmaqlnI{]iv\sf tI{oIcnmWv ]mTy]Xn cq]sSppI Fp kqNnnp.CXn\Yw sNdnb mkv sXmt kmaqlnI{]iv \ _rlZvcq]n IpnbpsS apnhcpI F-. {]mb-n\pw A\p-`-h-]-cn-N-b-n\pw tbmPn-p, AYhm Dsm-f-fm Ignbp sNdnb Hcp {]iv\ambmhpw AXp IpnbpsS A\p`hkoabn hcpI.{ItaW AXns hym]vXn h[npw. Nnetm AXp kmaqlnI{]iv\hpambn t\cntmAmsXtbm _spInSp Hcp AmZanI{]iv\ambpw hcmw. GXmbmepw kmaqlnI{]iv\sf tI{oIcntm _stm Dff {]iv\m[njvTnXhnZym`ymkamWp ]mTy]- Xn-bn Dtin-p-Xv.Ccw {]iv\ XncndnbpXn\pw hniIe\w sNpXn\pw imkv{Xns Bibfpw ]T\coXnbpw Bhiyambn hcpw. {]kvXpX {]iv\s Afhp]cambpw bpnbp-ambpw kao]nm KWnXw D]tbmKntn hcpw. AXns kmaqlnI hniIe\w kmaq-lnIim-kv{X-ns coXn-imkv{Xw D]tbm-Knv \nh-ln-m km[n-pw.`mjIfmhs, {]iv\ XncndnbpXn\pw _s Imcy hn\nabw sNpXn\pw {]XnIcnpXn\papff iamb D]IcWfmbn hnpw. A\p`hw, BhnjvIcWw, ]cnlmcw XpSnb Xefn IemImbnI{]hrn]cnNb taJeIfpwISphcpw. sNdnb mkpIfn Ch DZv{KYnXambns ssIImcyw sNm\mhpw.apIfn-temp hcptmdpw thXn-cnhpw hntijhcWhpw kw`hnpw.\nn-X-amb ey-n-sbpw kao]-\-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n Xnc-s-Sp--s-Sp AdnhpIfpw hncpXpIfpw BWv Hmtcm hnjbnepw DmhpI. IpnIfpsS {]mbnsbpw apdnhpIfpsSbpw ]T\coXnIfpsSbpw CSs]SXensbpw ASnm\n Ah Nm{InIambn hn\yknpw. PUamb Iptd hnm\iIe Ah]t ]Tnphcmdpv F H- \ymbn ]pXnb ]mTy]Xnbn DsSpn.ap]m-Ty-]--Xn-I-fn ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sm ]e hnm-\-L- S-I-fpw hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-Ifpw {]{In-b-Ifpw {]Xn-I-c-W-{]-h-\- fpw ]pXp-Xmbn ISphcm\pw km[y-X-bp-v. Adnhv FXp kmaqlnIambn krjvSnsSpXpw kmwkvImcnIambn \nW-bnsSpXpw Ncn{X]cambn ASbmfsSppXpamb Hcp bmYmYyamWv Fp XncndnbWw. AXp hnjbns tIheamb DffSsa \nebn ]cnanXsXmhcpXv. adnv, hnimeamb kmaqlnI - bmYmYyn\IpIqSn AXp {]kamhWw.Cs\ ]dbptms, tZiob ]mTy]XnbpsS DffSXe \mw ]cnKWnpw. Hw kmaq-lnI-{]-k--amb Adn-hns Imcy-n \mw Gsd aptmpt]mhp-Ibpw sNpw. IpnbpsS {KlW- tijnbpw Bib]camb taIogv _hpw ]cnKWnpsImpff {]kamb Nne Agnp]WnIfpw Cu ]mTy]Xnbn Dmhpw.tZiob ]mTy]Xn \ntZin hnai\mI t_m[\imkv{Xw DffS\nWbnepwkzm[o\w sNep-pw. kaq-l-n-ep-ff sshcp[yw mkv ap-dn-bnepw {]I-S-am-hp-sav


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t\ct kqNn-n-p-I-bp-m-bn. Ccw sshcp-[y-sf ]p\\nan-p CS-am-bpwmkv apdnI amdm\nSbpv. Nne AdnhpIsf t{ijvTambpw ap NneXns\ tambpw]mT]pkvXIfn Nn{XoIcnp nXn Dmhmdpv. kwkvImcw, mj, PohnXmhI Fnhsbmw taemf ]-]mXnXztmsS Nn{XoIcnmdpv. Iogmf -hn`mKfn \np hcp IpnIv Chsbms Dmp BLmXw sNdpX. BIbm, hnai\mIamb Hcp Xen \np thWw ]mT]pkvXIfnse DffSw,`mj, Nn{XoIcWw XpSnbh NnsSp- pXv.]TnpI FXn\Yw AdnbpI FXns\mw amdpI FpIqSnbmWv. tIheambhnhc tiJcnXp sImmbn. Ah m\\namWn\pff AkwkvIrX hkvXp am{XamWv. hnhcsf A]{KYnv Nne \nKa\fn FnbXpsImpamIpn. B \nKa\fpsS ASnm\n \ne\np Ahbn amw hcpm]cym]vXamb \ntZifpw {]XnIcW- fpw DmhWw. FpsImv ]pgI aen\oI-cn--s-Sp-p, Zcn-{Z A]-am-\n--s-Sp-p, Fmw hn]-\--c-mbn amdp-p, \mp-`mjm]Z A\yw \npp, {]mtZinI sXmgnq XISnbpp, s]Ipn-I cmw Xcw ]ucm-h--bn Ign-bpp, am[y-a--fn Npp-ap-ff PohnXwImWmsXt]mhp-p, al-mb aX-aq-ey-sf hKo-bX ssItb-dp-p, emfnXyw HcpaqeyamXmbnocpp, bpw ASntnsSpp Fsms Hmtcm ]TnXmhn\pwNnnm\mhWw. t\Snb AdnhpI {]Iminnm\pw \ntZi aptmphbvm\pw{]XnIcW _shsc Adnbnm\pw \ne]mSpI BhnjvIcnm\pw \namW{]h\fn GsSm\pw _ZepI Ism\pw AhkcapmhWw. Npcpn, kmaqlnIambn \nan Adnhns\ hnai\mIamb {]XnIcW-ns Xen-tev Dbp DffShn-Xm\w ]mTy-]-Xn-bn Dsmffn-Ww.

]T\ns coXn

a\xmkv{Xw Ign Hcp \qm-n temI-n\p \Inb Xncn--dn-hp-Isf hnth-I-]qhw ]cntim[npsImt Cmcyn Nne Dd \ne]mSpIfn Fm\mhq. Xth Xm\pw sImth sImm\pap BPhw \mw ssIsmt ]q.hnZym`ymk a\xmkv{Xn Htc ImeLn Htsd imJ-I cq]sSpIbpmbn. Fm hym]-I-ambn kzoI-cn--s-Xpw hf-sc-mew kzm[o\w sNep-n-bXpwhyhlmchmZamWv. tNmZI{]XnIcW-_ns \namW-amWv ASnm\]cambn]T\{]{Inbbmbn Ch aptmphXv. \Smm Ffpap Hcp ]Xnbmbncpp

CsXXn kwiban. ]ccmKXambn \ne\n Dcphnp ]Tn, innp sasSp, Adnhns ssIamw, A[ym]Is tNmZyw sNsSm m\w Fnhbvv Cu ImgvNmSv \ \ymboIcW-ambn amdn.ss\kKnIhmk\Ifm am{Xw \bnsSp GXm\pw PohnIfn \Snb ]coW--fm-bn-cpp hyh-lmchmZ-n\v B[mcw. Ch Is-nb Nne amXr-I-I-fmWva\pjyinipfpsS ]T\n\pw ip]mi sNbvXXv. a\pjys\mgnsIbp PohnIfpsSImcyn apXnh sNpXp Ipw A\pIcnpw Bhnpw BWv IpphfcpXv. GXm\pw Imcy Ahbvp Pknambpw e`npw. A\p`hsf hniIe\w sNm\pw kl]mTnIfpambpw apXnhcpambpw Nbnepw kwhmZfnepwGsSm\pw klmbnp Bibhn\nab D]m[nIfpw Db am\knItijnIfpw


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Cu Pohn-In-. Fm Ccw Ign-hpIfp a\pjy- in-iphns Imcy-nepw Phmk\bpsSbpw A\pIcWnsbpw tNmZI{]XnIcW _cq]oIcWnsbpw]cnanX hgnItf \ntZinm\pq FXv Cu hnNmcamXrIsb \ncmIcnm \st{]cn-n-p-p.cm-a-Xmbn ]cn-K-W-\-bn hcp-Xv a\p-jy-hy-n-Xz-n AN--e-amb hnizmkw{]ISnn am\hnIXmhmZamWv. ]TnXmhns {]IrXw am\nW-sapw hynXzsAwKoIcnW-sapw ]T\s IpnbpsS bYmY {]iv\fpambn _sSp-W-sapw A[ym]I ]T\s kpKaamp coXnbn CSs]SW-sapw Cu kao]\why-am-p-p. ]Tn-Xmhv ]T-\-{]-iv\s kzbw Gs-Sppw AXn ]qW-]-m-fn-bmbpw kzbw hnebncpnbpw aptmpt]mIptmgmWv ]T\w Xm]cyP\Ihpw {]tbmP-\-{]-Z-hp-am-hp-I. ]T-\-ns km-aq-lnI-h-i--fn Imcy-ambn {in-n F ]cn-anXn \ne\nptms, Ipn-ItfmSp kao]\s kw_-nv am\hn-IXmhmZw aptmph ImgvNmSpI iniptI{nXhpw P\m[n]Xyn A[njvTnXhpambHcp ]mTy]Xnv s]mXphn kzoImcyamWv.]T\s kPohamb am\knI{]{Inbbmbpw Adnhns \namW-ambpw honpm\\nanXnhmZamWv ASpXv. CXn\p cp [mcIfpv. AXnsemv Ipnsb GImInbmb At\zjIbmbn AhXcnnpp. Ipnv Dv Fp IcpXsSp khntijamb IgnhpIfnemWv AXns Du. A[ym]IcpsS CSs]Sens\ ]cnanXsSppHcp kao]\amWnXv. kaqln\v ChnsS Imcyamb ]mfn-an. CXneqsS IpnIFntcp AdnhpI A]qWambncnpsapw AXp ]camh[nbntev DbcnspwD hnai\ Cu ho-W-n\v FXntcbpv.tZiob ]mTy-]Xn i- ambn ip]mi sNbvXn-p kmaq-lnI m\\nanXnhmZamWv cmas ssIhgn. P\\w apX Nppaphcpambn CSs]psImncnp,IqSpX AdnhphcpsS klmbtmsS \nehnep IgnhpIv Apdtv Dbpt]mhp Hcp kmaqlnI]TnXmhmbn Ipnsb Cu kao]\w honpp. Cu ]TnXmhvPohimkv{X]camb Xens\mw kmwkvImcnIambpw hnIknpp. mjm]chpw KWnX]chpsamsbmb Nn, Db am\knI{]{InbI, app t\Snb Adnhnshn]pekbw Fo am\knI D]IcW- ap Ppsf At]nv a\pjy-in- iphns anIhmWv. CsXmsbpw P\\tijw Ipn kaqlhpambn CSs]p t\SnbXmWv.a\pjy Hcp kaqlsa \nebn CXx]cyw hnIknnsSp kma{KnI, D]IcW, ]pkvXI, b{, m]\, kwhn[m\ XpSnb uXnI D]IcWfpw Cu ]TnXmhn\v {]tbmP\sSpm\mhpw. Npcpn, am\knIhpw uXnIhpamb \nch[n kmwkvImcnI D]IcW- D]tbmKnv, kaqlnse av AwKfpambn CSs]v hnImkns Db \nebntep t]mIm Ignbp a\pjykm[yXsb {]tbmP\sSpm kmaqlnI -m\\nanXnhmZw \tmSv Blzm\w sNpp. a\pjy\nse tIhePphns\ am{Xw I hyhlmchmZn\pw GImInbmb At\zjIs\ am{Xw I tIhe m\ \nanXnhmZn\pw Apdap Hcp km[yXbmWva\pjy\nse kmaqlnIhin Dunb kmaqlnI m\\nanXnhmZw aptmphXv.\psS kzm`mhnIamb hnImkKXnp \ncpXpw hynsbbpw kaqlsbpw ]ckv]cw _sSppXpw cnsbpw sas hnImkw DdphcppXpamb Cu

kao]\w P\m[n]Xynepw kmaqlnIaqeyfnepw A[njvTnXamb Hcp `mhnkaqlns \nan- Xnv A\pKpW-am-Wv.


