HALSTEAD REITAN & LURIA NEBRASKA BATTERY

By Prasad Jadhav MA II

HALSTEAD REITAN

• This tests was developed by ward Halstead and his student Ralph Reitan in the early 1940.

• This tests helps to determine the location and specific brain lesions.

• observations of persons with cerebral lesions

• brain-damaged individuals had a wide range of deficits and that a single test would not be able adequately to identify and evaluate the severity of their deficits.

• developed a series of 10 tests that ultimately formed the principal basis for his concept of biological intelligence.

HALSTEAD REITAN BATTERY

The 10 tests in HRB• Category test• Tactual performance test• Rhythm test• Finger-oscillation test• Speech sounds perception test• Trail making test• Critical flicker frequency• Aphasia screening test• Time sense test• Sensory-perceptual test

CATEGORY TEST

• is a nonverbal test that measures a person’s ability to formulate abstract principles

• The test consists of 208 stimuli that are shown on slides. • Each test item suggests a number ranging from one to four. The patient

is instructed to determine or guess a particular number based on their conceptualization of the abstract principle represented by the slide.

• After the patient decides on a particular response, he or she must depress one of four levers on the instrument, which are numbered from one to four.

• depressed the correct number, a door chime will ring. • depresses one of the incorrect numbers, a buzzer will sound. • Based on this feedback, correct or incorrect, the patient must

determine the underlying principle in each of seven different subtests.• The scoring for this test consists of the total number of errors made by

the patient.

The Halstead Category Test

Tactual performance test

Tactual performance test

Tactual performance test• A form board containing ten cut-out shapes, and ten wooden blocks

matching those shapes are placed in front of a blindfolded individual.

• Individuals to use only their dominant hand to place the blocks in their appropriate space on the form board.

• The same procedure is repeated using only the non-dominant hand, and then using both hands.

• Finally, the form board and blocks are removed, followed by the blindfold. From memory, the individual is asked to draw the form board and the shapes in their proper locations.

• The test usually takes anywhere from 15 to 50 minutes to complete. There is a time limit of 15 minutes for each trial, or each performance segment.

• Scoring involves recording the time to complete each of the three blindfolded trials and the total time for all trials combined

Seashore Rhythm Test

Seashore Rhythm Test• Thirty pairs of tape-recorded, non-verbal sounds are presented. For

each pair, individuals decide if the two sounds are the same or different, marking "S" or "D" respectively on their answer sheets. The pairs are grouped into three subtests.

• This test is also called the Seashore Rhythm Test, and is based on the Seashore Tests of Musical Ability. It evaluates auditory attention and concentration, and the ability to discriminate between non-verbal sounds.

• The test helps detect brain damage, but not the location of damage. Adequate hearing and visual abilities are needed to take this test. Scoring is based on number of correct items, with higher scores indicating less damage or good recovery.

• Scores should be interpreted along with information from other tests.

Finger-oscillation test

Finger-oscillation test

• Individuals place their dominant hand palm down, fingers extended, with the index finger resting on a lever that is attached to a counting device.

• Individuals are instructed to tap their index finger as quickly as possible for ten seconds, keeping the hand and arm stationary.

• This trial is repeated five to 10 times, until the examiner has collected counts for five consecutive trials that are within five taps of each other.

• Before starting the test, individuals are given a practice session. They are also given brief rests between each 10-second trial, and one to two-minute rests after every third trial. This entire procedure is repeated with the non-dominant hand. The test takes approximately ten minutes to complete.

Speech sounds perception test

Speech sounds perception test

• Sixty tape-recorded nonsense syllables containing the sound "ee" (for example, "meer" and "weem") are presented.

• After each syllable, individuals underline, from a set of four written syllables, the spelling that represents the syllable they heard.

• This test evaluates auditory attention and concentration and the ability to discriminate between verbal sounds.

• It provides some information regarding specific areas of brain damage, and may also indicate attention deficits or hearing loss.

• Scoring and interpretation are similar to that used for the Rhythm Test.

Trail making test

Trail making test

• This test consists of two parts. Part A is a page with 25 numbered circles randomly arranged. Individuals are instructed to draw lines between the circles in increasing sequential order until they reach the circle labeled "End." Part B is a page with circles containing the letters A through L and 13 numbered circles intermixed and randomly arranged.

• Individuals are instructed to connect the circles by drawing lines alternating between numbers and letters in sequential order, until they reach the circle labeled "End."

• If individuals make mistakes, the mistakes are quickly brought to their attention, and continue from the last correct circle. The test takes approximately five to 10 minutes to complete.

Critical flicker frequency

• Patients note when a flickering light becomes steady.• the test measures visual perception.

Critical flicker frequency

Aphasia screening test

Aphasia screening test

• Aphasia is the loss of ability to understand or use written or spoken language, due to brain damage or deterioration.

• In this test, individuals are presented with a variety of questions and tasks that would be easy for someone without impairment.

• Examples of test items include verbally naming pictures, writing the name of a picture without saying the name aloud, reading printed material of increasing length, repeating words stated by the examiner, simple arithmetic problems, drawing shapes without lifting the pencil, and placing one hand to an area on the opposite side of the body.

Time sense test

Patients judge, without looking the time it is takes for the second hand of a watch to make several revolutions.The test measures memory and spatial perception.

Time sense test

Sensory-perceptual test

Sensory-perceptual test

• This test detects whether individuals are unable to perceive stimulation on one side of the body when both sides are stimulated simultaneously.

• It has tactile, auditory, and visual components involving the ability to

(a) specify whether touch, sound, or visible movement is occurring on the right, left, or both sides of the body;

(b) recall numbers assigned to particular fingers (the examiner assigns numbers by touching each finger and stating the number with the individual's eyes closed);

(c) identify numbers "written" on fingertips while eyes are closed; and (d) identify the shape of a wooden block placed in one hand by

pointing to its shape on a form board with the opposite hand.

Reliability

• Reliability

• The reliability and validity of neuropsychologicaltests may affected by many factors Mood statesespecially anxiety and depression.

• Result may be confused by medication effects.

LURIA–NEBRASKA NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL

BATTERY

• The Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) is a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery that integrates the neuropsychological assessment procedures of the late Professor Alexander Romanovich Luria

• motor functions,• rhythm and pitch,• tactile and kinesthetic

functions, • visual functions, • Receptive• language, • expressive language,• reading, • writing,

• arithmetic, • memory, and• intellectual processes.

This battery contains a total of 269 test items that make up 11 clinical scales

• In addition to these scales, three additional scales have been developed (based on the 269 test items)that are sensitive to brain impairment and recovery following brain injury and are known as the pathognomonic, profile elevation and impairment scales

Scores for three summary scales can also be calculated: pathognomonic, right hemisphere, and left hemisphere.

A children's version of the battery, called the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children (LNNB-C), appropriate for children aged eight to 12, is also available.

The probability of brain damage is assessed by comparing an individual's score on each of the battery's 11 clinical scales to a critical level appropriate for that person's age and education level. For example, if a person has five to seven scores above the critical level, they most likely have some sign of neurological impairment. Eight or more scores above the critical level indicate a clear history of neurological disorder.