Haltom High School Haltom High School Aquatic ScienceAquatic Science

• Unit 1 – An IntroductionUnit 1 – An Introduction

Joel VillegasJoel Villegas

World OceanWorld Ocean

• All oceans of the world are All oceans of the world are connected. connected.

• Could a ship attempting to travel Could a ship attempting to travel through all oceans do so without through all oceans do so without being stopped?being stopped?– What about ice? What about ice?

•The waters beneath the ice do connect The waters beneath the ice do connect the ocean basins.the ocean basins.

Ocean BasinsOcean Basins World’s Ocean is divided into 4 major World’s Ocean is divided into 4 major

ocean basins:ocean basins:1.1. ArcticArctic2.2. AtlanticAtlantic3.3. IndianIndian4.4. PacificPacific

There are There are no natural boundariesno natural boundaries that that entirely separate the 4 ocean basins.entirely separate the 4 ocean basins.

19551955 – The United Nations established – The United Nations established the boundaries of the oceans and the boundaries of the oceans and continents.continents.

Aquatic ScienceAquatic Science

Unit I, Section 1Unit I, Section 1

Oceans and ContinentsOceans and Continents

Arctic Ocean (Northern Ocean)Arctic Ocean (Northern Ocean) Smallest

Includes waters north of the North American and Eurasian continents.

It is bounded from the Pacific by the Bering Strait and from the Atlantic at about the 650 latitude (just north of Iceland).

The central part of the ocean is permanently covered in about 10 feet of ice.

Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean 2nd largest and youngest Connects the polar ocean waters

Located between the continents of North and South America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica.

Covers about 20% of the Earth's surface

Busiest shipping ocean

Crude oil and natural gas

Indian OceanIndian Ocean

3rd largest oceanIt is surrounded by southern Asia, the Arabian Peninsula,

Africa, the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands, Australia and Antartica.

Trade route between Africa and Asia! Petroleum extracted from Persian Gulf

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Largest

Covers approximately one-third of the earth’s

surface

More surface area than all the continents combined!

The tallest mountain in the world is found in the

Pacific Ocean: Mauna Kea of the Hawaiian Islands.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis common

SeasSeasThe term sea is a term of tradition and The term sea is a term of tradition and

is is not used consistentlynot used consistently..

Some seas are enclosed lakes. Some seas are enclosed lakes. (Caspian Sea and Sea of Galilee)(Caspian Sea and Sea of Galilee)

Some seas are partially enclosed or Some seas are partially enclosed or isolated from other sections of ocean.isolated from other sections of ocean.(Mediterranean Sea and North Sea)(Mediterranean Sea and North Sea)

““The Seven Seas” and “the South The Seven Seas” and “the South Seas” are terms of ancient times or of Seas” are terms of ancient times or of literature and not places on maps and literature and not places on maps and charts.charts.

Seas as Enclosed LakesSeas as Enclosed Lakes

Partially Enclosed SeasPartially Enclosed Seas

ContinentsContinents

Large land massesLarge land masses

There are There are 6 major6 major continental land areas: continental land areas:

1.1. AfricaAfrica2.2. AntarcticaAntarctica3.3. AustraliaAustralia4.4. EurasiaEurasia5.5. North AmericaNorth America6.6. South AmericaSouth America

The The 19551955 United Nations agreement United Nations agreement divided the landmasses according to divided the landmasses according to political boundaries.political boundaries.

AfricaAfrica – continent bordered to the north – continent bordered to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the by the Mediterranean Sea, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Red Sea and the Suez east by the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, and to the east-southwest by Canal, and to the east-southwest by the Indian Oceanthe Indian Ocean

AntarcticaAntarctica – continent of the – continent of the South PoleSouth Pole

AustraliaAustralia – – smallestsmallest of the continents – of the continents – It is located between the Indian and It is located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.Pacific Oceans.

EurasiaEurasia – a single continuous landmass that – a single continuous landmass that includes includes Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia – Asia includes – Asia includes Saudi Arabia and on political maps also Saudi Arabia and on political maps also includes Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and the includes Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines. Europe is separated from Asia Philippines. Europe is separated from Asia by political boundaries set from the Caspian by political boundaries set from the Caspian Sea north along the Ural Mountains to the Sea north along the Ural Mountains to the Kara Sea.Kara Sea.

North AmericaNorth America – includes Canada, U.S., Mexico – includes Canada, U.S., Mexico and Central America down to Panama. and Central America down to Panama. Islands in the Arctic Ocean are included in Islands in the Arctic Ocean are included in North America on political maps.North America on political maps.

South AmericaSouth America – includes all the countries – includes all the countries south of Panamasouth of Panama

Ice covers Ice covers 10%10% of the total surface of of the total surface of the Earth.the Earth.4.5% is on land 4.5% is on land the remaining the remaining 5.5% is on the 5.5% is on the

ocean’s surfaceocean’s surface

Section 2 – MapsSection 2 – Maps

Globes, since the earth is spherical, Globes, since the earth is spherical, represent its surface features more represent its surface features more accurately than any map.accurately than any map.

CartographersCartographers (map makers) today can (map makers) today can make very detailed and accurate make very detailed and accurate maps of the earth using photographs maps of the earth using photographs from satellites and much improved from satellites and much improved data collected on earth.data collected on earth.

• Maps give a Maps give a two-dimensionaltwo-dimensional representation to a representation to a three-dimensional three-dimensional objectobject. Even flattening the carved . Even flattening the carved surface of a sphere onto a 2-surface of a sphere onto a 2-dimensional surface changes the way dimensional surface changes the way it looks.it looks.