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Xsbpw Xs Npp]mSpIsfbpw hnai\mIambn kao]nptmgmWv kaql\nanXnSndbmIp m\\nanXn \SpI. kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb sshcp[y ]TnXm BPnp Ignhns\ _m[npw. Ccw sshcp[yhpw sshhn[yhpambn \nccw CSs]SpIbpw tNmZywsNpIbpw sNbvXpsImt hf km[yamhq.kmam-\y-t_m-[-n \nv imkv{Xobho-W-n-te-p ]cn-h\w Adn-hns\nam-W-ns `mK-ambn kw`-hn--Ww. Xsbpw Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-sbpw ]Tn-Xmhvhopw hopw ]cntim[npIbpw ]cnhnnpIbpw sNpp. hnZym`ymkw \namW-nsbpw ]cn-h-\-n-sbpw XpS-bmb {]{In-b-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-I- m-\-\nanXnhmZne[njvTnXhpw hnai\mIt_m[\imkv{Xns A DsmpXpamhWw ]T\kao]\w.]T\w \Sptm Xetmdn\Ip \Sp am-sf \mUoa\xmkv{Xw hniZoIcnpp. \mUotImifpsS koWamb henIfpsS cq]nemWp ]T\w Xetm-dn tcJ-s-Sp-p--Xv. ]T\w \S-p-tm Xe-tm-dnepm-Ip am-ImWnpXcm Ignbp b{kwhn[m\ Cpv. akvXnjvIhnImkw GdnbIqdpw\SpXp sNdp{]mbnemWv. Hmtcm Ignhpambn _spw Nne \nWmbI hnImkthfIfpv. B {]mbn AXpambn _s \nnX A\p`h e`nnsn A]cnlmcyamb \jvSamhpw kw`hnpI. {]oss{]adn Ln A\u-]NmcnIhpw sshhn[y]qWhpamb Ifnb\p`h \IWw F s]mXp\ncoWsCcw Is-epI HpIqSn Ddnpp. hyXykvX _pntaJ-eIfnep ]T\wXetmdns hyXykvX`mKsfbmWp {]hnnpXv. Hcp {]iv\s \mw ]cnlcnm {ianptm Cu hn[w hnIkn hyXykvX mKfpsS GtIm]n {]h\-amWp Xe-tm-dn \S-p--Xv. CXn-\Yw _pn-bpsS _lp-X-e-sf ]cn-K-Wnp

sImp sshhn[y]qWamb A\p`h kv IqLn e`nWsamWv . AtXmsSmw Xs Nne {]tXyI _pn-ta-J-eItfmSv IpnIp khn-ti-j-amb NmbvhvDm-hpw. Ah-cpsS ]T-\-ssien CXp-ambn _-s--Xm-hpw. Ah-cpsS `mhn-hn-I-k-\-km[yXbpw Ghpw IqSpX Cu taJeIfnemhpw. AXpsImv IpnIfpsS hyXykvXXAwKoIcn-p ]mTy-]-Xn- bn, Hmtcm Ipnpw Xs taJe Is-m\pw AXn-eqsS aptdn Xsbpw Hw kaq-lnsbpw s]mXphn-Imkw Dd-phcpm-\papAhkc DmhWw. A\p`hfpsSbpw t]mjIkaramb Wnsbpw Ipdhv]T\s _m[npsa kqN\bpw \mUoa\ximkv{Xw \Ipp.]T\{]{InbbpsS \nhlWw

]T\{]h\ns am\knIXew ]qoIcnstSXp IpnbpsS akvXnjvInemWv. Fm CXns `uXnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb Xe BhnjvIcnsSpXv kvIqfnepw honepw ap kmaqlnIk`fnepambmWv. ]cnlcnstS Hcp{]iv\-am-bmWv AXp Ipnv A\p-`-h-s-Sp-I. Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-n Ccwk` Ftmgpw kzbtah DbphcW- san. AXpsImpXs k`krjvSn-pXn A[ym]Ipw ]T\kma{Kn-Ipw khn-tijamb ]pv.Hmtcm ]T\{]iv\hpw HpIn kmaq-lnI{]iv\fpambn t\cnp _sXmhmw.Asn kmaqlnI{]iv\fpsS ]cnlcW-n {]k-ambnocp AmZanI{]iv\hpamhmw. cpXcnembmepw Nnnp Hcp hyn F \nebnepw kaqlnse hfphcp HcwKw F \ne-bnepw Ipn-bn B-cn-Iamb {]tNm-Z\w


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DmpXmhpw Cu {]iv\w. CtXmsS {]iv\]cn-lmcns hgn-bn- eqsS D-chmZn--]qW- amb bm{X ]TnXmhv Bcw`npp. ChnsS ]TnXmhv Hbv; kl]TnXmfpw A[ym]I\pw Hapv; cnXmhpw kaqlhpw klmbn\pv. AXpsImpXs NsNbvXpw ]phpw {]iv\]cnlcWcoXn \nWbnm\mhpp. kzw NnIpw \ntZ-i-pw Al-amb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-p-p. ap-dn-hp-I, t\ctt\Snb IgnhpI, {]tXyIw Xbmdms ]T\kma{KnI, DNnXamb A[ym]I CSs]S Fnh D]tbmKnv hnhctiJ-cWhpw A]{KY\hpw \nhln-pp. Fn-t [mc-W-I-fpsS shfn--n hyn-]-ctam kmaq-lnItam Bb {]Xn-I-c-W--fn GsSpp. Cu {]{Inbbn DS\ofw ]phbv-epw kwhmZhpw hnebncpepwsasSpepw \Spp. CXp hynbnepw Ipn CSs]Sp kaqlnepw \nccam krjvSnpp.GsXmcp ]T-\-{]-iv\hpw Ipn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep Adn-hp-Ip apI-fn \np-XpsImmWv AXp shp-hn-fn-bmbn amdp--Xv. AtX-k-abw AXp Ipnp e`y-am-hp kml-N-cy-pw klm-b-pw AIp ]cn-l-cn--s-Sm Ign-bp-XpamhWw.Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw imcocnIhpw am\knIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb km[yXIsfbpw ]cnanXnIsfbpw Ipdnv A[ym]Iv AdnhpmIWw. IpnbpsS ]cnanXnIpntep]T\eys NpcppI F FfpamKa \mw kzoIcnpI. ]Icw, IpnbpsS ]cnan-Xn-Isf ap coXn-I-fn Fs\ adn-I-S-m-sav Iqmbn Btem-Nn-p-Ibpw AXn-\p ]cn-lmc- Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw AXp-hgn ]c-am-h[n ]T-\-t\w Ddphcp-p-Ibpamhpw sNpI.]mT-]p-kvX-I- {]iv\m[n-jvTnX ]T-\-n\v A\p-kr-X-ambn cq]-Iev]\ sN-s-S-Ww. hnm\s ]Wn-Xo Hcp]ambn ImW-cpXv. {]iv\k`smwAXp ]cnlcnm\mhiyamb Nne s]mXphnhcfpw ]mT]pkvXIn DmhWw.AYhm, av D]m[nI hgn AXv Ddphcp-Ww. m\\nanXnmbn Hcpnb IpnI AXns app]m[nbmb Nne tIhehnhcmbn tXSn\Sp \ncmisSpnXn DmhcpXv. CXp Zcn{Z]- ns IpnIsf ]nmmcmn ampw. AtXk-abw At\z-jWw F ioes CmbvasNm\pw ]mSn-. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`n-t hnhc AhnsS hp Xs tiJ-cn-Ww. Cmcy-n A[ym]Icpw cn-Xmfpw {]mtZinIkaqlhpw Ipnp XpW-bmhWw.\nehnep kmlNcyn ]mT]pkvXIw apNne ZuXy IqSn GsSppp. IpnFntcp {][m\ [mcWIfpw Nne {]XnIcWcq]fpw ]mT]pkvXIn tcJs-Spm CSw \Inbnpv. hniZmwi IpnbpsS Fgpp]pkvXIn DmhWw.CXphgn Fm hnZymebfnepw \nnX \nehmcnep Nne an\naw Imcy \Sppshv Dd-phcpm kwhn-[m-\-n\p Ign-bpatm. Hw, kvIqfn \Sp{][m\ ]T\{]h\ kw_n GXmsmcp Nn{Xw cnXmhn\p \Im\pwCXv D]Icnpw. {]Xnamk cmIXrtbmKneqsS CXn\p IqSpX hyX hcpmw.cmIXr ]mfnanmsX Ccsamcp ]mTy]Xnp e{]Zambn aptmpt]mhm\mhn-.A[ym]nIbpsS ssIhiap klmbI{Kn ]mTy]Xn ey, ]cnKWnstS kmaqlnI{]iv\, ]T\ns s]mXpkao]\w, hnjbkao]\w, aqey


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\nW- bw kw_-n kqN-\I Fnh \IWw. \St {]{In-bI, Fn-t-tc [mcW-I, cq]stS at\m`mh, {]Xonp {]XnIcW-, Dmth D] Fnh kw_-nv hyX Dm-hWw. mkn Dbphcm- \n-Sbp DSkw_amb kwibp aXnbmb hniZoIcW- AXn Dmh-Ww. tIc-f-nse GXp mkvapdn-bnepw \S-t Nne an\naw {]h-\--fpsS{IaoIrX Nn{Xw ]mT]pkvXIhpambn _sSpn A[ym]Iklmbnbn \IWw.Fm mkv apdnbnse Bhiyv A\pkrXambn sas ap {]h- \BhnjvIcnp \SmpXn\v CsXmpw A[ym]Ip XS amhm\pw ]mSn. kKmIamb A[ym]\w, ]mTy]Xn kao]\n\Ip\npsImv \mw ]camh[n {]Xon-p-p. amXr-I-Ifpw DZm-l-c-W-fpw km[y-X-Ifpw -dp-I-fn ]p-hbv-m\pw]ckv]cw sa-s-Sp-m\pw A[ym-]-Ip Ign-b-Ww. {]h-\--fn hcp-t{]mtZin-Iamb amfpw Ccw thZn-Ifn NsNsSWw.{]iv\m[njvTnX ]mTy]Xnbn {]mtZinIamb A\p`h {][m\amWv. {]mtZinIamb {]iv\fpw AXpambn _s tcJIfpw kma{KnIfpw ]mTfpw apw tNcptm]mTy]Xn IqSpX angnhpXmhpw. kvIq ]mbv Xefn CXn\pIqmbvaI {]hnWw. {]mtZinIambn XbmdmsSp hmb\kma{KnI, tiJc, ]pkvXI, d^dkv kma{KnI, sF.Sn. A[njvTnX D]m[nI Fnh e`yampXn\pw apJy]cn-KW\ \IWw.]T\n\p klmbIamb _mekmlnXy{K C\nbptasd DmhWw. DNnXcq]nep am[yaklmbhpw A`nejWobamWv. Fm ]T\{]{InbbneqsS Ipn Fnt-tc [mcW-I t\ct Xbmdmn \Ip _mly- CSs]SepI Cv hn]Wn-bneqsS \Sppv. CXp IpnIfpsS bYmYhnImks XSbp kmaqlnIhncp{]h\amsWp ]dbmsX h. CXns\Xntc A[ym]I \ne]msSSpWw; cnXmsf t_m[hcnWw.GsXmcp ]mTy]Xnbpw hnPbIcambn \nhlnsSpI, AXns A Xncndnp {]hnp A[ym]IcneqsSbmWv. Adnhp ]IcpItbm Ipnsb Adnhp \nanm hnv ]qW- ambpw amdn\npItbm sNp A[ym]Iscb, adnv, ]T\{]iv\sf icnbmb hnXm\n Dbnsmphcp, IpnIsf \nccambn {]tNmZnnp, tNmZyfpw kqN\Ifpw hniZoIcW- fpw apw hgn Ahp ssImp\Ip-, Xncn--dn-hp Hcp kaql\namXm-hn-s\-bmWv \mw A[ym-]-I-cn{]Xonp-Xv.]Tnm\p AhImiw

sas coXnbn ]Tnm Ahkcw InpI FXv Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw AhImiamWv. kmn-Itam kmaq-ln-Itam kmwkvImcn-Itam `mjm]ctam imcocn- Itam kv{Xo]pcpj t`Z]ctam Bb thXncnhpI Cu AhImis \ntj[npXn\p ImcW-amhcpXv. ]e ImcWfmepw hon kuIcyw Ipd IpnIv, Acw ]cnanXnI AhcpsS ]T\t\w IpdbpXn\v CSbmcpXv. AXpsImv ]T\n\p kuIcyfpw Ahkcfpw kaqlns apssIbn ]camh[n kvIqfns GsSp-W-sa hmZn\p {]knbpv. kvIqfn Ipnv IqSpX ]T\kuIcyfpw]T\kabhpw HcppXv Zcn{Z]- tmSpw ]nmhn`mKtfmSpw sNp \oXnbmbn ImW-Ww.


