HalidesHalides

Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br) & Iodine (I)(Br) & Iodine (I)

+ Metal+ Metal

Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides & Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides & IodidesIodides

Halite (NaCl)Halite (NaCl)

Cubic, hopper crystals. Granular, Cubic, hopper crystals. Granular, colourless or white, vitreous transparent colourless or white, vitreous transparent to translucent, perfect cleavage, brittle, to translucent, perfect cleavage, brittle,

H. 2.5, Sp.Gr. 2, salty tasteH. 2.5, Sp.Gr. 2, salty tasteIn sedimentay rocks by evaporationIn sedimentay rocks by evaporation..England, poland, GermanyEngland, poland, GermanyEl-Max, AlexandriaEl-Max, AlexandriaChemical industries, preservative, weed Chemical industries, preservative, weed

killerkiller , ,

Halite

Fluorite (CaF2)Fluorite (CaF2)

FluoriteFluorite

Cubic, light green. Rosy, yellow, white, Cubic, light green. Rosy, yellow, white, streak white, vitreous, transparent to streak white, vitreous, transparent to

translucent, perfect cleavage (111), H.4, translucent, perfect cleavage (111), H.4, Sp.Gr. 3Sp.Gr. 3

In hydrothermal veins & in sedimentsIn hydrothermal veins & in sedimentsEngland, Germany. USAEngland, Germany. USAFlux, in making steel, HF preparation, Flux, in making steel, HF preparation,

glass industry, enameling cooking utensilsglass industry, enameling cooking utensils

CarbonatesCarbonates

In presence of AcidsIn presence of Acids2H+ + CO3 ====== H2O + CO2 (gas)2H+ + CO3 ====== H2O + CO2 (gas)Fizz testFizz test Anhydrous & Hydrous CarbonatesAnhydrous & Hydrous CarbonatesCalcite Group:(trigonal) Calcite, sideriteCalcite Group:(trigonal) Calcite, sideriteAragonite G.=(Orthorhombic) AragoniteAragonite G.=(Orthorhombic) AragoniteDolomite G. = (trigonal) DolomiteDolomite G. = (trigonal) DolomiteHydrous carbonates: (Monoclinic) Azurite, Hydrous carbonates: (Monoclinic) Azurite,

MalachiteMalachite

Calcite (CaCO3)Calcite (CaCO3)

CalciteCalcite

Trigonal, with various habits, white to Trigonal, with various habits, white to colourless, streak white, vitreous, colourless, streak white, vitreous,

transparent to translucent, perfect transparent to translucent, perfect rhombohedral cleavage, H.3, Sp.Gr. 2.7rhombohedral cleavage, H.3, Sp.Gr. 2.7

Chalk, limestone, marble, hydrothermal Chalk, limestone, marble, hydrothermal veins, caves, travertine, carbonatitesveins, caves, travertine, carbonatites

In all countries, Mokattam, Abou RoashIn all countries, Mokattam, Abou RoashCement 75% Ls, buildings, decorations, Cement 75% Ls, buildings, decorations,

flux, CaO for mortarsflux, CaO for mortars

Siderite (FeCO3)Siderite (FeCO3)

SideriteSiderite

Trigonal, brown, white streak, Trigonal, brown, white streak, vitreous, transparent to translucent, vitreous, transparent to translucent,

perfect cleavage, uneven, H.4, perfect cleavage, uneven, H.4, Sp.Gr.4Sp.Gr.4

In sedimentary iron deposits and in In sedimentary iron deposits and in hydrothermal veinshydrothermal veins

England, Germany, AustriaEngland, Germany, AustriaAn iron ore mineralAn iron ore mineral

Aragonite (CaCO3)Aragonite (CaCO3)

AragoniteAragonite

Orthorhombic, acicular, long Orthorhombic, acicular, long prismatic, colourless to white, vitreous prismatic, colourless to white, vitreous

transaparent to translucent, distinct transaparent to translucent, distinct cleavage, H. 4, Sp.Gr. 3cleavage, H. 4, Sp.Gr. 3

Less common under atmospheric Less common under atmospheric conditions, most shells, blue schistsconditions, most shells, blue schists

Newzealand, Italy, austriaNewzealand, Italy, austriaNo economic usesNo economic uses

Dolomite (CaMg(CO3))Dolomite (CaMg(CO3))

DolomiteDolomite

Trigonal , rhombohedral, massive, white to Trigonal , rhombohedral, massive, white to flesh colours, Streak white, vitreous flesh colours, Streak white, vitreous

transparent to translucent, perfect cleavage, transparent to translucent, perfect cleavage, H. 4, Sp. Gr. 2.8, slow reaction with dil. HClH. 4, Sp. Gr. 2.8, slow reaction with dil. HCl . .

Sedimentary and in hydrothermal veinsSedimentary and in hydrothermal veinsMany parts of the world, Abu RoashMany parts of the world, Abu RoashBuilding, ornamentations, cement, MgO as Building, ornamentations, cement, MgO as

refractory linings, potential ore of Mgrefractory linings, potential ore of Mg . .

Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

MalachiteMalachite

Monoclinic, botryoidal, earthy, bright Monoclinic, botryoidal, earthy, bright green, pale green streak, vitreous, green, pale green streak, vitreous,

silky, dull, translucent, perfect silky, dull, translucent, perfect cleavage, H. 4, Sp.Gr. 4cleavage, H. 4, Sp.Gr. 4

Secondary copper mineralSecondary copper mineralZaire, SW Africa, AustraliaZaire, SW Africa, AustraliaAtawi, Hamash (E.D.), Samra (sinai)Atawi, Hamash (E.D.), Samra (sinai)Ore of Cu, ornamental stoneOre of Cu, ornamental stone

Azurite Cu3(CO3)2 OH2Azurite Cu3(CO3)2 OH2

AzuriteAzurite

Monoclinic, variable habits, azure Monoclinic, variable habits, azure blue, light blue streak, vitreous blue, light blue streak, vitreous

transparent to translucent, perfect transparent to translucent, perfect cleavage, conchoidal fracture, H. 4, cleavage, conchoidal fracture, H. 4,

Sp.Gr. 3.7Sp.Gr. 3.7Usually associated with malachiteUsually associated with malachiteSW Africa, Rumania, AustraliaSW Africa, Rumania, AustraliaMinor ore of copperMinor ore of copper