Three types of maps are used in the Three types of maps are used in the study of continents and ocean basins:study of continents and ocean basins:

1.1. Homolosine Homolosine maps – (refer to figure 1-1 maps – (refer to figure 1-1 on page 2) distorts the continents as on page 2) distorts the continents as little as possible. little as possible.

2.2. equal-area mapsequal-area maps – (refer to fig 2-1 – (refer to fig 2-1 page 8) appear as if globes were cut page 8) appear as if globes were cut apart but each has an equal areaapart but each has an equal area

3.3. cylindrical projection mapcylindrical projection map – (refer to – (refer to fig 2-2 page 8) to get a “full” map the fig 2-2 page 8) to get a “full” map the ends would be connected (most maps ends would be connected (most maps used in the classroom)used in the classroom)

Types of MapsTypes of Maps

Section 3 Locating Points on a Section 3 Locating Points on a GlobeGlobeThere are two types of reference lines There are two types of reference lines

used to make accurate maps and to used to make accurate maps and to locate points or positions on globe, locate points or positions on globe, map or chart of the earth.map or chart of the earth.

They are:They are:

1.1. ParallelsParallels of of latitudelatitude

2.2. MeridiansMeridians of of longitudelongitude

The The primary referenceprimary reference lines are: lines are:

a.a. The equator (latitude)The equator (latitude)

b.b. The prime meridian (longitude)The prime meridian (longitude)

The Equator, Hemisphere, Axis, and The Equator, Hemisphere, Axis, and DirectionsDirections

The Equator is a reference line drawn The Equator is a reference line drawn around the earth halfway between around the earth halfway between the north and south poles.the north and south poles.

The earth rotates daily around the The earth rotates daily around the axisaxis..

The north and south poles are the The north and south poles are the points where the points where the axisaxis enters and enters and exits.exits.

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of The Northern Hemisphere is the half of the earth the earth north of the equatornorth of the equator..

What continents are in the What continents are in the Northern Northern hemisphere?hemisphere?

The Southern Hemisphere is the half of The Southern Hemisphere is the half of the earth the earth south of the equatorsouth of the equator..

What continents are in the What continents are in the Southern Southern hemisphere?hemisphere?

*hemi = half*hemi = half

Parallels of latitudeParallels of latitudeLatitude is the distance measured in Latitude is the distance measured in

degrees from 0degrees from 000 to 90 to 9000 north and north and south of the equator.south of the equator.

Parallels of latitude are imaginary Parallels of latitude are imaginary reference lines that form complete reference lines that form complete circles around the earth parallel to circles around the earth parallel to the equator and each other.the equator and each other.

Every point on a parallel is the same Every point on a parallel is the same distance from the equator.distance from the equator.

Degrees of latitude are measured from an Degrees of latitude are measured from an imaginary point at the center of the imaginary point at the center of the earth.earth.

Except for positions located right on the Except for positions located right on the equator (0equator (000), degrees latitude are ), degrees latitude are always labeled to tell whether they are always labeled to tell whether they are north or south of the equator.north or south of the equator.

Examples: Examples:

Honolulu, Hawaii is on the 21Honolulu, Hawaii is on the 2100 North North Parallel.Parallel.

Sydney, Australia is located on the 34Sydney, Australia is located on the 3400 South parallel.South parallel.

LongitudeLongitude

Distance east and west of the Prime Distance east and west of the Prime Meridian is measured in degrees from Meridian is measured in degrees from 0000 to 180 to 18000..

All meridians of longitude are given in All meridians of longitude are given in degrees east or west of the Prime degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.Meridian.

Meridians of longitude are imaginary Meridians of longitude are imaginary lines forming half circles passing from lines forming half circles passing from the North Pole to the South Pole.the North Pole to the South Pole.

The Prime Meridian (0The Prime Meridian (000), by ), by international agreement is drawn international agreement is drawn through Greenwich, England.through Greenwich, England.

Examples: Examples: Washington, D.C. is on the 77Washington, D.C. is on the 7700 West West

Meridian.Meridian.Rome, Italy is on the 12Rome, Italy is on the 1200 East Meridian. East Meridian.

The International Date LineThe International Date Line

The International Date Line is an The International Date Line is an imaginary line running mostly along imaginary line running mostly along the 180the 18000 meridian. meridian.

Events immediately right or left of the Events immediately right or left of the date line are 24 hours apart.date line are 24 hours apart.

The International Date Line was The International Date Line was adjusted to allow certain land masses adjusted to allow certain land masses to remain together in the same day.to remain together in the same day.

LocationLocationLines of latitude and longitude form a global Lines of latitude and longitude form a global

grid system.grid system.

Any point on the globe can be located by Any point on the globe can be located by specifying its latitude and longitude.specifying its latitude and longitude.

So that a point can be located more exactly, So that a point can be located more exactly, degrees are subdivided into minutes and degrees are subdivided into minutes and minutes into seconds. (Minutes and seconds minutes into seconds. (Minutes and seconds do not refer to time, but to parts of degrees do not refer to time, but to parts of degrees of an angle.of an angle.

1100 = 60 minutes (60’) = 60 minutes (60’)

1 minute = 60 seconds (60”)1 minute = 60 seconds (60”)

Distance measured by marine and air Distance measured by marine and air navigators is in Nautical Miles.navigators is in Nautical Miles.

1 nautical mile = 1.85 km (1.15 miles)1 nautical mile = 1.85 km (1.15 miles)

(1 nautical mile – 1 minute of an arc (1 nautical mile – 1 minute of an arc measured along a meridian of measured along a meridian of longitude.)longitude.)

1 knot – 1 nautical mile per hour1 knot – 1 nautical mile per hour