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AXpt]mse imcocnI{]iv\ kvIq \Ip sas kmaqlnIm\p`hw {]tbmP\sSppXn IpnIp XS amhmsX t\mWw. imcocnI{]iv\ eLqIcnpXn\p D]IcW \IWw. kvIqfns\ AhcpsS Bhiyfpambn s]mcp

-s-Sp--Ww. AXp-hgn Dt hnZym-`ym-k-n-\p km[yX ]c-am-h[n]cnKWnWw.honepw \mnepw F-Xp-t]mse kvIqfnepw s]Ip-n-Iv BIp-n-Isftmses Ahkc e`npXn\p AhImiapv.AXpt]mse ]mizhcn-sSphsc kw_nv kmwkvImcn-Iamb khn-tijXIfpw `mjm]camb X\nabpw \ne\nnsmp Xs ]T\w cq]I\ sNm]mTy-]Xnhgn Atbw {ian-Ww.`mjm-k-ao-]\w

"tIcf ]mTy-]Xn NqSv 2007' mjm-]T\ns A\km- [y-XI \app apnXpd-n-Spp. m\kmZ\n-\p hnjbn- Sbn AcpIn-ems `mjm]T\w NnbpsSbpw kwkvImcnsbpw `mh\bpsSbpw ]pXphgnIfntep Nqp]eIbmsW Xncndnhv Cu tcJ AhXcnnppv. kvIqhnZym`ymkns FmLfnepw mjm]T\n\p {]apJ m\w Iev]nphbmWv CXnse \ntZi.tIc-f-nse kvIq hnZym-`ym-k-n `mj-Ip-ff {]m[m\yw GXp ]mTy-]-Xncq]oIcW-nepw Kuchambn ]cnKWnstSXmWv. B[p\nI `mjmimkv{Xhpwa\m-kv{Xhpw _lp-`m-jm-]-T-\-ns km[y-X-Iv ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-p. `mjm-]-T\w_unIhnImkn\pw bpnNn hfm\pw klmbnppv.199798 apX kwm\p ]mTy]Xn ]cnjvIcWw \SmnbXns mKambn mjm]mT]pkvXI, ]T\coXn, aqey\nWbw Fnhbn ka{Kamb amw hcppIbpmbn. CXp `mjm]T\w sa-sSpm klmbIambn-pv. `mj D]mZn-n-mklmbIamb Aco-samcpnsmv ]T\w Bkq{XWw sNp coXn {]{Inbm[njvTnX ]mTy-]-Xn {]Zm\w sNp-p. hnZymYn-I-fnse kKm--IX DWp--Xn\v Cu ]T\coXn klm-bn- n-pv. Hma ]cn-tim-[n-p tNmZy- coXn-bn\np mjm-tijn- Ifpw Nnm-{]{Inbbpw ]cn-KWn-p tNmZy- p {]m[m\yw \Ip ]comcoXn \nehn hp. kvIqsse{_dnI kPohamIm ]pXnb ]mTy]Xn hgnsXfnp. IpnIpthn [mcmfw {]knoIcW- Cp {]Nmcw t\SnhcpXp`mjm ]mTy]XnbpsS kzm[o\w sImmWv. kmtXnIhnZybpsS klmbw `mjm]

T\n {]tbmP\sSpm\pff {iafpw Dmbnpv Fv Cu tcJ kqNnnpp.`mjm]T\w s]mXpkao]\w

hyhlmca\mkv{Xn A[njvTnXamb `mjm]T\coXnbpsS m\v IpnbpsSss\kKnIamb mjmtijn D]tbmKsSpp kao]\ambmWv ]pXnb ]mTy]XnAhXcnnXv. mj Dev]mZnnpXn\p IpnbpsS IgnhpIfpw knnIfpw D]tbmKsSppIbpw `mj D]tbmKnv ssZ\wZn\ hyhlmcfpw kKmI{]IS\fpw\SpXn\v Ahkcw \IpIbpw sNpXmWv Cu coXn. hntKmSvkvIn, {_qWXpSnb kmaqlnIm\\nanXnhmZnIfpsS Bibfpw mjmimkv{X cwKv t\mwtNmwkvIn \Snb IsepIfpamWv Cu kao]\ns {][m\ ASndIfnHv. CtXmsSmw Ipnsb tI{oIcnp hnZym-`ym-k{]{Inbsbpdnv hntZipw


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tIcfnepw \Snb ]coWfpsS A\p`hfpw hfsc {][m\sXmWv.s]mXphn kmaqlnI m\\nanXnhmZw, tNmwkvIn BhnjvIcn kh`mjmhymIcWknmw, Kmv a\mkv{Xw, iniptI{oIrX hnZym`ymk ImgvNmSpI,am\hn-IXmZi\w FnhbpsS ka\zbn \nv Dcpncnph mjmka{KXmZi\amWv Ctm `mjm ]T\ns ASndbmbn hnpXv Fp ImWmw.`mjm]T\coXn

`mjmP\ns BZyLn Ipnbn {]_eambn cq]sSp `mjbmWp amXr`mj. IpnbpsS hnImchnNmcsfbpw {]XnIcWsfbpw {]Xn^ennm IgnbpDNn-Xamb am[y-aamWv CXv. AXn-\m kvIqhnZym`ymkn amXr`mjbpsS m\whfsc hepXmWv. kvIq hnZym`ymkns hnhn[ Lfn amXr`mjbvv hyXykvX[a A\pjvTnm Ignbpw. m\\nanXnv amXr`mjbmWv Ghpw A\ptbmPyambnpXv.

Hcp hynbpsS ]T\s kzm[o\npXn \nWmbI ]p hlnp LSIamWvAbmfpsS ]T\coXn. kzm`mhnIXtbmsSbp BibkzmwioIcWn\pklmbnpXpw ]T\coXn XsbmWv.hnhcs Asn hkvXpsf kao]nm\pw tiJcnm\pw A]{KYnm\papHmtcmcpcpsSbpw Ignhns\ klmbnp apKW\m{Ianep ss\]p-Wn-I-fpsS tiJcamWp ]T\coXn.

$ kwL{]h\fnse CSs]S

$ {]h\fnse ]mfnw

$ aphcpambn _w m]n$ {]iv\ ]cnlcn

Fnhsbmw HmtcmcpcpsSbpw ]T\coXnsb kzm[o\nppv.]T\coXn XncndnbpXv A[ym]nIsb ]T\paXeI XncsSp-pXn\pklmbnpw. IqSmsX Bhiyamb ]T\ktX GsXp XncsSpm\pwD]tbmKnm\pw A[ym]nIsb klmbnpw. IpnIp hyXykvX Xcnep]T\coXnIfpspw AXn\\pkcnmWv ]T\m\p`h Xbmdmn \tIsXpwD [mcW A[ym]nIbvp thWw.

A[ym]I imoIcWw sshhn[yam \nch[n {]iv\fm hebw sNs Hcp temIamWp \psS apnepXv. kaqlhfbpsS Fm Lfnepw {]iv\fpsS koWX am\hkaqlwA\p`hnncpp. Ahbpambp GpapepIfneqsSbmWv Fm hnImkfpw km[yam-bn-p--Xv.tIcfkaqlw t\cnSp ImXemb {]iv\sf A`nkwt_m[\ sNpXmhWw \psS]mTy]Xn. hnhn[ cwKfn \mw t\cnSp {]iv\ hniIe\hnt[bamnbmAhbpsS ASndbmbnp Imp{]iv\ Ism\mhpw. AhbmIs, PohnXns kakvXcwKfnepw Hfnpw sXfnpw {]XymLmX DmphbpamWv.Hmtcm Ipn-bpsSbpw Pohn-Xs Ah kzm[o-\n-p-p. kzw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-hhp-ambn


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_nnp ]T\m\p`h Db NnIpw mhnPohnXns XbmsdSpn\pwIpnsb klmbnpp.mkvapdnbn Fnbncnp IpnIsf AkzcmpXv FsmamWv? kvIqhf

n \nv ipPew btYjvSw Inpn. agmens AkzXI adphiv.CXn-s\-p-dnp Nnn-m\pw {]Xn-I-cn-m\pw Ftm-gmWv Ah-kcw \Ip-Xv?`mhnPohn-Xn Ccw {]iv\sf t\cn-Sm Fs\ Ignbpw?kPohamb CSs]Sens taJ-ebmbn amdptmgmWv GsXmcp ]T\hpw DmgvNbpsSXe--fn-tep hf-cp--Xv. X\nv A\y-am-b-tXm Hpw kw`m-h-\-sN-m-\n-m-tXmBb Hcp taJesb kw_n hnhc Ipn\ndbvp {]{Inbbvp]Icw, Xs_m[n-p {]iv\fn Dunb At\zjW-fneqsS ]T\w Dtjhmbn amdpp. Cu ]m--e-n-emWv {]iv\m[n-jvTnX ]mTy-]--Xn-sb-p-dnp Nnn-t-n-hcpXv.

{]iv\taJeI tIcfkaqlw t\cn-Sp \nch[n- {]iv\fpsS tI{w F \nebn Fp {]iv\taJ-eI \nW- bn-psImmWv ]mTy-]Xn hniZmwi At\zjn- m Bcw`n--Xv.

$ Irjn Hcp kwkvImcambn ImWm Ah

$ imkv{Xobamb ePeamt\Pvsans A`mhw.

$ ]cnnXnkulrZ]camb hyhkmbhcWnsbpw \KchcWnsbpwA`m-hw.

$ ]mizhcn-sSphtcmSp ]cn-KW\ Cmbva.

$ imkv{Xobamb BtcmKys]mXpP\mtcmKy ImgvNmSns A`mhw.$ A[zm\tijn hnImkns A`mhw.

$ hniz-am-\h F ImgvN-m-Sns A`mhw.

$ kmwkvImcnI\nasbbpw AXns kzX{hnImksbpw pdnv [mcW Cmbv a.

Fo Fp taJ-e-I-fmWv ]mTy-]-Xn s]mXp-hmbn kzoI-cn-n-p--Xv. Hmtcm hn`m-K-ns Dnepw kqvaamb At\zjW \Sn {]iv\fpw D]{]iv\fpw thXncnsSpp. Ah hnhn[ mkpIfnembn, hnhn[ hnjbfnembn hn\yknpsImmWv]mTy]Xn cq]oIcWw \nhlnnpXv.

{]iv\fpsS hniIe\n \nv Ahbpambn _s Bib, hnIknphtc [mcWIfpw IgnhpIfpw at\m`mhfpw, ]T\ns `mKambn \ncoWhnt[b-am-m Ign-bp {]I-S-\ XpS-n-bh \nW-bn--s-n-p-v. ]mT-`m-K--fpsSXncsSpv, bqWnpIfpsS {IaoIcWw, {]h\fpsS hn\ymkw XpSnbh CXneqsSbmWp \nhlnsXv. AXn\m {]iv\fn Dun\npsImpthWw ]T\m\p`h HcptXv.]mT]pkvXIspdnp ImgvNmSv

{]mYanIXenep ]Tt\m]IcW-amWv ]mT]pkvXIw. CXp \Ip ASnd DdnpsImmWv ]T\ns Db Xe HcptXv. hmbnm\pw Nnnm\pwN-sN-m\pw Bhn-jvIm-c--fn Gs-Sm-\p-samsbp k`- ]mT-


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]pkvXIn Hcpnbnpv. AXns Fm km[yXIfpw mkvapdnbn {]tbmP\sSptXmWv. ]mT]pkvXIns klmbtmsSbp ]mTy]Xn hn\nabn\vBhiyamb ]npW \Im A[ym]Iklmbn {]tbmP\sSp-Ww.

Hmtcm mknepw cp ]mT]pkvXIw hoXw cq]sSpnbnpv. Ch cp hyXykvX[a \ndthphbpamWv. apv \ne\nncp ]mT]pkvXIw, D]]mT]pkvXIwFn-hbvp ]Icw tIcf]mTmhenbpw ASn- m\ ]mTmhenbpw \Iptm Ah\nh-ln-p [anepw hyXymkw hcp-n-bn-p-v. A[n-I-hm-b-\-bvp hn`hwF \nebnemWv D]]mT]pkvXI \SnemnbncpXv. hmb\bvv Bhiyambhn`h e`yamhmXncp k`n D]]mT]pkvXI hensbmcp klmbambn-cp-p. Fm Cv mkv sse{_-dn-I-fpw kvIq sse{_-dn-Ifpw in-s-Sp-n-smv hmb\bvp kmlNcy sasSpnbnpv. A`ncpNn\pkcnv sshhn[yap cN\I XncsSpp hmbnm\pw Ahsb ]T\{]h\fn {]tbmP\sSpm\pw Ignbppv. AXpsImv D]]mT]pkvXIsa A[nIhmb\mhn`hwA{]kIvXambnocpp.D]-]m-T-]p-kvX-Is B{i-bn-p- am{Xw amXr-`mjm]T\w \S-n-h-cp Hcp hn`mKwhnZymYnIfpv. AhmIs, anI mjm]T\ k` {]Zm\w sNm D]]mT]pkvXIp Ignbppan. mjm]T\ns aqeyhpw AYhpamb Hcp XewAd-_n, kwkvIrXw, DZp Fnh Hmw`mjbmbn ]Tnp IpnIpw e`yamt Xnt. amXr`mj am{Xw Hmw`mjbmbn ]Tnp IpnIpw tad- IpnIpw Hcpt]mse {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp hn[-n Hcp ]mT-]pkvXIw Xbm-dmnbXvCu ]menemWv. {]iv\taJeIfn Iptdsbw ASnm\ ]mT]pkvXInepwaph tIcf]mTmhenbnepw hn\yknpsImmWv CXp km[yamnbnpXv. AXn\m cp ]mT]pkvXIsfbpw Xpey{]m[m\ytmsS ]cnKWntXpv. {]iv\taJeIfpsS Nm{InIamb hnXcWneqsS Fm {]iv\taJeIfneqsSbpw ISpt]mIm hnhn[ - mkpIfn hv Fm IpnIpw Ahkcw e`npw.cp ]mT-]p-kvX-I-nepw kam-\-amb hyh-lm-c-cq-]-tfm km[ay-ap {]h-\-tfm \ntZinsnpmhpw. {]h-\ns/ hyhlmcns Xew \nW-bnpsImmWv Ccw Bh-\sf t\cntSXv. DZmlcW-ambn, Iv F hyhlmcw Htc mknse cp ]mT]pkvXInepw DsSpnbnpsp IcpXpI. cpInsbpw ]mense hyXymkw BZyambn ]cnKWnWw. {]{InbmXenBhiyamb sshhn[yw DdphcppIbpw sNWw. ASnm\ ]mT]pkvXIs B{ibnv Cu {]h\w cq]oIcnptm hyhlmc[an\v IqSpX Du \Imw.ssZ\wZn\ PohnXn A\nhmcyamb Hcp hyhlmcsa \nebn AXn sshZKv[ywt\Sm Fm IpnIpw IgntbXnt.tIcf]mTmhenbpambn _sv Cu {]h- \n GsSpptm kKmIXbvpw Db Nnbvpw Ahkcw \Imw. Cs\ kqvaamb hniIe\neqsS {]h\fn sshhn[yw hcpm {]tXyIw {inWw.A[ym]Iklmbnbpw A[ym]IimoIcWhpw

IpnIp hnhc FnpsImSppI F [aatm ]mT]pkvXIw \nhln

pXv. Adnhns \namW-n\pff {]h-\n {]tbmP\sSpt {][m\D]-I-c-W-amWv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw. AXp-t]mse A[ym-]-Ip hnh-c- \Ip Hcp


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tiJ-ca A[ym]Iklmbn . A[ym]IimoIcWw eyamn \Ip ]e ]npW-Ifn Hm- bn-mWvA[ym]Iklmbn sb ]cnKWntXv.

$ A[ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\-

$ Xe IqSnbncnpI

$ kvIq hnjb{KqpIfpsS IqSnbncnpI

$ kzX{amb At\zjW-

$ mkvdqw A\p`h

$ X-ab]npW

FnhbneqsSbmWv A[ym]IimoIcWw ^ehmbnocpXv . kzbw sasSepIfpw Iqmb NIfpw CXns mKamWv.

m\\nan-Xn, kmaq-lnI m\\nanXn Fn-hbpsS Xz- ]cn-KWn-mWv CuA[ym]Iklmbn cq]sSpnbnpXv. tI{oIrXambn apIqn cq]sSpnb kma{KnIp]cnbmbn mkv kmlNcy\pkcnv A[ym]I cq]sSpp kma{KnIfpw ]T\n\p {]tbmP\sSptXpv. AXn\pthn Nne cN\I \nhlnm\p \ntZi A[ym]Iklmbn bn \Ipp. Cu cN\I kqvaambn\nhlnpIbpw A[ym]IcpsS hnhn[ Xefnep IqSnbncnpIfn AhXcnnvNsNpIbpw thWw.cN-\-I-fn Gs-Sp-tm

\mw Hcp BkzmZ\w XbmdmptmgmWv AXns _pnappI a\ nemIpXv. BtemN-\-bn ]pXnb hgn-I sXfn-bp-Ibpw sNpw. Cu A\p-`hw Ipn-Ip ]npW\Im klmbIamhpw.[mcmfw d^dkpIfpw hnhn[ t{kmX pIfn \np hnhctiJcWhpw sImvHcp cN\ Fs\ kpjvSamIpsap Xncndnbm Ignbp hn[n A[ym]Ik lmbn bn \ntZinnp cN\I \nhlnpatm. cN\mssien sasSpm\mw FsmsbmWp sNpXv? F{X XhW amnsbgpXm Ignp? Hmtcm amnsb-gpneq-sSbpw Fsms sa--fmWv ssIhXv? Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-XvFs\? Ah hnIknnv cN\ \nhlnptmgp sa Fsmw? XpSnbImcyfn DmgvN cq]oIcnm CXpaqew Ignbpw. mj sasSppXn\v mj{]tbm-Kn-pI Xs thWw. Cu ]mTw Ipn-Ip \Im kzw A\p-`-h-{]tbm-P-\-s-Spw.Xe IqSnbncnpI

sImSp hmepIfpw kwhmZfpw PvRm\\nanXnsb insSpm klmbnpp. A[ym]IcpsS Nnbmb IqSnbncnv A\p`h mkvapdnbnepw kw{Iannm Ignbpw. Xe IqSnbncnns Hcp km[yXbmbn CXns\ IW-mmw.A\p`hfpsS ]phbv]n\pw cN\IfpsS sasSpen\pw A[ym]Ip e`npanI- thZn-bmWv tbmK. A[ym]Iklmbn bn \ntZin-n-pXpw Am-

-Xpamb cN\I tbmKfn AhXcnnv NsNWw. anIh ssIamdnD]-tbm-Kn-m\pw Ign-bp-a-tm. mkvdqw A\p-`-h- ]p-h-bvp-Xns `mK-ambn


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IpnIfpsS cN\Ifpw tbmKfn ]cntim[nsSWw. mkvapdnbn Bhiyamb kma{KnIfpsS Iqmb \namW-n\p thZnIqSnbmWv Ch.mkvdqan-tep cq]-s-Sp-nb Hcp {]h- \w {]tbm-Knp t\mp-tm (knapte-

j) dn ]e Imcyfnepw sXfnw e`npw.$ {]h- \fn hcpt sasSp

$ IqSpXembn Ist D]IcW

$ hne-bn-cp-km[y-X-I

$ AhXcWw, t{ImUoIcWw Fn- hbn {in-t Imcy-

XpSnbhbn [mcW cq]sSpm CXneqsS Ignbpw. anI {]h\ ]ckv]cw {]tbmP\sSppIbpw sNmatm.{]iv\m[njvTnX ]T\w (Problem Based Education)

]T\w Hcp kmaqlnI{]{Inb]T\w FXn\v a\pjy- t\mfw ]gapv. a\pjy-t\msSmw cq]wsImXpw hfphcpXpamb {]{InbbmWXv. a\pjy\n ASnbXpw Ah hnIknnpXpamsW-nepw ]T\n\v a\pjys kmaqlnIhnImks-bmsI kzm[o\nm\p Ignhpv.a\pjys kmaqlnIhnImkhpw ]T\hpw ]ckv]cw kzm[o\npIbpw hfpIbpwsNpp. ]T\saXv Hs hynIfn XpSpIbpw HSppIbpw sNp H.hynItfmtcmcpcpw \nhlnp ]T\smw Ht\mn ImWmhptXm

kqva-hn-i-I-e-\-n am{Xw ImWm-hp-tXm Bb kmaq-lnIXe--fp-v. C-se-hsc t\Snb kmaq-lnIamb m\cq]-sf ( Knowledge forms) D]-tbm-K-s-Spnsmp am{Xta GsXmcmpw Cp ]pXnb m\sf DmnsbSpmIgnbq. ]T\saXp iq\yXbn \np cq]wsImpX; \nch[n \qmpIfneqsSkmaqlnIambn XpScp {]{InbbmWv.

A-Xp-sIm-p-Xs ]T-\-ns ey-sa-m-sW Btem-N\ Hmtcm Ime-sbpwkmaq-ln-Im-h-iy--fpambn _sSpXm-Wv. s]dpn-npw th-bm-Snbpw Pohn- n-cp Imev AXn\p hnhcfpw hncpXpw aqsSpemWv ]T\eyambn amdpI. Fm \pw \\pw hkvXp Dmm XpSnb -Imev \mbmphnZyIsf

eywhbvp ]T\w X\n ]g\mbncnpw. ChnsS ImjnIhnZyIfpw hncpXpIfpw\t]mse Bgnepw ]cnepw ssIhiamepw hfnsbSpepamhpw Imen\p\ncp ]T\eyw. kmaqlnIamb Poht\m]mbsf {Iaambn aptmpsImpt]mhpI F Bhiyw Fmbvtmgpw ]T\n\pv. AXmbXv, \ \nebn DmZ\{]h\fn ]mfnIfmhm ]T\ntesSphsc {]m]vXcmpI FXv]T\ns eyamWv.

]cphsSp hnZym`ymkns \ncmIcWw Dm-Z\ {]h-\--fpsS hfbvpw hnIm-k-n\pw thp `uXnI m\-

sf am{Xw eyanSp ]T\w hfsc efnXamb LS\bp kaqlnte km[yamhq.


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\mw Pohnp kaqlamhs, BbncmpIfneqsSbp ]cnWma hgn \nch[nXpIfmbn amdnb AXnkoWamb Hcp hyhbmWv. ChnsS ]T\saXv ]etmgpw\ne-\np thXn-cn-hp-Isf AtXt]mse \ne-\nm IqSn klm-b-I-am-hpp.

FmhcpsSbpw tahpw hnImkhpw {]Jym]nXeyamhptms kaqlnseXmsgnSbn IgnbphcpsS BhiytfmSpw {]iv\tfmSpw \n wKXbpw AhKW\bpw ]pensmmWv ]T\k{Zmbw \nehnep Ahsb \ne\npXv.CXns\ Xncn--dn-bm Ign-bm--hn[w hyn-Isf am-\-kn-I-ambn cq]-s-Sp-p{]h\w hfsc kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Xs ]T\w hgn \nh-ln--s-Sp-p-v. NppwImWp F-n-s\pdnpw tNmZy- Dbn-p, Pnm-ktbmsS kvIqfn- sen-t-cp Ipn-Ip kw`-hn-p amw ]cn-tim-[n-m Cmcyw hy-am-hpw. GhpwIq-Snb km-cXm-\n-cpw A`y-kvXhn-Zy-cpsS _mlpeyhpw \psS t\ambn ImWn-m\mhptms D]mZ\{]{InbIfn \nIv s]mbmb D]t`mKkaql

ambn \mw amdpXn, AYhm ampXn ]T\w hlnp ]pw sNdpX. Fmhscbpw Dbm\pw hfm\pw ey-an-Spp F \mSy-n \ne-hn-ep kmaq-lnI Akazsfbpw A\oXnIsfbpw hnai\hnt[bammsX aptmp t]mIp]T\kao]\n amw hcpt-Xt?

]T\hpw kmaqlnIamhpw \ne-hnep Poh-t\m-]m-b-sf hfn-sb-Sp-p--tXm-sSmw hyh-bvp Iogvs-Sp a\ phcmn BfpIsf ampI FXpw ]T\neqsS \nhlnsSppvFp \mw Ip. Fm, tIcfneSw hnhn[ -efn \S \thmm\{]

h\fpw tZiob{]m\ns kacfpw IjIcpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpwhntamN\{]h\fpw \s asmcp Imcyw [cnnppv. ]T\n\p kaqlsampI F eyhpw \nhlnm\mhpw. "hnZysImv {]_pcmhpI' F \thmm\ ap{ZmhmIyw ]T\ns hntamN\eys-bmWp kqNnnpXv. Fm kmaqlnI kmnI thXncnhpIfpw adnISv Fmhscbpw Dsmp hn[w tIcf-nse hnZym-`ym-kkwhn-[m-\w hfphXp hnZym-`ym-k-ns hntam-N\eywapn hpsIm-m-Wv.hnZym`ymkns hntamN\eys Imen\nWpw hn[w hfnsmp t]mIm\p NpaXe \appv. Cu eyw Dwhbvp ]T\w kaqlnsbpw AXneS

p hyn-I-fp-sSbpw kh-tXm-ap-J-amb hnI-mk- ns Xm]cys Dbn-n-Snpw. Cp \app Nppap PohnXw Fm hn`mKpw Xpeymhkcw \IpnFs-m-hpw Adn-bmw. \nc- h[n hn`m-K-v kmaqlnI\oXnbpw Ah-k-c-fpw\ntj[nsSpp. kmaqlnIamb Ahkc karambn e`np hn`mKvAXnthKw aptmp t]mIm Ignbpp. aph ]pdsSpIbpw sNpp. CukmlNcyfn sshm\nItijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw t\SpXn\pw kaqlPohnXn {]tbmKn hcppXn\pw Xpeyamb Ahkcfpw kmaqlnI \oXnbpwDdphcpm Ignbp Hcp ]pXnb XeapdbpsS krjvSn hnZym`ymkns eyamWv.


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kmaqlnIamw eyanSp ]T\w Fns\mw Ahkcw \IWw?$ kmaq-lnI\oXn-pthn {]hn-m

$ kpenXhpw hnthI]qW-hpamb hnIk\n\v

$ anI ]ucXzw hnIkn-n-m$ Db tZiobt_m[w hfm

$ AhImit_m[w hfm

$ imkv{X kmtXnI Aht_m[w hfm

$ Imcy-ImcW_ns ASn-m\n Nnn-m

$ kmwkvImcnI\na Xncndnbm\pw hfm\pw

$ sXmgn sNm\p Ignhp hf

$ kmaqlnIhpw P\m[n]Xy]chpamb aqey t\Sm

$ kzm{ibXzw Dun-hfm

$ A\oXnIsf sNdpm\p Icpphfm

$ Adn-hns \namW-n\pw hn\n- abn\pw t\XrXzw \Im

$ hnai\mI Nn hfm

kmaqlnIam--fpsS {]{In-b-bn \np hnZym-`ym-ks ]qW-ambn ASn-sb-Sp-psImv tad ey t\Sm km[ya. hnZymYnI Adnhp am{Xw t\Snsmncnp \n wK \ncoIc. Ah Cs koWambamb kaqlns

{]h-\--fn X-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bn ]s-Sp-p-p-v; mkv apdn--Ipw]pdpap A\p`hfpsS ASnm\n Bibfpw A`n{]mbfpw cq]oIcnppv. GXpt]msesbm, \ohnZy ImW-mmTw ]Tn B \om XpSptm Xncn--dn-bp Hcp Imcy-ap-v X\nv \o-en-s\-p-dnv Hp-a-dn-bn- Fv.\oen-s\pdn- p tNmtZymc]mT ]T\w \njv{]tbmP\amhpXv AXv \oen-s\pdnv {]Xn]mZnm-XpsIm. AXn \opI F a\pjy{]h-\nsbYmY k ASpn FXpsImmWv. eys amKn \np Xopwshn-am-p Cu coXn AXp-sIm-p-Xs ^e-{]-Z-a. Ccw {]h-\- hgnKuchs Hcp eyhpw t\SnsbSpm\mhn.

kmaq-lnIamw ey-an-Sp ]T-\-ns hgnbpw kmaq-ln-I-am--n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cn-pw.Hcp ]pXphgn shemWnXv. tIcfnse s]mXphnZym`ymks KpW]camp hgnbpwCXmhpsap tXmpp.

ChnsS \mw DSambn kzoIcnpXv kmaqlnI{]iv\sfbmWv. sshhn[yhpwssh]peyhpw sImv `nkz`mham kmaqlnI{]iv\sf Hu]NmcnI ]T\{Ian-tev Fs\ sImp-hcpw FXp henb shp-hn-fn-bm-Wv. Cu shp-hn-fnsb]qW-amb AY-n Gs-Sp-p--Xn\v hf-sc-tbsd {]mtZ-inI hg--ap ]T-\-]-Xn cq]-s-Sp-t-n-h-cpw. tIh-e-amb sshm-\nI]T-\-tmSv htXmXn-epXm]cyw ]pep Cs kmlN-cy-n kmaq-lnI{]iv\sf tI{-_n-phm-p kao]\w Fs\ {]mhn-Iampw Fv Btem-Nn-tXpv.


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2 5

kmaqlnIPohnXs uXnIaew, kmaqlnIaew, kmwkvImcnIaew Fns\ CgtNm\mhpw. Hmtcm PohnXaenepw FnbmsemSpm {]iv\fp-ap-v. Cu {]iv\--tfm- tcmpw ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm Ahbvv B[m-c-amb s]mXp

{]`htI{fpsp ImWmw. As\bmsWn tIcfn kmamt\y\ A\p`h-s-Sp Nne {]iv\-- fpsS s]mXp- {]-`htI{-sf ASn-m-\-am-p D-SwFs\ kzoIcn- W- sap Nnn-mhpXmWv. Chbn `uXn- Ihpw kmaq-ln-IhpwkmwkvImcnIhpamb aWvUefn DsSph Dmbncpm aXnbmhpw. DZmlcW-n\v, tIcfn DS\ofw hjImep shsmhpw Dcps]mepw Dmhpp. Fm, th\-em-Ip--tXmsS IpSn-shmahpw hcbpw hym]-I-am-hpp.hyXykvX cq]`mhtfmsS tIcfobsc BsI _m[np Cu {]iv\s imkv{Xobamb e Pe ]cn]me\t_m[ns Ipdhpaqew DmIp Hmbn ImWmw. AXmbX,v shsmambpw hcbmbpw Dcps]membpw IpSshmaambpw Hs

A\p`hsSp {]iv\ns s]mXp {]`htI{s imkv{Xobamb e Pe ]cn]me\t_m[ns A`mhw Fp NpcpndbmhpXmWv. Cu Npcpsgpns\ ASnm\amnbp At\zjWns mKambn Ipn FntcpXv qanimkv{Xw, uXnIw, ckX{w, Pohimkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, kmnIimkv{Xw, mnnIvkv (kmwJnIw),`mj apXemb sshm\nIimJ-IfpsS ]T\n-\n-temWv. aq-n \nvAaqntepw AdnbpXn \nv AdnbmXntepw D {]bmWamWp hnZym`ym-ksa kmam\yXzs Bkv]ZamnbmWp ]T\w aptdpXv. C- cnPohnXns hyXykvX aWvUefn A\p`hsSp \nch[n {]iv\sf Dsmp Nne s]mXp {]`htI{sf ]nIsSpm \app Ignbpw.

tIcfn\v s]mXpsh _m[Iamhp Nne {]iv\ - {]`htI{$ imkv{Xobamb e Pe ]cn]me\ns A`mhw.

$ Irjnsb Hcp PohnXkwkvImcambn ImWm Ah.

$ hnizam\h F ImgvN-mSv cq]sSm Ah.

$ A[zm\tijn hnImkns A`mhw.

$ kmwkvImcnI\nasbbpw AXns kzX{hnImksbpw Ipdnv [mcWbnmbva.

$ ]miz-h-cn--s-Sp--h-tcm-Sp ]cn-K-W-\-bn-m-bva.

$ ]cn-nXn-ku-lrZ]camb hyhkmbhcWw, \KchcWw Fn-hsbpdn-p [mcW- pd-hv.

$ imkv{Xobamb BtcmKy s]mXpP\mtcmKyt_m[ns A`mhw.

\mw t\cnSp A\h[n kmaqlnI{]iv\fpsS ASnthcpI Chbn Ism\mhpw. Hmtcm {]`htI{fn \npw P\npsXnepw {]mtZinIamb H\h[n cq]`mh sshhn-[y- Hmtcm kmaq-lnI{]iv\-n-\p-ap-m-Ipw. Ch-sbmw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Xopw ]cnlcnpI FXv Hcp ]T\]XnbneqsS t\SnsbSpmhpX.hnhn[ Pohn-X-aWvU-e-fn A\p`-h-sSp {]iv\-sf imkv{Xo-b-ambn Fs\

kao-]n-m-saXns coXn-bmWv ChnsS ]Tn-Xm-hn\v hi-am-hp--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\,v""hniz-am-\-h F ImgvN-m-Sn-mbva'' FXv FSp-mw. ChnsS {]]--sbpw


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a\pjy\Sap PohPmefpsS {]h-\sbpw Ch Xnep _sbpwIpdn-v Cp \ Fn-t imkv{Xob[mcW- IfmWp ]T\hnjbw. ChnsS Hmtcm[mcWbpw DsmpXn\p \nch[n Xcnep AdnhpI thWw. AtXmsSmw

[mcmfw anYym[mcW-I IpSpw_-n \npw kaq-ln \npw Ipn Dsmppapv. Ah CgtNp ]cntim[n-m\p Ignhv Ipn t\Sn- sbSppI FXv ]T\ey-am-Wv. ChnsS Hcp-]t, {Kl-W-s-p-dn-p anYym-[m-c-W-I-sf-bm-bn-cnmwHcpthf hnjbampXv. Cu Imcyw hniIe\w sNpXn\v Htsd AdnhpI thWw.{Zhyw, Ne\w, kabw, {]]w, qe{]] Ne\w XpSn Htsd Imcyfn AdnhpthXpv. {KlW-saXns\ hkvXp\njvTambn hniIe\w sNpI, {KlW-hpambn_s Ahnizmksf tNmZywsNpI Fnh Htckabw Adnhp\namW- hpamWv; kaq-lns t_m[n CSs]Sepam- Wv. C-cn HpapX ]{phscbp mkpIfn GtXXp {]iv\sf F{Xam{Xw Bgn hniIe\w sNWw

Fp Nn-s-Sp-p--Xmhpw ChnsS kne-_-kv. Cu kne-_-kn- eqsS IS- p-t]m-IpIpnv Xs Nnsb DWm\pw ssIImepIfSw D]tbmKnv Nne {]h\ sNm\pw Bib cq]sSpm\pw sshhn[yam \nebn Ahsb BhnjvIcnm\pw Xs Nppap a\pjycpsS Nnbnepw {]hrnbnepw PohnXho-W-nepw KpW-]-c-ambn CS-s]-Sm-\p-ap Ah-k-c-amWp ssIh-cp--Xv. Cu hgn-bn-eq-sS-bp ]T\w Hcp kmaq-lnIeys apn \nn-sm-p A\p-`-h--fpsStImn-W--em-Wv.


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2 7

k n e _

k v { K n U v

{ ] i v \ t a J e

: h n i z a m \ h F I m g v N m S v c q ] s S m A h

D ] { ] i v \ w

: $ k a q l n H m t c m h y n p w X t X m b C S h p w N p a X e b p w D s v X n c n d n b p n .

] T \ e y : $ k m a q l y P o h n X n h y n I f p s S k w ` m h \ I h n e s X m s W X n c n d n h p m I p I .

$ h y n I f p s S { I n b m I { ] h \ k m a q l y ] c n h \ n \ v I m c W a m b n p s X n c n d n h p m I p I .

$ H m t c m h y n b p w k m a q l n I \ b v p X I p { ] h \ f n G s t S X m s W X n c n d n h p m I p I .

$ k m a q l y P o h n X n e p w I p S p w _ P n h n X n e p w h y n I X f p t S X m b k w ` m h \ I \ I n ] c n h \ w k r j v S n

p X v a p J y h n j b a m b I Y I , I h n X I X p S n b k m l n X y c q ] ] c n N b s S p I .

$ ] Z t c p h I f p s S { ] t X y I X I I s p I .

1

h n i z w k v t \ l a b w


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2 8

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\ k m a q l y ] c n h \ n \ v D X

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h \ w h c p m { ] m ] v X c m b h y n

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I ` m j b n e p v .

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I m w i w h m b \ m c n B t c m K y I c a m b

a m \ k n I ] c n h \ w h c p p h m

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h c p t S X m b C S a p v .

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` h p d n v , I v , I Y m ] m { X \ n c q ]

W w , B k z m Z \ p d n v F o c q ]

f n { ] I S n n p I b p w s N p p ,

$ ] Z ] c n t i m [ n v ] Z t c p h I f p s S

{ ] t X y I X I I s p p .

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k u I c y ] c n

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a t \ m ` m h w .

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k z w t h Z \ b m b n

I m W m \ p a t \ m

` m h w .

$ a p h c n a m \

k n I ] c n h \ w

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B h n j v c n m

\ p I g n h v .


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BapJw

a \pjy kaqlPohnbmWv. Ahs kmaqlnI_ kpZrVhpw ihpamIpXvklPohnItfmSp BmYhpw AXncXpamb kvt\l_fneqsSbmWv. ham\Imev Hmtcm a\pjy\pw Xntev hmsX HXppIbpw Xs am{Xw kpJkuIcymbn PohnXs amnopIbpw sNpp. kaqlns Ahn`mPyLS

IamWv a\pjy F XncndnthmsS PohnXn Xs \ {]tbmP\sSppIbpwaphcntev AXp ]IcpIbpw sNp kmaqlnImh \apv Xncnp ]nSntXp-v. IpSpw__- i-am-m\pw IpSpw-_-n \nv kaq-l-n-tev AXvhym]n-n-m\pw kvt\lnepw \bnepw A[n-jvTn-Xamb kaqlw krjvSn-m\pw \mw\psS IpnIsf {]m]vXcmtXpv.

Hcp IhnX hmbnmw.

t{]akwKoXw

Hscm aXappeIn, pbncmw t{]aw; AsXmtm]cs \s mearXqpw ]mhW-iin_nw_w`y\p-cm-K-Z-bm-Zn-h-]p- -m]-cm--ssN-X\yw]eatnmcnXns\pw {]Imiacpfpp.AXnsmccnbmw \mkvXnIyw Xm tZzjw; temIntlm! Xa maXneSns]meImearXyp ^ewamcW-tZhXbmaXpampw aW-hd ]Sbmbv,aSpaehmSnI acpdmbv, hm\w \mcIambv.

* * * * *{]]apIpcw \psS cq]w {]Xn-_nw_nnq;{]]Iplcw \psS i_vZw {]Xn[z\nnq;{]]akvaZz- N-\mt{aU\]WvUn-Xamw Iocw;{]]akvaZv`mhhnUw_\ ]mSham \S;{]]`qan-bn hnX hnn ^es \mw sImbvhq;{]]acphq ]pwshpw ]Icn\p ]Icwhnfp ssIhiaphs\pw hnizw Zo]abwsh a\ n hnfn\ `{Z\p tatearXabw.t]ieasmcp hkvXphpapeIn t{]I\nsm;eoiz-c-kr-jvSn-bn-se-s-n-obn-X-tc-XctbmKw?

1 hnizw kvt\labw


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]ZmY\ncX {]IrXnP`mhw ]ckv]cmIjw;{]mWnIpen {]YamXvaKpWw ]ckv]ct{]aw.\an-n-epbcmw, \SpInnmw, \IpIn t\SoSmw;\app \mta ]WnhXp\mIw \cIhpaXpt]mse.a\hpw angnbpw \mhpw Ichpw an ameIemalm\pImakrWn-Xampw a\pjy tZhm]mjmWuj[n-]n-arKmZn-I ]e ]e hSn- hpIfn{]IrXn eknq \app Nppw ]ctamh[m{Xn.t]pw \nep-a-h-bn-ep-samw t{]n-tmsmwt{]ammhmbv hnekpw \psS ]nXmhn-s\mWmw.De-Im-ap--a-hn-Zym-e-b-an-Xn-ep-]-Im-tcm-]-\n-jtmXn-tm-\h\p]tZin-Xpapd-th tImwGtImZctkmZc \mtahcq, samPohnIfpwtemI-]-S-n-n-en-W-n-Sp-tam-X-t{]m-X-.ASpp \nt]mc\pPs\ t\mm\nIfnmtmcq-]-\o-iz-c-\-Zr-iy-\m-bm-e-Xn-se-m-cyw?

aWn-a-RvPpj Dq

temIns \ne\nn\v ASnm\w kvt\lamsW kXys kwKoXmIambnAhXcnnpIbmWv Ihn. qansb kzKamm\pw temIs XnbmIp AImcns BgSen \nv Ic Ibm\pw a\pjys\ alXzntepbm\pw Ignbp kvt\lns hnhn[fmb `mhsf BhnjvIcnpIbmWv ChnsS.

C\n IpSpw__fpsS CgbSpap Hcp IY hmbnmw.

tImemSvAhfpsS \mev]naqmas hb n Xamimc\mb aq aI ]dp: ""At\nsf Im Hcp tImemSns\bmWv Hma hcnI.''

Ah Ahs Nncnbn ]psImp. ]t, Av Ahscmhcpw hon \nv ]pdpt]mbtm Ah ImSnsbSpv hnjXtbmsS Xs apJw ]cntim[np.Xs Hnb IhnfpIfpw hopw ]pjvSnsSpphm h amKhpapmbncpsnXs PohnXhpw AtXmsSmw ]pjvSnsSpsav Ahv tXmn. buh\hpw tZl]pjvSnbpapmbncp Imev Ah \nep ]mb hncnp InSpdpambncpn...]t, Hmtcmv Hmv ImSn t\mn-smv Ccn-phm Ahv a\ p hn.ASpfbn ]mep Xnfbvm XpSpIbmbncpp.

cmhnse apX A[cm{Xn hsc Ahn{iaw tPmensbSpv Ah Xs IpSpw_shfnsmphp. saenv, shfpv AhnShnsSbmbn Nne HSnhpI ]nsbptXmn-p Hcp ico-c-am-bn-cpp Ah-fp-tS-Xv. ]t, Ah Hcn-epw oWnvhogpItbm BhemXnsSpItbm Dmbn. AXpsImv Ah shw \nd ]mI FSpp s]mn Ipfnapdnbn \nv ASpfbntepw ASpfbn \nv Ipfnapdnbntepw apw \Sptm AhfpsS mhpw apXn afpw Ahsf klm


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bnm apXnn. Ah ]Tnpw ]cnjvImchpw Cm-hfmbncpp. hoSv ASnpXpSv hrnbmphm\pw Ww ]mIwsNphm\pw XpWnI Aen CkvXncnbnSphm\pw Ahp ]mShsn Ah CSbv v ]pIgvn ]dp. {]iwk tIptmsgms tX ]pI shfnsSpn Ah ]pncn XqIn. Cfb aI kvIqfn\nv aSptm Hcn Hcp s\n Ahmbn sImphp. Av ASpfbpsS Ccpn \npsImv Ah ktmjm{ip s]mgnp. Ime{ItaW AhsInepw Ah Hcp t]tmeambn. kvIqfnse {Umabvp -Xm\pw IqsS hcpsavAh ]dtm Ah ]dp:

"A hc. F\nv IpdhmWv.'

"AXns\m Rm knns kmcn DSpmtem. Fs IeymWkmcn.' Ah ]dp.

"Fmepw hc.'

saen ImepI, cp apdnIfp B sImp hon hn{iaanmsX Nenp sImncpp. HSphn B b{hpw tISphp. Ahv ]\n XpSn. hbn thZ\bpw.Cn \ocpw IpcpapfIp ckhpw Hpw Ahsf klmbnn. ]mw Znhkw tUmIvSAhfpsS `mhnt\mSv ]dp:

""Chsc DSs\ Bip]{Xnbntev sImpt]mhWw. CXp am...bpsS Hcp kocnbkvtI m-Wv.''

]mT]pkvXIv apn Ccpncp IpnI AXp tIp \Spn. Hcp ]cnNmcI Ahsf N{I--n-en InSn Dn-smv Bip-]{Xn apdn-bn {]th-in-n--tm Ipan-gnp sImv Ah ]d- p: ""Atm! ]cnv Icn-bWvvv tXmvWv''AhfpsS `mhns IpI \\p.

am[-hn-pn-bpsS IrXn-I kqWw am[hnpn

$ ""Atm! ]cnv Icn-bWvvv tXmvWv'' Ah-fpsS `m-hns Ip-I\\p.

IY Cs\bmWv Ahkm\npXv. kvt\lns cp Xenep {]XnIcWfmWv Ch. "tImemSn' sXfnbp PohnXhoWw Fv? t{]akwKoXhpambn XmcX-ay-s-Sp-n A[ym-]nI Ipdnp Xbm-dm--Ww. CXv XpSp-h-cp ]T-\-{]-h-\-fn Bibcq]oIcW- n\pw apw A[ym]nIbvv klmbI kma{Knbmbn {]tbmP\sSppIbpw sNmw.bqWnns\pdnv

IpSpw__fpsS Xo{hXbpw kmaqlnIPohnX{]iv\fn CSs]Sm\p \bpwkqNn-n-p ]mT`mKfmWv Cu bqWn- n DXv. Iaem kpc (am[hn-pn) bpsSA F IYbpw Fgp-s A[ym--cm-am-bWw Infn-m-n \nv FSpp tN"bm{Xmsamgn' F mKhpamWv Ah. Xs IqSpw_nsebpw kaqlnsebpw {]iv\sf sshImcnIambn DsImm a\pjy\v IgnbWw F Hcp ImgvNmtSmSpIqSnthWw Cu bqWnv AhXcn-n-m.hnizam\h F ImgvNmSv hfp hcmAh {][m\ {]iv\taJebmbpw kmaqlnI PohnX {]iv\sf sshImcnIambn Dsmm Ignbm kmlNcyw D]{]

iv\ambpw Cu bqWn-n ]cn-KWn-n-cn-pp.


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bqWnneqsS t\tSXv $ PohnX ImgvNmSv cq]sSppXn IpSpw_w henb kzm[o\w sNeppp.$ kmaqlnI PohnXnse kwLjfpw {]iv\fpw IpSpw__fnepw \ng

enpp.$ a\pjys \ ap a\pjy-cpsS Pohn-Xs ]cn-hn-n-pp.$ Xm\pw {]]ns `mKamWv.$ t`ZNnIfnmsX a\pjyscmWpnSmWv bYmY am\hkvt\lw IpSnsIm

p--Xv.$ IpSpw__fpsS DujvafX {]tabamb [mcmfw kmlnXycN\I aebmf

n-epv.$ hmIy-nse ]Z-v \Ip Du amdp--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv Bi-b-nepw

amw hcpp.

bqWnntev ]T-\-{]-h-\-sfpdnv

A[ym]nI {]tXyIw {int Hcp taJ-ebmWv ]T\{]h-\fptSXv. bqWnvhn`m-h\w sNp ]T-\-e-y- kmY-I-am-tI-Xv {]h-\- Bkq-{XWwsNpXneqsSbmWv. bqWnns HSphn sImSp {]h\ {Iaambn sNbvXpt]mIW-san. thW- san bqWnns\ ka{Kambn Ipw {]h-\ A[ym]nIbvv {IasSpmhpXmWv. ]mTy]XnbpsS sskmnI XeneqnsmvA\p{Iaw hnIknp {]h\fpsS Hcp irwJe \nanpIbmWv thXv. Ipnv

Adnhv \nanpXn\pw e`yamIp Bib hnai\mIambn {]XnIcnpXn\pw DXIpXmWv ]T\{]h\sfv DdphcppIbpw sNWw. Hmtcm ]T\{]h\nsbpw `mKambn Ipnbn cq]wsImp Bib t]mseXs{]m[m-\y-aln-p--XmWv Ipn cq]-s-Sp-p hyh-lmccq]-fpw Ipn-bpsS `mjm-tijn, A]{KY\]mShw, AhXcWtijn, BkzmZ\Xew, kKmI IgnhpI apXembh hnIknnpXn\pw {]h-\ klmbIamhWw.

sshw aplZv _jodns hnJymXamb HmapdnpIfnse Hcp `mKamWv {]thiIambn \InbnpXv.

Ipn-I Xs Cu `mKw hmbn-s. tijw N-bmhmw.

$ Dbvv aIt\mSp kvt\lw {]ISamhp k`w GXmWv?$ "Hm tNmdpw Idnbpw shv Fm cm{Xnbpw Rm Imncnpw' F AbpsS adp

]Sn-bn-eqsS {]ISamhp hnImcw FmWv?

XpSnb tNmZyfneqsS N \bnmw. Gsd-meambn hnp\n aI\pthn FmZnhkhpw tNmdpambn Imncnp DbpsS {]hrn "Hm' Fp aqfnfbmhp{X\n mcamsWv \n hnNmcnppthm? "A`n{]mb bpnklambn AhXcnns.$ N-Ifnse ]mfnw \ncc aqey-\nW-bn\p hnt[bammw.

"Hm' Fp aqf Asb kw_-nv \n mcamWv. aI\pthn sNp Imcy-fn Ghpw km[mcWhpw eLphpamWv. AtXmsSmw Xs aIs\ kw_npw aphsc kw_npw Ghpw al-mb {]h-\hpamWv.


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AIaemkpc (am[hnpn) bpsS IYIfn Ghpw {itbamWv A. hmIyIm

ev Hcp A A\p-`-hn-tnh bmX-\-bp-sSbpw H-s-S-en-sbpw Xo{h-X-bmWvIYbnse CXnhrw.

IpnI IY hmbns. IYbpsS BkzmZ\n\v klmbnp Nne tNmZyfmhmw.$ ""F{X XpWnI Aengnp, Xs ssII sImv! F{X DuWpI Dm

n-gnp! C\n sNm _mn-sbm-pan-s nXn-bm-bn.'' A- bpsS CuNn-I \psS a\ n-tev Dbn-hn-SpXv Fsm-sbmWv?

$ IYbnse t]meokpImcsbpw ]mmcsbpw {]h\ Fmbncpp?$ "SmIvkn ss{Uh amXr-Im-]-c-amb {]h-\-amWv sNbvXXv.' Ccw klm-b-

Cv kaqln hfsc Ipdpt]mhpp. \nfpsS A`n{]mbsav? bpnklambn AhXcnnq.

AbpsS NnI$ eLp N

N-bn Dbn- th$ AbpsS Cs Ah$ Csbpw ]sbpw AhbpsS XmcXayw.$ AXv Abnepmnb hnImchnNmc$ \app Nppw Cs\ H-sSp Aamcptm?$ IYbnse Abpambn Ahsc XmcXayw sNs .$ IpnI kzambn Ipdnv Xbmdms$ {Kqn hmbnv sa-sSpWw$ GXm\pw t] AhXcnns

AhXcWn\ptijw BibXen Fsnepw hnpt]mbnpsn eLptNmZyfneqsS IqntWw.$ FUnnMv

]Z-Xew : (B-hnp hcp ]Z-, sXmbn D]-tbm-Kn ]Z-, A-c-s-v)

hmIy-Xew : (Htc Xcnep hmIyLS\ Bib{KlW-n\v njvSXbp hmIy)

Bi-b-Xew : (ASppw Nnbpap AhXcWw, ]ZfpsS DNnXamb {]tbmKw)

IpnIfpsS cN\I s]mXphmbn FUnnn\v hnt[bamIWw. ]ZXew, hmIyXew,BibXew Fo taJ-eIfn sasSp \SWw.$ ]p\c-N\$ Ipdnv hnebn-cp-en\v hnt[bamWw

$ t]mvt^mfntbmhntev


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t]mvt^mfntbm$ Hcp \nnX Imebfhn Ipn \Snb hnhn[ {]h- \fpsS tiJ- camWv

t]mvt^m-fntbm

$ {][m\ hy-hlmccq]fpsS sa-s krjvSn-bmWv CXn Dsmn-tXv.$ Hmtcm bqWn-n-s\bpw i-ambn {]Xn-\n- [oIcn-p hy-hlmccq]amWv Ds

SptXv.

IYbnse IYm]m{X$ mknse Hcp Ipn IY hmbns . ap IpnI {ins.$ IYbnse {][m\ IYm]m{X Bscms?$ {][m\ IYm]m{X FpsN-pp? Fp Nnn-pp? Fs\ CSs]Spp.

tImffn FgpXs.

$ CXn \nv IYm]m{XfpsS kz`mhkhntijXIfpw coXnIfpw {]tXyIXIfpwIsmtam? Fsmw? Bib`q-]Sw Ipn-I ]qn-bmWw.

$ Cs\bp IYm]m{Xsf \n ImWmdptm?

$ IYbnse IYm]m{Xfpw \nv ]cnNbap IYm]m{Xfpw Xn Isnb kmay- Fsms?

$ IYbnse kw`hfpambn _ap GsXnepw kw`hw \nv ]dbmtam?

Cu {]{InbbneqsS ISpt]mb tijw IpnI A`n{]mbpdnv Xbmdms. IpdnpI ]ckv]cw amdn hnebncps.hnebncpkqNI Fsmw?

hnjbhpambn _s Bibka{KX

kzw ImgvN-mSv

BibfpsS XpSbmb ]ckv]c_tmsSbp AhXcWw

IYm]m{Xw

...................

IYm]m{Xw

...................


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Bi-b-`q-]Sw

Xm BPnt Hcp taJ-ebn X\nv F{Xtmfw Bibw kzcq]nm km[nnpspw AXns ]ckv ]c_ Xncndnbm Ignnpspw Ipnv kzbw

a\ nemm Ignbp Hcp {]h\amWv Bib`q]Sw.kzbw hnebncpen\v CXv hfsc klmbnpp. Ipn kzw Bib`q]Sw Xbmdmnb tijw mkn\v s]mXphmb Bib`q-]Shpw Xbmdmmw. Cu kabv \SpN-bn Xm FpsImv Hmtcm C\hpw DsSpn Fv km[q-Icn-Ww. AtmgmWv kzbw hne-bn-cp- \S-p-I. {]h\w ]qo-I-cn--tijw X\nv F{X-tmfw \mbn sNm km[np Fv B ]cn-tim[\ \Sm\pw CXpsImvkm[n-pw.Idp Imdn\v AXdnbmambncpp N$ Idp Imdn\v AXdnbmambncpp F hmIyneqsS IYmImcn Dtinp

sXv?$ A F IYm]m{Xns GXhbmWv Cu hmIyneqsS \psS a\ n

tev ISphcpXv.$ ""Idp'' F hmv ChnsS FmWv kqNn-n-pXv?

XpSnb tNmZy-fn- eqsS {]tbmKns khn- tijX Ipn-bpsS {i-bnsSpnN t{ImUoIcnWw.t{ImUoIcWn htcXv

IYbnse "Idp Imdn\v AXdnbmambncpp' F {]tbmKneqsS IYmImcn AbpsS PohnXmhbntev hnc Nqpp. Xm PohnXn sNtsXmw sNbvXpIgn-p. Fm X\nv Int--sXmpw Xncnp Inn-b-Xp-an-. Cu \n -lm-b-Xm-h Pohn-Xn \npap Xncn-pt]m-n-s\pdnv Asb Nnn-n-pp. acW-ns {]XoIambn IYbn {]XysSp Imdn\pt]mepw AXdnbmambncpp.ap Nne DZmlcW

Ipn AtbmSp tNmZnp: ""Rms\hnsS \nmWv hXv? FhnsS \ns nepw InnbXmtWm Abvss?'' Ipns\ s\tmSv tNv Nncnpw Icpw sImv A ]d-p: ""\osbs lrZ-b-ns A`n-em-j-am-bn-cpp.''

cho{-\mY SmtKm

Hcp Ipns `Wm{Xn HcbpsS Nnbpv

Hcp Pm\okv ]gsm v

Ch Nmntem t_mUntem {]ZinnpIbpw {]tbmK`wKn mkn NsNpIbpwthWw. XpSv Ccw {]tbmK ap IYIfn \nv Isn {Kqn hniIe\w sNbvXv AhXcnnm \ntinpIbpw Bhmw.

hmb\aqe, sse{_dn Ch {]tbmP\sSpWw.


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]{Xhm Xbmdmmw $ IpnI IY au\ambn hmbns.$ eLp N

IYbnse ]mmc, SmIvkn ss{Uh Fo IYm]m{Xsf \nnjvSspthm?FpsImv?

ap IYm]m{Xfn \np hyXykvXambn FSpp]dtb Fsms {]tXyIXIfmWv ChpXv?

XpSnb tNmZyfneqsS N \bnpIbpw th{X BibXew IpnIv e`ntijw ]{Xhm Xbm-dm-m \ntinpIbpw thWw.]{Xhm Xbmdmptm {intXv

{]kvXmh\Ifpw kw`hfpw hnhcfpsamw aphv FnpsImSppIbmWvhmI. CXp Xbmdmptm, hmb\msc AdnbntXv Fsmsap IrXyambn IWmWw. hkvXpXI hfpsInmsXbpw efnXambpw FgptXXpv.ImcyfpsS {]m[m\yhpw kz`mhhpa\pkcnv hmbpsS hepw {IaoIcnmw. kwn]vXXbmWv AXns apJyKpWw. {i ]nSnp]p Xe-sv hmb-\-bvp t{]cW\Ipw.

Atacnbn IdphKmc {]knUmbtm Hcp ]{Xns Hmw t]Pv apJyXesv "mIvlukv' Fmbn-cpp. {Inn Bkvt{Xenb Pbn--tm ""Cyan Imcp\rw'' Fp Xe-sp sImSp-p. CXp-t]m-ep DZm-l-c-W-Isn, Nmntem atm mkn {]Zin-n-mw.

]{Xhm hnebncpptm$ Bv? Fvv? Fhn- sS hv? Ftm, Fs\? Ch Dm-hWw.$ kwn-]vX-ambn Ah-X-cn-n--Ww.$ Ffpw a\ nemmhpXpw efnXhpamhWw mj.$ hmb\mcs\ DSn-tev \bn- pXmhWw Xesv.$ kw`hns/{]iv\ns ImXemb mKfn XpSn hniZmwifn Ah

km\np LS\

Icn acw

""Ah shdpw \nev Hcp ]mb IqSn hncnm sa\sSmsX InSp. Icn acfpsS thcpI an \npw hnSphnv tatmpbcpXp t]mse B ssIhncepIHcp \neXtbmsS tatmp hfpInSpp. IpIfn \nv Ip\o IeHcp sImgp shw HenpsImncpp.''$ F `mKw Nmn-segpXn {]Zin-n-Ww.$ Cu mKw IYbvv F{Xtmfw angn-thIppv FXn-s\pdnv mkn N

sN-Ww.$ XpSv IpnI Ipdnv Xbmdms.

$ mkn hmbnhXcnnv sasSp-s .


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JnImIcWw Fn\v?$ hyXykvX Bi-b- CSIen Fgp

XpXnse A\uNnXyw Hgnhmm$ hmbn-pbmv s]sv Bi-b-

Ism klmbnm

$ .......................................................................

$ A[ym]nIbpsS CSs]SepIfpw Bhiyamb ssImpw Dmhpatm$ IpdnpI hnebncpm\p {]{Inb DdphcpWw.

Nbn htcXv $ AbpsS PohnXmhbpsS kqvaXe BhnjvImcw$ Icn achpw {]mbm- [n-Iy-m Npcpn-tmb A-bpsS cq]hpw Xn-ep

kmZriyw$ Bkamb acWmh$ a\pjys hmIyImespdnpw Icnachpambp kmZriyw Xncndnbs.$ Ipdnp Xbmdms.$ mkn hmbnhXcnnv sasSp-s .$ A[ym]nIbpsS CSs]SepIfpw Bhiyamb ssImpw DmIpatm.

$ IpdnpI hnebncpm\p {]{Inb DdphcpWw.D]\ymkw Xbmdmptm {intXv $ hnjbw XncsSp-Ww$ {][m\mibw, D]mib Ch IsWw$ Bib{IaoIcWw ]men-Ww$ Hmtcm Bibsbpw D]mibsfbpw

kaYnm\mhiyamb A[nI hnhcDm-bn-cn-Ww

$ JWvUn-Im-I-cWw$ hnjbn\v A\ptbmPyamb Xesv DmbncnWw.

D]\ymkntev

Dt]np t]mIpXv. Dt]n- s--h-cn Nne sNdp-h-qSuWn AepXn-cn-bpXv {i-bns \mpIm Chsc hr-kZ\-n Fn-p-I-bp-m-bn.

Atm-gmWv a sNbvX ISpw-ssIsb-pdnv ]pdwtemIw Adn-bpXv.

\ \ne-bn Ign Ch-cn]ecpw hm[-Iy- kw-_-amb tcmKtam, am\-knIhn{`m-ntbm sImvIjvSsSphcmWv. kzv Xn-sbSp--ti-j-amWv ]mgvhkvXpt]mseChsc hensdnbpXv. kzbw hoSvhnndnbXmsWv aphsc [cnn-m-\p {iahpw a \S-n-bn-p-v.

kzw teJ-I

sNdp-h-q : tNmc-p-p-sfIpp-I-fnepw s]m-m-Sp-I-fnepwDt]n hccpNnbpsSbpw ]dbnbp

sSbpw ]pcm-hr--n\v ae-bmfn{Iqc-X-bpsS ]pXnb ]mT-t`-Z-Xop-I-bmtWm? sNdp-h-q-cn-\-Sp a-em-bn-pv DbptNmZyw CXmWv.

hr-am-Xm-]n-Xm-sf hml\fnsImphv Xm\p CSam- bmWvCu Ipns\ {Iqc-amb a D]-tbmKnpXv. s]phfnb Asbbpw t]mn hep-Xm-nb A-s\bpw Ak-a-b--fn-emWv ChnsS

{IqcXbpsS {]XoIambn aembnpv


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$ Ccw hm- I tiJ- cnv mkn AhXcn-n-Ww.$ D]\ymkns hnjbw cq]sSppp

{]mbamb A\amsc kwcnmXv \nXykw`hambn ]{Xfn ImWmdnt?CXv \n-epWp Nn-I FmWv?\app thn PohnXw Dgnph AhtcmSv \mw s]cpamtd-Xv Cs\bmtWm?

$ IpnI AhcpsS A\p`hw/A`n{]mbw ]dbs$ A[ym]Is A\p`hw ]dbpItbm kam\kz`mhap hmb\kma{Kn \IpItbm

sNWw$ BibtaJ- eI Isn IpnI Bib`q]Sw Xbmdms$ Bibhpambn _s hkvXpXI tiJcn. hmb\kma{Kn/ CD /Nn{Xw (Ip

dnv/]nI/{Km^v Xbm-dm-Ww)

$ hkvXpXIfpsS hniIe\hpw BibtaJeIfntev Xcw Xncnepw$ {]tabhpambn _s av D]\ymk hmbnpp.$ hynKX D]\ymkcN\$ FgpXnb `mKw {Kqn AhXcnn$ D]\ymkns hnebncp kqNI {Kqnepw mknepw hnIknn$ cN\ sa- sSp$ {Kqn hmbnv hnebn-cppp/am- hcp$ A[ym]I NneXv Xncs-Spv hnebncp/am- hcp$ D]\ymkw sa-sSpn cN- \]Xn-n-tev

Hcp D]\ymkw Fs\bmWv hnebn-cpt- Xvhnebncp kqNI$ hnjbhpambn _s BibfpsS ka{KX$ LS\ (iojIw, BapJw, BibmhXcWw, JWvUnImIcWw, D]kwlmcw)$ hnjbhpambn _s Bib hniIe\wsNpIbpw bpn]qhw kzm`n

{]mbw Iqntv AhXcnnpIbpw sNpp.

Ccw kqN- I D]tbmKnv cN- \I hnebn- cpmw.

bm{Xm-samgnFgp-s AymcmambWw Infn-mn \nv FSpptN Hcp ]mT`mKamWvbm{Xmsamgn. th]mSns Bgw iambn AhXcnnpp FXv hmbnp GsXmcmpw A\p`hthZyamWv. Atbm[ybnse bphcmPmhmbn {iocmas\ hmgnm ZicY Xocpam\npp. sImmcnepw cmPypw Fmw AXn\p Hcp Xbmdmbn--gn-p. Cu ka- b-mWv ]stm Zi-c-Y \Inb cp- h-c- \ImssItIbn BhiysSpXv. cXs\ cma\p]Icw bphcmPmhmWsapw cmas\ ]Xnmephjw h\hmkn\bbv-W-sapambncpp AXv.

ZicY hmKv-Zm\w sNbvX hc \Im \n_nX\mbn. cmam`ntjIw apSn.ZpxJmXntcIm ZicY Xfp. As hmp ]menm {iocma h\hmk


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n\p t]mIm Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A-bmb Iuk-ey-tbmSv bm{X tNmZn-m cma sNpp.

Atbm-[y-bn \S kw`-h--sfmpw Adn-bmsX [a-\n-jvT-bmb -Iu-key cmas

Djn\v thn tlma]qPmZn-I sNbvXv, {_mWv Zm\[a \InGIm{KXtbmsS `n]pc cw `Khms\ {]mYnp \npp. cma IbdnhXdntX C. CXp I kpan{X "cmP{]ntb {iocma hXdnnt' Fp tNmZntm {in Iukey IXv Xs apn hnp\np cmaIpamcs\bmWv.

aIs\ Ah apdpsI ]pWp aSn-bn Ccpn s\dpIbn D hv ktmjtmsS, IcnwIqhfns \ndap icocw sas XtemSnsmv C{]Imcw ]dp: ""Fn\maIt\ \ns apJw hmSnbncnpXv? \n\v hnipptm? hncpv hXpw Ignq.''

CXptIv ZpxJw DnsemXpn cma C{]Imcw ]d-p: ""Ctm `Ww Ignmkabant. CpXs h\hmkn\p t]mIWw. ]v A ssItIbn Abvv

sImSp hcw Cse At\mSv Bhiysp. Hv `cXs\ cmPmhmbn hmgnWw,asmv Fs h\n AbbvWw. ]Xn- \mep hjw h\n Xmaknv s]svRm ChnsS hspw AXphsc A ZpxJw IqSmsX CcnpI.''

{iocma ]dXp tI DSs\ Iukey tamlmekysv \nephoWp. tamlmekywAev]w t`Zstm ZpxJtmsS IcpsImv C{]Imcw ]dp: ""\o Cv h\hmkn\v t]mIbmsW-n Fsbpw IqSn sImpt]mIWw. \ns ]ncnv Ac\n-anjw t]mepw F\nv Pohn-m km[y-a. Fs IqSmsX \o ZWvUImcWy-n-tev t]mIp-I-bm-sW-n Rm Ime-]p-cnv t]mIpw. Ipnsb ths] X--ip-hns ZpxJw Bpw ]ddnbnm ]ntm?'' Cs\ IukeybpsS hnclZpxJw

hmp-I- fmbn AW-s]m-n. (Iq-Sp-X hcn-I A[ymcmam-bWw Infn-m-n \npwIsn A[ym]nI hmbnWw.)$ sNdpkwLfmbn IpnI IhnX hmbns {Kqn CuWw, Xmfw Ch Isn

Hmtcm {Kqpw AhXcnns. Hmtcm {Kqv AhXcnnptmgpw ap {KqpIhne-bn-cp--s.

$ Xmfw$ CuWw$ Bem-]\`wKn

hnSsNmhnXI

bm{XtNmZnptXm bm{Xm\paXn \IptXm Bb Nne IhnXI tiJcnv mknsNmn AhXcnnm Ahkcw \IWw. NneXv hmbnmw.

A-t\mSv bm{X tNmZn--tbmSv bm{X tNmZn-nSp Imev shnSmsXheXv Imev shndn.\Spaps Xpfknbn \nnasbmscw ]dnp XnpwZpxJsamw ISn-n-dn

kz]v\-samw \pW-n-dn


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IpSn\nsmcmfpI XIn \np \Sn-dnFpsIpw ]Sn-pcbpwCsdn-pn \on.

bm{Xmv Un.-hn-\-b-N-{

BtcmSv bm{X ]dtbq Rm? amkBpI Afspsamcp _nphnBnctdpao, hml\sassbmcp]mgvq-aSm-bn-n-dn shbvs,FarX]mtYbhpw ]gb`mWvUhpws\tm-SWp Rm\np \nt ]mXnbnX]mcX X a[pcamw WwamXncn ]mWn-I \on-\ns BcpsS Icsfdnhoe, ]pgsb \ocmgn t]msespWp \ns,BtcmSp bm{X ]dtbpRm,s\nt\mSmtcmSp bm{X ]dtbq?

BtcmSv bm{X ]d-tbq? H.-F.-hn.

C\n bm{X]d- n-Ss lm!Zn\km-{am-Py-]tX Znhkv]tXA\n-b-{nXZo]vXnbmw IXn\Imkv{XhrX\mw `hm\p Rmkpkn-Xmw-_-c-\mbn hr-\mbv_nkn-\o-X-p-a-co-Nn-tI-i-\mbveknXkvanX-\mb N{n-Im`knXkv\mX! arKm! ssIsXmgmwAXn-KmVXma- n-s\-pcsXntc civan-I \on ZqcthZypXn ImpapUptf! ]cw\Xn \nXntaml-\--tf!

{]nbcmLh! h\w `hm\pbcpq `pPimJ hnp Rm`bap ]dpt]mbnSmwkzbantZ-ym-hn-sem-cm-{ibw hn\m.

Nnm-hn-jvSbmb koX Ipam-c\mim ""At ]nhnfn hnfn-msXangn\ocp sImss Igep sImsX]Sn ]mXn Nmcn ]pdpt]mIqangn ]mXn Nmcn ]pdpt]mIq

bm{Xmsamgn _meN-{ Npn-mSv


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NsNmw

bm{X tNmZnp k`w D Ccw IhnXIfpsS khntijXI mkn NsNpIbpw "bm{Xmsamgn'bpambn XmcXaywsNpIbpw Bhmw;

$ `mh-Xo-{hX$ sshIm-cn-IX$

XpSv eLp tNmZyfneqsS bm{Xmsamgn F ]mT`mKv Ismhp khntijX

Hand book Malyalam Sixth standard 2009

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Transcript of Hand book Malyalam Sixth standard 2009